openethereum/util/kvdb-rocksdb/src/lib.rs

// Copyright 2015-2017 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Parity.

// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.

// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

#[macro_use]
extern crate log;

extern crate elastic_array;
extern crate interleaved_ordered;
extern crate num_cpus;
extern crate parking_lot;
extern crate regex;
extern crate rocksdb;

extern crate ethereum_types;
extern crate kvdb;

use std::cmp;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::marker::PhantomData;
use std::path::{PathBuf, Path};
use std::{fs, io, mem, result};

use parking_lot::{Mutex, MutexGuard, RwLock};
use rocksdb::{
	DB, Writable, WriteBatch, WriteOptions, IteratorMode, DBIterator,
	Options, BlockBasedOptions, Direction, Cache, Column, ReadOptions
};
use interleaved_ordered::{interleave_ordered, InterleaveOrdered};

use elastic_array::ElasticArray32;
use kvdb::{KeyValueDB, DBTransaction, DBValue, DBOp, Result};

#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
use regex::Regex;
#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
use std::process::Command;
#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
use std::fs::File;

const DB_DEFAULT_MEMORY_BUDGET_MB: usize = 128;

enum KeyState {
	Insert(DBValue),
	Delete,
}

/// Compaction profile for the database settings
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
pub struct CompactionProfile {
	/// L0-L1 target file size
	pub initial_file_size: u64,
	/// block size
	pub block_size: usize,
	/// rate limiter for background flushes and compactions, bytes/sec, if any
	pub write_rate_limit: Option<u64>,
}

impl Default for CompactionProfile {
	/// Default profile suitable for most storage
	fn default() -> CompactionProfile {
		CompactionProfile::ssd()
	}
}

/// Given output of df command return Linux rotational flag file path.
#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
pub fn rotational_from_df_output(df_out: Vec<u8>) -> Option<PathBuf> {
	use std::str;
	str::from_utf8(df_out.as_slice())
		.ok()
		// Get the drive name.
		.and_then(|df_str| Regex::new(r"/dev/(sd[:alpha:]{1,2})")
			.ok()
			.and_then(|re| re.captures(df_str))
			.and_then(|captures| captures.get(1)))
		// Generate path e.g. /sys/block/sda/queue/rotational
		.map(|drive_path| {
			let mut p = PathBuf::from("/sys/block");
			p.push(drive_path.as_str());
			p.push("queue/rotational");
			p
		})
}

impl CompactionProfile {
	/// Attempt to determine the best profile automatically, only Linux for now.
	#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
	pub fn auto(db_path: &Path) -> CompactionProfile {
		use std::io::Read;
		let hdd_check_file = db_path
			.to_str()
			.and_then(|path_str| Command::new("df").arg(path_str).output().ok())
			.and_then(|df_res| match df_res.status.success() {
				true => Some(df_res.stdout),
				false => None,
			})
			.and_then(rotational_from_df_output);
		// Read out the file and match compaction profile.
		if let Some(hdd_check) = hdd_check_file {
			if let Ok(mut file) = File::open(hdd_check.as_path()) {
				let mut buffer = [0; 1];
				if file.read_exact(&mut buffer).is_ok() {
					// 0 means not rotational.
					if buffer == [48] { return Self::ssd(); }
					// 1 means rotational.
					if buffer == [49] { return Self::hdd(); }
				}
			}
		}
		// Fallback if drive type was not determined.
		Self::default()
	}

	/// Just default for other platforms.
	#[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
	pub fn auto(_db_path: &Path) -> CompactionProfile {
		Self::default()
	}

	/// Default profile suitable for SSD storage
	pub fn ssd() -> CompactionProfile {
		CompactionProfile {
			initial_file_size: 64 * 1024 * 1024,
			block_size: 16 * 1024,
			write_rate_limit: None,
		}
	}

	/// Slow HDD compaction profile
	pub fn hdd() -> CompactionProfile {
		CompactionProfile {
			initial_file_size: 256 * 1024 * 1024,
			block_size: 64 * 1024,
			write_rate_limit: Some(16 * 1024 * 1024),
		}
	}
}

