openethereum/ethcore/src/state_db.rs

// Copyright 2015-2019 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Parity Ethereum.

// Parity Ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.

// Parity Ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! State database abstraction. For more info, see the doc for `StateDB`

use std::collections::{VecDeque, HashSet};
use std::io;
use std::sync::Arc;

use bloom_journal::{Bloom, BloomJournal};
use db::COL_ACCOUNT_BLOOM;
use ethereum_types::{H256, Address};
use hash::keccak;
use hash_db::HashDB;
use journaldb::JournalDB;
use keccak_hasher::KeccakHasher;
use kvdb::{KeyValueDB, DBTransaction, DBValue};
use lru_cache::LruCache;
use memory_cache::MemoryLruCache;
use parking_lot::Mutex;
use types::BlockNumber;

use state::{self, Account};

/// Value used to initialize bloom bitmap size.
///
/// Bitmap size is the size in bytes (not bits) that will be allocated in memory.
pub const ACCOUNT_BLOOM_SPACE: usize = 1048576;

/// Value used to initialize bloom items count.
///
/// Items count is an estimation of the maximum number of items to store.
pub const DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_PRESET: usize = 1000000;

/// Key for a value storing amount of hashes
pub const ACCOUNT_BLOOM_HASHCOUNT_KEY: &'static [u8] = b"account_hash_count";

const STATE_CACHE_BLOCKS: usize = 12;

// The percentage of supplied cache size to go to accounts.
const ACCOUNT_CACHE_RATIO: usize = 90;

/// Shared canonical state cache.
struct AccountCache {
	/// DB Account cache. `None` indicates that account is known to be missing.
	// When changing the type of the values here, be sure to update `mem_used` and
	// `new`.
	accounts: LruCache<Address, Option<Account>>,
	/// Information on the modifications in recently committed blocks; specifically which addresses
	/// changed in which block. Ordered by block number.
	modifications: VecDeque<BlockChanges>,
}

/// Buffered account cache item.
struct CacheQueueItem {
	/// Account address.
	address: Address,
	/// Acccount data or `None` if account does not exist.
	account: SyncAccount,
	/// Indicates that the account was modified before being
	/// added to the cache.
	modified: bool,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
/// Accumulates a list of accounts changed in a block.
struct BlockChanges {
	/// Block number.
	number: BlockNumber,
	/// Block hash.
	hash: H256,
	/// Parent block hash.
	parent: H256,
	/// A set of modified account addresses.
	accounts: HashSet<Address>,
	/// Block is part of the canonical chain.
	is_canon: bool,
}

/// State database abstraction.
/// Manages shared global state cache which reflects the canonical
/// state as it is on the disk. All the entries in the cache are clean.
/// A clone of `StateDB` may be created as canonical or not.
/// For canonical clones local cache is accumulated and applied
/// in `sync_cache`
/// For non-canonical clones local cache is dropped.
///
/// Global cache propagation.
/// After a `State` object has been committed to the trie it
/// propagates its local cache into the `StateDB` local cache
/// using `add_to_account_cache` function.
/// Then, after the block has been added to the chain the local cache in the
/// `StateDB` is propagated into the global cache.
pub struct StateDB {
	/// Backing database.
	db: Box<dyn JournalDB>,
	/// Shared canonical state cache.
	account_cache: Arc<Mutex<AccountCache>>,
	/// DB Code cache. Maps code hashes to shared bytes.
	code_cache: Arc<Mutex<MemoryLruCache<H256, Arc<Vec<u8>>>>>,
	/// Local dirty cache.
	local_cache: Vec<CacheQueueItem>,
	/// Shared account bloom. Does not handle chain reorganizations.
	account_bloom: Arc<Mutex<Bloom>>,
	cache_size: usize,
	/// Hash of the block on top of which this instance was created or
	/// `None` if cache is disabled
	parent_hash: Option<H256>,
	/// Hash of the committing block or `None` if not committed yet.
	commit_hash: Option<H256>,
	/// Number of the committing block or `None` if not committed yet.
	commit_number: Option<BlockNumber>,
}

