openethereum/ethash/src/compute.rs

// Copyright 2015-2019 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Parity Ethereum.

// Parity Ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.

// Parity Ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! Ethash implementation
//! See https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethash

// TODO: fix endianess for big endian

use cache::{NodeCache, NodeCacheBuilder};
use keccak::{keccak_256, keccak_512, H256};
use progpow::{generate_cdag, keccak_f800_long, keccak_f800_short, progpow, CDag};
use seed_compute::SeedHashCompute;
use shared::*;
use std::io;

use std::{mem, path::Path, ptr};

const MIX_WORDS: usize = ETHASH_MIX_BYTES / 4;
const MIX_NODES: usize = MIX_WORDS / NODE_WORDS;
pub const FNV_PRIME: u32 = 0x01000193;

/// Computation result
pub struct ProofOfWork {
    /// Difficulty boundary
    pub value: H256,
    /// Mix
    pub mix_hash: H256,
}

enum Algorithm {
    Hashimoto,
    Progpow(Box<CDag>),
}

pub struct Light {
    block_number: u64,
    cache: NodeCache,
    algorithm: Algorithm,
}

/// Light cache structure
impl Light {
    pub fn new_with_builder(
        builder: &NodeCacheBuilder,
        cache_dir: &Path,
        block_number: u64,
        progpow_transition: u64,
    ) -> Self {
        let cache = builder.new_cache(cache_dir.to_path_buf(), block_number);

        let algorithm = if block_number >= progpow_transition {
            Algorithm::Progpow(Box::new(generate_cdag(cache.as_ref())))
        } else {
            Algorithm::Hashimoto
        };

        Light {
            block_number,
            cache,
            algorithm,
        }
    }

    /// Calculate the light boundary data
    /// `header_hash` - The header hash to pack into the mix
    /// `nonce` - The nonce to pack into the mix
    pub fn compute(&self, header_hash: &H256, nonce: u64, block_number: u64) -> ProofOfWork {
        match self.algorithm {
            Algorithm::Progpow(ref c_dag) => {
                let (value, mix_hash) = progpow(
                    *header_hash,
                    nonce,
                    block_number,
                    self.cache.as_ref(),
                    c_dag,
                );

                ProofOfWork { value, mix_hash }
            }
            Algorithm::Hashimoto => light_compute(self, header_hash, nonce),
        }
    }

    pub fn from_file_with_builder(
        builder: &NodeCacheBuilder,
        cache_dir: &Path,
        block_number: u64,
        progpow_transition: u64,
    ) -> io::Result<Self> {
        let cache = builder.from_file(cache_dir.to_path_buf(), block_number)?;

        let algorithm = if block_number >= progpow_transition {
            Algorithm::Progpow(Box::new(generate_cdag(cache.as_ref())))
        } else {
            Algorithm::Hashimoto
        };

        Ok(Light {
            block_number,
            cache,
            algorithm,
        })
    }

    pub fn to_file(&mut self) -> io::Result<&Path> {
        self.cache.flush()?;
        Ok(self.cache.cache_path())
    }
}

pub fn slow_hash_block_number(block_number: u64) -> H256 {
    SeedHashCompute::resume_compute_seedhash([0u8; 32], 0, block_number / ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH)
}

fn fnv_hash(x: u32, y: u32) -> u32 {
    return x.wrapping_mul(FNV_PRIME) ^ y;
}

/// Difficulty quick check for POW preverification
///
/// `header_hash`      The hash of the header
/// `nonce`            The block's nonce
/// `mix_hash`         The mix digest hash
/// Boundary recovered from mix hash
pub fn quick_get_difficulty(
    header_hash: &H256,
    nonce: u64,
    mix_hash: &H256,
    progpow: bool,
) -> H256 {
    unsafe {
        if progpow {
            let seed = keccak_f800_short(*header_hash, nonce, [0u32; 8]);
            keccak_f800_long(*header_hash, seed, mem::transmute(*mix_hash))
        } else {
            // This is safe - the `keccak_512` call below reads the first 40 bytes (which we explicitly set
            // with two `copy_nonoverlapping` calls) but writes the first 64, and then we explicitly write
            // the next 32 bytes before we read the whole thing with `keccak_256`.
            //
            // This cannot be elided by the compiler as it doesn't know the implementation of
            // `keccak_512`.
            let mut buf: [u8; 64 + 32] = mem::uninitialized();

            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(header_hash.as_ptr(), buf.as_mut_ptr(), 32);
            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(&nonce as *const u64 as *const u8, buf[32..].as_mut_ptr(), 8);

            keccak_512::unchecked(buf.as_mut_ptr(), 64, buf.as_ptr(), 40);
            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(mix_hash.as_ptr(), buf[64..].as_mut_ptr(), 32);