/// Database configuration
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct DatabaseConfig {
	/// Max number of open files.
	pub max_open_files: i32,
	/// Memory budget (in MiB) used for setting block cache size, write buffer size.
	pub memory_budget: Option<usize>,
	/// Compaction profile
	pub compaction: CompactionProfile,
	/// Set number of columns
	pub columns: Option<u32>,
	/// Should we keep WAL enabled?
	pub wal: bool,
}

impl DatabaseConfig {
	/// Create new `DatabaseConfig` with default parameters and specified set of columns.
	/// Note that cache sizes must be explicitly set.
	pub fn with_columns(columns: Option<u32>) -> Self {
		let mut config = Self::default();
		config.columns = columns;
		config
	}

	pub fn memory_budget(&self) -> usize {
		self.memory_budget.unwrap_or(DB_DEFAULT_MEMORY_BUDGET_MB) * 1024 * 1024
	}

	pub fn memory_budget_per_col(&self) -> usize {
		self.memory_budget() / self.columns.unwrap_or(1) as usize
	}
}

impl Default for DatabaseConfig {
	fn default() -> DatabaseConfig {
		DatabaseConfig {
			max_open_files: 512,
			memory_budget: None,
			compaction: CompactionProfile::default(),
			columns: None,
			wal: true,
		}
	}
}

/// Database iterator (for flushed data only)
// The compromise of holding only a virtual borrow vs. holding a lock on the
// inner DB (to prevent closing via restoration) may be re-evaluated in the future.
//
pub struct DatabaseIterator<'a> {
	iter: InterleaveOrdered<::std::vec::IntoIter<(Box<[u8]>, Box<[u8]>)>, DBIterator>,
	_marker: PhantomData<&'a Database>,
}

impl<'a> Iterator for DatabaseIterator<'a> {
	type Item = (Box<[u8]>, Box<[u8]>);

	fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
		self.iter.next()
	}
}

struct DBAndColumns {
	db: DB,
	cfs: Vec<Column>,
}

// get column family configuration from database config.
fn col_config(config: &DatabaseConfig, block_opts: &BlockBasedOptions) -> Result<Options> {
	let mut opts = Options::new();

	opts.set_parsed_options("level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes=true")?;

	opts.set_block_based_table_factory(block_opts);

	opts.set_parsed_options(
		&format!("block_based_table_factory={{{};{}}}",
				 "cache_index_and_filter_blocks=true",
				 "pin_l0_filter_and_index_blocks_in_cache=true"))?;

	opts.optimize_level_style_compaction(config.memory_budget_per_col() as i32);
	opts.set_target_file_size_base(config.compaction.initial_file_size);

	opts.set_parsed_options("compression_per_level=")?;

	Ok(opts)
}

/// Key-Value database.
pub struct Database {
	db: RwLock<Option<DBAndColumns>>,
	config: DatabaseConfig,
	write_opts: WriteOptions,
	read_opts: ReadOptions,
	block_opts: BlockBasedOptions,
	path: String,
	// Dirty values added with `write_buffered`. Cleaned on `flush`.
	overlay: RwLock<Vec<HashMap<ElasticArray32<u8>, KeyState>>>,
	// Values currently being flushed. Cleared when `flush` completes.
	flushing: RwLock<Vec<HashMap<ElasticArray32<u8>, KeyState>>>,
	// Prevents concurrent flushes.
	// Value indicates if a flush is in progress.
	flushing_lock: Mutex<bool>,
}

#[inline]
fn check_for_corruption<T, P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P, res: result::Result<T, String>) -> result::Result<T, String> {
	if let Err(ref s) = res {
		if s.starts_with("Corruption:") {
			warn!("DB corrupted: {}. Repair will be triggered on next restart", s);
			let _ = fs::File::create(path.as_ref().join(Database::CORRUPTION_FILE_NAME));
		}
	}

	res
}

fn is_corrupted(s: &str) -> bool {
	s.starts_with("Corruption:") || s.starts_with("Invalid argument: You have to open all column families")
}

impl Database {
	const CORRUPTION_FILE_NAME: &'static str = "CORRUPTED";

	/// Open database with default settings.
	pub fn open_default(path: &str) -> Result<Database> {
		Database::open(&DatabaseConfig::default(), path)
	}