impl StateDB {

	/// Create a new instance wrapping `JournalDB` and the maximum allowed size
	/// of the LRU cache in bytes. Actual used memory may (read: will) be higher due to bookkeeping.
	// TODO: make the cache size actually accurate by moving the account storage cache
	// into the `AccountCache` structure as its own `LruCache<(Address, H256), H256>`.
	pub fn new(db: Box<dyn JournalDB>, cache_size: usize) -> StateDB {
		let bloom = Self::load_bloom(&**db.backing());
		let acc_cache_size = cache_size * ACCOUNT_CACHE_RATIO / 100;
		let code_cache_size = cache_size - acc_cache_size;
		let cache_items = acc_cache_size / ::std::mem::size_of::<Option<Account>>();

		StateDB {
			db: db,
			account_cache: Arc::new(Mutex::new(AccountCache {
				accounts: LruCache::new(cache_items),
				modifications: VecDeque::new(),
			})),
			code_cache: Arc::new(Mutex::new(MemoryLruCache::new(code_cache_size))),
			local_cache: Vec::new(),
			account_bloom: Arc::new(Mutex::new(bloom)),
			cache_size: cache_size,
			parent_hash: None,
			commit_hash: None,
			commit_number: None,
		}
	}

	/// Loads accounts bloom from the database
	/// This bloom is used to handle request for the non-existant account fast
	pub fn load_bloom(db: &dyn KeyValueDB) -> Bloom {
		let hash_count_entry = db.get(COL_ACCOUNT_BLOOM, ACCOUNT_BLOOM_HASHCOUNT_KEY)
			.expect("Low-level database error");

		let hash_count_bytes = match hash_count_entry {
			Some(bytes) => bytes,
			None => return Bloom::new(ACCOUNT_BLOOM_SPACE, DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_PRESET),
		};

		assert_eq!(hash_count_bytes.len(), 1);
		let hash_count = hash_count_bytes[0];

		let mut bloom_parts = vec![0u64; ACCOUNT_BLOOM_SPACE / 8];
		for i in 0..ACCOUNT_BLOOM_SPACE / 8 {
			let key: [u8; 8] = (i as u64).to_le_bytes();
			bloom_parts[i] = db.get(COL_ACCOUNT_BLOOM, &key).expect("low-level database error")
				.map(|val| {
					assert!(val.len() == 8, "low-level database error");
					let mut buff = [0u8; 8];
					buff.copy_from_slice(&*val);
					u64::from_le_bytes(buff)
				})
				.unwrap_or(0u64);
		}

		let bloom = Bloom::from_parts(&bloom_parts, hash_count as u32);
		trace!(target: "account_bloom", "Bloom is {:?} full, hash functions count = {:?}", bloom.saturation(), hash_count);
		bloom
	}

	/// Commit blooms journal to the database transaction
	pub fn commit_bloom(batch: &mut DBTransaction, journal: BloomJournal) -> io::Result<()> {
		assert!(journal.hash_functions <= 255);
		batch.put(COL_ACCOUNT_BLOOM, ACCOUNT_BLOOM_HASHCOUNT_KEY, &[journal.hash_functions as u8]);

		for (bloom_part_index, bloom_part_value) in journal.entries {
			let key: [u8; 8] = (bloom_part_index as u64).to_le_bytes();
			let val: [u8; 8] = bloom_part_value.to_le_bytes();
			batch.put(COL_ACCOUNT_BLOOM, &key, &val);
		}
		Ok(())
	}

	/// Journal all recent operations under the given era and ID.
	pub fn journal_under(&mut self, batch: &mut DBTransaction, now: u64, id: &H256) -> io::Result<u32> {
		{
 			let mut bloom_lock = self.account_bloom.lock();
 			Self::commit_bloom(batch, bloom_lock.drain_journal())?;
 		}
		let records = self.db.journal_under(batch, now, id)?;
		self.commit_hash = Some(id.clone());
		self.commit_number = Some(now);
		Ok(records)
	}

	/// Mark a given candidate from an ancient era as canonical, enacting its removals from the
	/// backing database and reverting any non-canonical historical commit's insertions.
	pub fn mark_canonical(&mut self, batch: &mut DBTransaction, end_era: u64, canon_id: &H256) -> io::Result<u32> {
		self.db.mark_canonical(batch, end_era, canon_id)
	}