	/// Open database file. Creates if it does not exist.
	pub fn open(config: &DatabaseConfig, path: &str) -> Result<Database> {
		let mut opts = Options::new();

		if let Some(rate_limit) = config.compaction.write_rate_limit {
			opts.set_parsed_options(&format!("rate_limiter_bytes_per_sec={}", rate_limit))?;
		}
		opts.set_use_fsync(false);
		opts.create_if_missing(true);
		opts.set_max_open_files(config.max_open_files);
		opts.set_parsed_options("keep_log_file_num=1")?;
		opts.set_parsed_options("bytes_per_sync=1048576")?;
		opts.set_db_write_buffer_size(config.memory_budget_per_col() / 2);
		opts.increase_parallelism(cmp::max(1, ::num_cpus::get() as i32 / 2));

		let mut block_opts = BlockBasedOptions::new();

		{
			block_opts.set_block_size(config.compaction.block_size);
			let cache_size = cmp::max(8, config.memory_budget() / 3);
			let cache = Cache::new(cache_size);
			block_opts.set_cache(cache);
		}

		// attempt database repair if it has been previously marked as corrupted
		let db_corrupted = Path::new(path).join(Database::CORRUPTION_FILE_NAME);
		if db_corrupted.exists() {
			warn!("DB has been previously marked as corrupted, attempting repair");
			DB::repair(&opts, path)?;
			fs::remove_file(db_corrupted)?;
		}

		let columns = config.columns.unwrap_or(0) as usize;

		let mut cf_options = Vec::with_capacity(columns);
		let cfnames: Vec<_> = (0..columns).map(|c| format!("col{}", c)).collect();
		let cfnames: Vec<&str> = cfnames.iter().map(|n| n as &str).collect();

		for _ in 0 .. config.columns.unwrap_or(0) {
			cf_options.push(col_config(&config, &block_opts)?);
		}

		let mut write_opts = WriteOptions::new();
		if !config.wal {
			write_opts.disable_wal(true);
		}
		let mut read_opts = ReadOptions::new();
		read_opts.set_verify_checksums(false);

		let mut cfs: Vec<Column> = Vec::new();
		let db = match config.columns {
			Some(_) => {
				match DB::open_cf(&opts, path, &cfnames, &cf_options) {
					Ok(db) => {
						cfs = cfnames.iter().map(|n| db.cf_handle(n)
							.expect("rocksdb opens a cf_handle for each cfname; qed")).collect();
						Ok(db)
					}
					Err(_) => {
						// retry and create CFs
						match DB::open_cf(&opts, path, &[], &[]) {
							Ok(mut db) => {
								cfs = cfnames.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, n)| db.create_cf(n, &cf_options[i])).collect::<::std::result::Result<_, _>>()?;
								Ok(db)
							},
							err => err,
						}
					}
				}
			},
			None => DB::open(&opts, path)
		};

		let db = match db {
			Ok(db) => db,
			Err(ref s) if is_corrupted(s) => {
				warn!("DB corrupted: {}, attempting repair", s);
				DB::repair(&opts, path)?;

				match cfnames.is_empty() {
					true => DB::open(&opts, path)?,
					false => {
						let db = DB::open_cf(&opts, path, &cfnames, &cf_options)?;
						cfs = cfnames.iter().map(|n| db.cf_handle(n)
							.expect("rocksdb opens a cf_handle for each cfname; qed")).collect();
						db
					},
				}
			},
			Err(s) => { return Err(s.into()); }
		};
		let num_cols = cfs.len();
		Ok(Database {
			db: RwLock::new(Some(DBAndColumns{ db: db, cfs: cfs })),
			config: config.clone(),
			write_opts: write_opts,
			overlay: RwLock::new((0..(num_cols + 1)).map(|_| HashMap::new()).collect()),
			flushing: RwLock::new((0..(num_cols + 1)).map(|_| HashMap::new()).collect()),
			flushing_lock: Mutex::new(false),
			path: path.to_owned(),
			read_opts: read_opts,
			block_opts: block_opts,
		})
	}

	/// Helper to create new transaction for this database.
	pub fn transaction(&self) -> DBTransaction {
		DBTransaction::new()
	}


	fn to_overlay_column(col: Option<u32>) -> usize {
		col.map_or(0, |c| (c + 1) as usize)
	}

	/// Commit transaction to database.
	pub fn write_buffered(&self, tr: DBTransaction) {
		let mut overlay = self.overlay.write();
		let ops = tr.ops;
		for op in ops {
			match op {
				DBOp::Insert { col, key, value } => {
					let c = Self::to_overlay_column(col);
					overlay[c].insert(key, KeyState::Insert(value));
				},
				DBOp::Delete { col, key } => {
					let c = Self::to_overlay_column(col);
					overlay[c].insert(key, KeyState::Delete);
				},
			}
		};
	}

	/// Commit buffered changes to database. Must be called under `flush_lock`
	fn write_flushing_with_lock(&self, _lock: &mut MutexGuard<bool>) -> Result<()> {
		match *self.db.read() {
			Some(DBAndColumns { ref db, ref cfs }) => {
				let batch = WriteBatch::new();
				mem::swap(&mut *self.overlay.write(), &mut *self.flushing.write());
				{
					for (c, column) in self.flushing.read().iter().enumerate() {
						for (ref key, ref state) in column.iter() {
							match **state {
								KeyState::Delete => {
									if c > 0 {
										batch.delete_cf(cfs[c - 1], &key)?;
									} else {
										batch.delete(&key)?;
									}
								},
								KeyState::Insert(ref value) => {
									if c > 0 {
										batch.put_cf(cfs[c - 1], &key, value)?;
									} else {
										batch.put(&key, &value)?;
									}
								},
							}
						}
					}
				}

				check_for_corruption(
					&self.path,
					db.write_opt(batch, &self.write_opts))?;

				for column in self.flushing.write().iter_mut() {
					column.clear();
					column.shrink_to_fit();
				}
				Ok(())
			},
			None => Err("Database is closed".into())
		}
	}

	/// Commit buffered changes to database.
	pub fn flush(&self) -> Result<()> {
		let mut lock = self.flushing_lock.lock();
		// If RocksDB batch allocation fails the thread gets terminated and the lock is released.
		// The value inside the lock is used to detect that.
		if *lock {
			// This can only happen if another flushing thread is terminated unexpectedly.
			return Err("Database write failure. Running low on memory perhaps?".into());
		}
		*lock = true;
		let result = self.write_flushing_with_lock(&mut lock);
		*lock = false;
		result
	}

	/// Commit transaction to database.
	pub fn write(&self, tr: DBTransaction) -> Result<()> {
		match *self.db.read() {
			Some(DBAndColumns { ref db, ref cfs }) => {
				let batch = WriteBatch::new();
				let ops = tr.ops;
				for op in ops {
					// remove any buffered operation for this key
					self.overlay.write()[Self::to_overlay_column(op.col())].remove(op.key());

					match op {
						DBOp::Insert { col, key, value } => {
							col.map_or_else(|| batch.put(&key, &value), |c| batch.put_cf(cfs[c as usize], &key, &value))?
						},
						DBOp::Delete { col, key } => {
							col.map_or_else(|| batch.delete(&key), |c| batch.delete_cf(cfs[c as usize], &key))?
						},
					}
				}

				check_for_corruption(
					&self.path,
					db.write_opt(batch, &self.write_opts)).map_err(Into::into)
			},
			None => Err("Database is closed".into())
		}
	}

	/// Get value by key.
	pub fn get(&self, col: Option<u32>, key: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<DBValue>> {
		match *self.db.read() {
			Some(DBAndColumns { ref db, ref cfs }) => {
				let overlay = &self.overlay.read()[Self::to_overlay_column(col)];
				match overlay.get(key) {
					Some(&KeyState::Insert(ref value)) => Ok(Some(value.clone())),
					Some(&KeyState::Delete) => Ok(None),
					None => {
						let flushing = &self.flushing.read()[Self::to_overlay_column(col)];
						match flushing.get(key) {
							Some(&KeyState::Insert(ref value)) => Ok(Some(value.clone())),
							Some(&KeyState::Delete) => Ok(None),
							None => {
								col.map_or_else(
									|| db.get_opt(key, &self.read_opts).map(|r| r.map(|v| DBValue::from_slice(&v))),
									|c| db.get_cf_opt(cfs[c as usize], key, &self.read_opts).map(|r| r.map(|v| DBValue::from_slice(&v))))
									.map_err(Into::into)
							},
						}
					},
				}
			},
			None => Ok(None),
		}
	}