	/// Propagate local cache into the global cache and synchonize
	/// the global cache with the best block state.
	/// This function updates the global cache by removing entries
	/// that are invalidated by chain reorganization. `sync_cache`
	/// should be called after the block has been committed and the
	/// blockchain route has ben calculated.
	pub fn sync_cache(&mut self, enacted: &[H256], retracted: &[H256], is_best: bool) {
		trace!("sync_cache id = (#{:?}, {:?}), parent={:?}, best={}", self.commit_number, self.commit_hash, self.parent_hash, is_best);
		let mut cache = self.account_cache.lock();
		let cache = &mut *cache;

		// Purge changes from re-enacted and retracted blocks.
		// Filter out commiting block if any.
		let mut clear = false;
		for block in enacted.iter().filter(|h| self.commit_hash.as_ref().map_or(true, |p| *h != p)) {
			clear = clear || {
				if let Some(ref mut m) = cache.modifications.iter_mut().find(|m| &m.hash == block) {
					trace!("Reverting enacted block {:?}", block);
					m.is_canon = true;
					for a in &m.accounts {
						trace!("Reverting enacted address {:?}", a);
						cache.accounts.remove(a);
					}
					false
				} else {
					true
				}
			};
		}

		for block in retracted {
			clear = clear || {
				if let Some(ref mut m) = cache.modifications.iter_mut().find(|m| &m.hash == block) {
					trace!("Retracting block {:?}", block);
					m.is_canon = false;
					for a in &m.accounts {
						trace!("Retracted address {:?}", a);
						cache.accounts.remove(a);
					}
					false
				} else {
					true
				}
			};
		}
		if clear {
			// We don't know anything about the block; clear everything
			trace!("Wiping cache");
			cache.accounts.clear();
			cache.modifications.clear();
		}

		// Propagate cache only if committing on top of the latest canonical state
		// blocks are ordered by number and only one block with a given number is marked as canonical
		// (contributed to canonical state cache)
		if let (Some(ref number), Some(ref hash), Some(ref parent)) = (self.commit_number, self.commit_hash, self.parent_hash) {
			if cache.modifications.len() == STATE_CACHE_BLOCKS {
				cache.modifications.pop_back();
			}
			let mut modifications = HashSet::new();
			trace!("committing {} cache entries", self.local_cache.len());
			for account in self.local_cache.drain(..) {
				if account.modified {
					modifications.insert(account.address.clone());
				}
				if is_best {
					let acc = account.account.0;
					if let Some(&mut Some(ref mut existing)) = cache.accounts.get_mut(&account.address) {
						if let Some(new) =  acc {
							if account.modified {
								existing.overwrite_with(new);
							}
							continue;
						}
					}
					cache.accounts.insert(account.address, acc);
				}
			}

			// Save modified accounts. These are ordered by the block number.
			let block_changes = BlockChanges {
				accounts: modifications,
				number: *number,
				hash: hash.clone(),
				is_canon: is_best,
				parent: parent.clone(),
			};
			let insert_at = cache.modifications.iter().enumerate().find(|&(_, m)| m.number < *number).map(|(i, _)| i);
			trace!("inserting modifications at {:?}", insert_at);
			if let Some(insert_at) = insert_at {
				cache.modifications.insert(insert_at, block_changes);
			} else {
				cache.modifications.push_back(block_changes);
			}
		}
	}

	/// Conversion method to interpret self as `HashDB` reference
	pub fn as_hash_db(&self) -> &dyn HashDB<KeccakHasher, DBValue> {
		self.db.as_hash_db()
	}

	/// Conversion method to interpret self as mutable `HashDB` reference
	pub fn as_hash_db_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn HashDB<KeccakHasher, DBValue> {
		self.db.as_hash_db_mut()
	}

	/// Clone the database.
	pub fn boxed_clone(&self) -> StateDB {
		StateDB {
			db: self.db.boxed_clone(),
			account_cache: self.account_cache.clone(),
			code_cache: self.code_cache.clone(),
			local_cache: Vec::new(),
			account_bloom: self.account_bloom.clone(),
			cache_size: self.cache_size,
			parent_hash: None,
			commit_hash: None,
			commit_number: None,
		}
	}