	/// Get value by partial key. Prefix size should match configured prefix size. Only searches flushed values.
	// TODO: support prefix seek for unflushed data
	pub fn get_by_prefix(&self, col: Option<u32>, prefix: &[u8]) -> Option<Box<[u8]>> {
		self.iter_from_prefix(col, prefix).and_then(|mut iter| {
			match iter.next() {
				// TODO: use prefix_same_as_start read option (not availabele in C API currently)
				Some((k, v)) => if k[0 .. prefix.len()] == prefix[..] { Some(v) } else { None },
				_ => None
			}
		})
	}

	/// Get database iterator for flushed data.
	pub fn iter(&self, col: Option<u32>) -> Option<DatabaseIterator> {
		match *self.db.read() {
			Some(DBAndColumns { ref db, ref cfs }) => {
				let overlay = &self.overlay.read()[Self::to_overlay_column(col)];
				let mut overlay_data = overlay.iter()
					.filter_map(|(k, v)| match *v {
						KeyState::Insert(ref value) =>
							Some((k.clone().into_vec().into_boxed_slice(), value.clone().into_vec().into_boxed_slice())),
						KeyState::Delete => None,
					}).collect::<Vec<_>>();
				overlay_data.sort();

				let iter = col.map_or_else(
					|| db.iterator_opt(IteratorMode::Start, &self.read_opts),
					|c| db.iterator_cf_opt(cfs[c as usize], IteratorMode::Start, &self.read_opts)
						.expect("iterator params are valid; qed")
				);

				Some(DatabaseIterator {
					iter: interleave_ordered(overlay_data, iter),
					_marker: PhantomData,
				})
			},
			None => None,
		}
	}

	fn iter_from_prefix(&self, col: Option<u32>, prefix: &[u8]) -> Option<DatabaseIterator> {
		match *self.db.read() {
			Some(DBAndColumns { ref db, ref cfs }) => {
				let iter = col.map_or_else(|| db.iterator_opt(IteratorMode::From(prefix, Direction::Forward), &self.read_opts),
					|c| db.iterator_cf_opt(cfs[c as usize], IteratorMode::From(prefix, Direction::Forward), &self.read_opts)
						.expect("iterator params are valid; qed"));

				Some(DatabaseIterator {
					iter: interleave_ordered(Vec::new(), iter),
					_marker: PhantomData,
				})
			},
			None => None,
		}
	}

	/// Close the database
	fn close(&self) {
		*self.db.write() = None;
		self.overlay.write().clear();
		self.flushing.write().clear();
	}

	/// Restore the database from a copy at given path.
	pub fn restore(&self, new_db: &str) -> Result<()> {
		self.close();

		let mut backup_db = PathBuf::from(&self.path);
		backup_db.pop();
		backup_db.push("backup_db");

		let existed = match fs::rename(&self.path, &backup_db) {
			Ok(_) => true,
			Err(e) => if let io::ErrorKind::NotFound = e.kind() {
				false
			} else {
				return Err(e.into());
			}
		};

		match fs::rename(&new_db, &self.path) {
			Ok(_) => {
				// clean up the backup.
				if existed {
					fs::remove_dir_all(&backup_db)?;
				}
			}
			Err(e) => {
				// restore the backup.
				if existed {
					fs::rename(&backup_db, &self.path)?;
				}
				return Err(e.into())
			}
		}

		// reopen the database and steal handles into self
		let db = Self::open(&self.config, &self.path)?;
		*self.db.write() = mem::replace(&mut *db.db.write(), None);
		*self.overlay.write() = mem::replace(&mut *db.overlay.write(), Vec::new());
		*self.flushing.write() = mem::replace(&mut *db.flushing.write(), Vec::new());
		Ok(())
	}