	/// Clone the database for a canonical state.
	pub fn boxed_clone_canon(&self, parent: &H256) -> StateDB {
		StateDB {
			db: self.db.boxed_clone(),
			account_cache: self.account_cache.clone(),
			code_cache: self.code_cache.clone(),
			local_cache: Vec::new(),
			account_bloom: self.account_bloom.clone(),
			cache_size: self.cache_size,
			parent_hash: Some(parent.clone()),
			commit_hash: None,
			commit_number: None,
		}
	}

	/// Check if pruning is enabled on the database.
	pub fn is_pruned(&self) -> bool {
		self.db.is_pruned()
	}

	/// Heap size used.
	pub fn mem_used(&self) -> usize {
		// TODO: account for LRU-cache overhead; this is a close approximation.
		self.db.mem_used() + {
			let accounts = self.account_cache.lock().accounts.len();
			let code_size = self.code_cache.lock().current_size();
			code_size + accounts * ::std::mem::size_of::<Option<Account>>()
		}
	}

	/// Returns underlying `JournalDB`.
	pub fn journal_db(&self) -> &dyn JournalDB {
		&*self.db
	}

	/// Query how much memory is set aside for the accounts cache (in bytes).
	pub fn cache_size(&self) -> usize {
		self.cache_size
	}

	/// Check if the account can be returned from cache by matching current block parent hash against canonical
	/// state and filtering out account modified in later blocks.
	fn is_allowed(addr: &Address, parent_hash: &H256, modifications: &VecDeque<BlockChanges>) -> bool {
		if modifications.is_empty() {
			return true;
		}
		// Ignore all accounts modified in later blocks
		// Modifications contains block ordered by the number
		// We search for our parent in that list first and then for
		// all its parent until we hit the canonical block,
		// checking against all the intermediate modifications.
		let mut parent = parent_hash;
		for m in modifications {
			if &m.hash == parent {
				if m.is_canon {
					return true;
				}
				parent = &m.parent;
			}
			if m.accounts.contains(addr) {
				trace!("Cache lookup skipped for {:?}: modified in a later block", addr);
				return false;
			}
		}
		trace!("Cache lookup skipped for {:?}: parent hash is unknown", addr);
		false
	}
}

impl state::Backend for StateDB {
	fn as_hash_db(&self) -> &dyn HashDB<KeccakHasher, DBValue> { self.db.as_hash_db() }

	fn as_hash_db_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn HashDB<KeccakHasher, DBValue> {
		self.db.as_hash_db_mut()
	}

	fn add_to_account_cache(&mut self, addr: Address, data: Option<Account>, modified: bool) {
		self.local_cache.push(CacheQueueItem {
			address: addr,
			account: SyncAccount(data),
			modified: modified,
		})
	}

	fn cache_code(&self, hash: H256, code: Arc<Vec<u8>>) {
		let mut cache = self.code_cache.lock();

		cache.insert(hash, code);
	}

	fn get_cached_account(&self, addr: &Address) -> Option<Option<Account>> {
		self.parent_hash.as_ref().and_then(|parent_hash| {
			let mut cache = self.account_cache.lock();
			if !Self::is_allowed(addr, parent_hash, &cache.modifications) {
				return None;
			}
			cache.accounts.get_mut(addr).map(|a| a.as_ref().map(|a| a.clone_basic()))
		})
	}

	fn get_cached<F, U>(&self, a: &Address, f: F) -> Option<U>
		where F: FnOnce(Option<&mut Account>) -> U
	{
		self.parent_hash.as_ref().and_then(|parent_hash| {
			let mut cache = self.account_cache.lock();
			if !Self::is_allowed(a, parent_hash, &cache.modifications) {
				return None;
			}
			cache.accounts.get_mut(a).map(|c| f(c.as_mut()))
		})
	}

	fn get_cached_code(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Arc<Vec<u8>>> {
		let mut cache = self.code_cache.lock();

		cache.get_mut(hash).map(|code| code.clone())
	}

	fn note_non_null_account(&self, address: &Address) {
		trace!(target: "account_bloom", "Note account bloom: {:?}", address);
		let mut bloom = self.account_bloom.lock();
		bloom.set(keccak(address).as_bytes());
	}

	fn is_known_null(&self, address: &Address) -> bool {
		trace!(target: "account_bloom", "Check account bloom: {:?}", address);
		let bloom = self.account_bloom.lock();
		let is_null = !bloom.check(keccak(address).as_bytes());
		is_null
	}
}