	/// The number of non-default column families.
	pub fn num_columns(&self) -> u32 {
		self.db.read().as_ref()
			.and_then(|db| if db.cfs.is_empty() { None } else { Some(db.cfs.len()) } )
			.map(|n| n as u32)
			.unwrap_or(0)
	}

	/// Drop a column family.
	pub fn drop_column(&self) -> Result<()> {
		match *self.db.write() {
			Some(DBAndColumns { ref mut db, ref mut cfs }) => {
				if let Some(col) = cfs.pop() {
					let name = format!("col{}", cfs.len());
					drop(col);
					db.drop_cf(&name)?;
				}
				Ok(())
			},
			None => Ok(()),
		}
	}

	/// Add a column family.
	pub fn add_column(&self) -> Result<()> {
		match *self.db.write() {
			Some(DBAndColumns { ref mut db, ref mut cfs }) => {
				let col = cfs.len() as u32;
				let name = format!("col{}", col);
				cfs.push(db.create_cf(&name, &col_config(&self.config, &self.block_opts)?)?);
				Ok(())
			},
			None => Ok(()),
		}
	}
}

// duplicate declaration of methods here to avoid trait import in certain existing cases
// at time of addition.
impl KeyValueDB for Database {
	fn get(&self, col: Option<u32>, key: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<DBValue>> {
		Database::get(self, col, key)
	}

	fn get_by_prefix(&self, col: Option<u32>, prefix: &[u8]) -> Option<Box<[u8]>> {
		Database::get_by_prefix(self, col, prefix)
	}

	fn write_buffered(&self, transaction: DBTransaction) {
		Database::write_buffered(self, transaction)
	}

	fn write(&self, transaction: DBTransaction) -> Result<()> {
		Database::write(self, transaction)
	}

	fn flush(&self) -> Result<()> {
		Database::flush(self)
	}

	fn iter<'a>(&'a self, col: Option<u32>) -> Box<Iterator<Item=(Box<[u8]>, Box<[u8]>)> + 'a> {
		let unboxed = Database::iter(self, col);
		Box::new(unboxed.into_iter().flat_map(|inner| inner))
	}

	fn iter_from_prefix<'a>(&'a self, col: Option<u32>, prefix: &'a [u8])
		-> Box<Iterator<Item=(Box<[u8]>, Box<[u8]>)> + 'a>
	{
		let unboxed = Database::iter_from_prefix(self, col, prefix);
		Box::new(unboxed.into_iter().flat_map(|inner| inner))
	}

	fn restore(&self, new_db: &str) -> Result<()> {
		Database::restore(self, new_db)
	}
}

impl Drop for Database {
	fn drop(&mut self) {
		// write all buffered changes if we can.
		let _ = self.flush();
	}
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
	extern crate tempdir;

	use std::str::FromStr;
	use self::tempdir::TempDir;
	use ethereum_types::H256;
	use super::*;

	fn test_db(config: &DatabaseConfig) {
		let tempdir = TempDir::new("").unwrap();
		let db = Database::open(config, tempdir.path().to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
		let key1 = H256::from_str("02c69be41d0b7e40352fc85be1cd65eb03d40ef8427a0ca4596b1ead9a00e9fc").unwrap();
		let key2 = H256::from_str("03c69be41d0b7e40352fc85be1cd65eb03d40ef8427a0ca4596b1ead9a00e9fc").unwrap();
		let key3 = H256::from_str("01c69be41d0b7e40352fc85be1cd65eb03d40ef8427a0ca4596b1ead9a00e9fc").unwrap();

		let mut batch = db.transaction();
		batch.put(None, &key1, b"cat");
		batch.put(None, &key2, b"dog");
		db.write(batch).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(&*db.get(None, &key1).unwrap().unwrap(), b"cat");

		let contents: Vec<_> = db.iter(None).into_iter().flat_map(|inner| inner).collect();
		assert_eq!(contents.len(), 2);
		assert_eq!(&*contents[0].0, &*key1);
		assert_eq!(&*contents[0].1, b"cat");
		assert_eq!(&*contents[1].0, &*key2);
		assert_eq!(&*contents[1].1, b"dog");

		let mut batch = db.transaction();
		batch.delete(None, &key1);
		db.write(batch).unwrap();

		assert!(db.get(None, &key1).unwrap().is_none());