/// Sync wrapper for the account.
struct SyncAccount(Option<Account>);
/// That implementation is safe because account is never modified or accessed in any way.
/// We only need `Sync` here to allow `StateDb` to be kept in a `RwLock`.
/// `Account` is `!Sync` by default because of `RefCell`s inside it.
unsafe impl Sync for SyncAccount {}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
	use ethereum_types::{H256, U256, Address};
	use kvdb::DBTransaction;
	use test_helpers::get_temp_state_db;
	use state::{Account, Backend};

	#[test]
	fn state_db_smoke() {
		let _ = ::env_logger::try_init();

		let state_db = get_temp_state_db();
		let root_parent = H256::random();
		let address = Address::random();
		let h0 = H256::random();
		let h1a = H256::random();
		let h1b = H256::random();
		let h2a = H256::random();
		let h2b = H256::random();
		let h3a = H256::random();
		let h3b = H256::random();
		let mut batch = DBTransaction::new();

		// blocks  [ 3a(c) 2a(c) 2b 1b 1a(c) 0 ]
		// balance [ 5     5     4  3  2     2 ]
		let mut s = state_db.boxed_clone_canon(&root_parent);
		s.add_to_account_cache(address, Some(Account::new_basic(2.into(), 0.into())), false);
		s.journal_under(&mut batch, 0, &h0).unwrap();
		s.sync_cache(&[], &[], true);

		let mut s = state_db.boxed_clone_canon(&h0);
		s.journal_under(&mut batch, 1, &h1a).unwrap();
		s.sync_cache(&[], &[], true);

		let mut s = state_db.boxed_clone_canon(&h0);
		s.add_to_account_cache(address, Some(Account::new_basic(3.into(), 0.into())), true);
		s.journal_under(&mut batch, 1, &h1b).unwrap();
		s.sync_cache(&[], &[], false);

		let mut s = state_db.boxed_clone_canon(&h1b);
		s.add_to_account_cache(address, Some(Account::new_basic(4.into(), 0.into())), true);
		s.journal_under(&mut batch, 2, &h2b).unwrap();
		s.sync_cache(&[], &[], false);

		let mut s = state_db.boxed_clone_canon(&h1a);
		s.add_to_account_cache(address, Some(Account::new_basic(5.into(), 0.into())), true);
		s.journal_under(&mut batch, 2, &h2a).unwrap();
		s.sync_cache(&[], &[], true);

		let mut s = state_db.boxed_clone_canon(&h2a);
		s.journal_under(&mut batch, 3, &h3a).unwrap();
		s.sync_cache(&[], &[], true);

		let s = state_db.boxed_clone_canon(&h3a);
		assert_eq!(s.get_cached_account(&address).unwrap().unwrap().balance(), &U256::from(5));

		let s = state_db.boxed_clone_canon(&h1a);
		assert!(s.get_cached_account(&address).is_none());

		let s = state_db.boxed_clone_canon(&h2b);
		assert!(s.get_cached_account(&address).is_none());

		let s = state_db.boxed_clone_canon(&h1b);
		assert!(s.get_cached_account(&address).is_none());

		// reorg to 3b
		// blocks  [ 3b(c) 3a 2a 2b(c) 1b 1a 0 ]
		let mut s = state_db.boxed_clone_canon(&h2b);
		s.journal_under(&mut batch, 3, &h3b).unwrap();
		s.sync_cache(&[h1b.clone(), h2b.clone(), h3b.clone()], &[h1a.clone(), h2a.clone(), h3a.clone()], true);
		let s = state_db.boxed_clone_canon(&h3a);
		assert!(s.get_cached_account(&address).is_none());
	}
}