		let mut batch = db.transaction();
		batch.put(None, &key1, b"cat");
		db.write(batch).unwrap();

		let mut transaction = db.transaction();
		transaction.put(None, &key3, b"elephant");
		transaction.delete(None, &key1);
		db.write(transaction).unwrap();
		assert!(db.get(None, &key1).unwrap().is_none());
		assert_eq!(&*db.get(None, &key3).unwrap().unwrap(), b"elephant");

		assert_eq!(&*db.get_by_prefix(None, &key3).unwrap(), b"elephant");
		assert_eq!(&*db.get_by_prefix(None, &key2).unwrap(), b"dog");

		let mut transaction = db.transaction();
		transaction.put(None, &key1, b"horse");
		transaction.delete(None, &key3);
		db.write_buffered(transaction);
		assert!(db.get(None, &key3).unwrap().is_none());
		assert_eq!(&*db.get(None, &key1).unwrap().unwrap(), b"horse");

		db.flush().unwrap();
		assert!(db.get(None, &key3).unwrap().is_none());
		assert_eq!(&*db.get(None, &key1).unwrap().unwrap(), b"horse");
	}

	#[test]
	fn kvdb() {
		let tempdir = TempDir::new("").unwrap();
		let _ = Database::open_default(tempdir.path().to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
		test_db(&DatabaseConfig::default());
	}

	#[test]
	#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
	fn df_to_rotational() {
		use std::path::PathBuf;
		// Example df output.
		let example_df = vec![70, 105, 108, 101, 115, 121, 115, 116, 101, 109, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 49, 75, 45, 98, 108, 111, 99, 107, 115, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 85, 115, 101, 100, 32, 65, 118, 97, 105, 108, 97, 98, 108, 101, 32, 85, 115, 101, 37, 32, 77, 111, 117, 110, 116, 101, 100, 32, 111, 110, 10, 47, 100, 101, 118, 47, 115, 100, 97, 49, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 54, 49, 52, 48, 57, 51, 48, 48, 32, 51, 56, 56, 50, 50, 50, 51, 54, 32, 32, 49, 57, 52, 52, 52, 54, 49, 54, 32, 32, 54, 55, 37, 32, 47, 10];
		let expected_output = Some(PathBuf::from("/sys/block/sda/queue/rotational"));
		assert_eq!(rotational_from_df_output(example_df), expected_output);
	}

	#[test]
	fn add_columns() {
		let config = DatabaseConfig::default();
		let config_5 = DatabaseConfig::with_columns(Some(5));

		let tempdir = TempDir::new("").unwrap();

		// open empty, add 5.
		{
			let db = Database::open(&config, tempdir.path().to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
			assert_eq!(db.num_columns(), 0);

			for i in 0..5 {
				db.add_column().unwrap();
				assert_eq!(db.num_columns(), i + 1);
			}
		}

		// reopen as 5.
		{
			let db = Database::open(&config_5, tempdir.path().to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
			assert_eq!(db.num_columns(), 5);
		}
	}

	#[test]
	fn drop_columns() {
		let config = DatabaseConfig::default();
		let config_5 = DatabaseConfig::with_columns(Some(5));

		let tempdir = TempDir::new("").unwrap();

		// open 5, remove all.
		{
			let db = Database::open(&config_5, tempdir.path().to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
			assert_eq!(db.num_columns(), 5);

			for i in (0..5).rev() {
				db.drop_column().unwrap();
				assert_eq!(db.num_columns(), i);
			}
		}

		// reopen as 0.
		{
			let db = Database::open(&config, tempdir.path().to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
			assert_eq!(db.num_columns(), 0);
		}
	}

	#[test]
	fn write_clears_buffered_ops() {
		let tempdir = TempDir::new("").unwrap();
		let config = DatabaseConfig::default();
		let db = Database::open(&config, tempdir.path().to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();

		let mut batch = db.transaction();
		batch.put(None, b"foo", b"bar");
		db.write_buffered(batch);

		let mut batch = db.transaction();
		batch.put(None, b"foo", b"baz");
		db.write(batch).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(db.get(None, b"foo").unwrap().unwrap().as_ref(), b"baz");
	}
}