            // This is initialized in `keccak_256`
            let mut hash: [u8; 32] = mem::uninitialized();
            keccak_256::unchecked(hash.as_mut_ptr(), hash.len(), buf.as_ptr(), buf.len());

            hash
        }
    }
}

/// Calculate the light client data
/// `light` - The light client handler
/// `header_hash` - The header hash to pack into the mix
/// `nonce` - The nonce to pack into the mix
pub fn light_compute(light: &Light, header_hash: &H256, nonce: u64) -> ProofOfWork {
    let full_size = get_data_size(light.block_number);
    hash_compute(light, full_size, header_hash, nonce)
}

fn hash_compute(light: &Light, full_size: usize, header_hash: &H256, nonce: u64) -> ProofOfWork {
    macro_rules! make_const_array {
        ($n:expr, $value:expr) => {{
            // We use explicit lifetimes to ensure that val's borrow is invalidated until the
            // transmuted val dies.
            unsafe fn make_const_array<T, U>(val: &mut [T]) -> &mut [U; $n] {
                use std::mem;

                debug_assert_eq!(val.len() * mem::size_of::<T>(), $n * mem::size_of::<U>());
                &mut *(val.as_mut_ptr() as *mut [U; $n])
            }

            make_const_array($value)
        }};
    }

    #[repr(C)]
    struct MixBuf {
        half_mix: Node,
        compress_bytes: [u8; MIX_WORDS],
    };

    if full_size % MIX_WORDS != 0 {
        panic!("Unaligned full size");
    }

    // You may be asking yourself: what in the name of Crypto Jesus is going on here? So: we need
    // `half_mix` and `compress_bytes` in a single array later down in the code (we hash them
    // together to create `value`) so that we can hash the full array. However, we do a bunch of
    // reading and writing to these variables first. We originally allocated two arrays and then
    // stuck them together with `ptr::copy_nonoverlapping` at the end, but this method is
    // _significantly_ faster - by my benchmarks, a consistent 3-5%. This is the most ridiculous
    // optimization I have ever done and I am so sorry. I can only chalk it up to cache locality
    // improvements, since I can't imagine that 3-5% of our runtime is taken up by catting two
    // arrays together.
    let mut buf: MixBuf = MixBuf {
        half_mix: unsafe {
            // Pack `header_hash` and `nonce` together
            // We explicitly write the first 40 bytes, leaving the last 24 as uninitialized. Then
            // `keccak_512` reads the first 40 bytes (4th parameter) and overwrites the entire array,
            // leaving it fully initialized.
            let mut out: [u8; NODE_BYTES] = mem::uninitialized();

            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(header_hash.as_ptr(), out.as_mut_ptr(), header_hash.len());
            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
                &nonce as *const u64 as *const u8,
                out[header_hash.len()..].as_mut_ptr(),
                mem::size_of::<u64>(),
            );

            // compute keccak-512 hash and replicate across mix
            keccak_512::unchecked(
                out.as_mut_ptr(),
                NODE_BYTES,
                out.as_ptr(),
                header_hash.len() + mem::size_of::<u64>(),
            );

            Node { bytes: out }
        },
        // This is fully initialized before being read, see `let mut compress = ...` below
        compress_bytes: unsafe { mem::uninitialized() },
    };

    let mut mix: [_; MIX_NODES] = [buf.half_mix.clone(), buf.half_mix.clone()];

    let page_size = 4 * MIX_WORDS;
    let num_full_pages = (full_size / page_size) as u32;
    // deref once for better performance
    let cache: &[Node] = light.cache.as_ref();
    let first_val = buf.half_mix.as_words()[0];

    debug_assert_eq!(MIX_NODES, 2);
    debug_assert_eq!(NODE_WORDS, 16);

    for i in 0..ETHASH_ACCESSES as u32 {
        let index = {
            // This is trivially safe, but does not work on big-endian. The safety of this is
            // asserted in debug builds (see the definition of `make_const_array!`).
            let mix_words: &mut [u32; MIX_WORDS] =
                unsafe { make_const_array!(MIX_WORDS, &mut mix) };

            fnv_hash(first_val ^ i, mix_words[i as usize % MIX_WORDS]) % num_full_pages
        };

        unroll! {
            // MIX_NODES
            for n in 0..2 {
                let tmp_node = calculate_dag_item(
                    index * MIX_NODES as u32 + n as u32,
                    cache,
                );

                unroll! {
                    // NODE_WORDS
                    for w in 0..16 {
                        mix[n].as_words_mut()[w] =
                            fnv_hash(
                                mix[n].as_words()[w],
                                tmp_node.as_words()[w],
                            );
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    let mix_words: [u32; MIX_WORDS] = unsafe { mem::transmute(mix) };

    {
        // This is an uninitialized buffer to begin with, but we iterate precisely `compress.len()`
        // times and set each index, leaving the array fully initialized. THIS ONLY WORKS ON LITTLE-
        // ENDIAN MACHINES. See a future PR to make this and the rest of the code work correctly on
        // big-endian arches like mips.
        let compress: &mut [u32; MIX_WORDS / 4] =
            unsafe { make_const_array!(MIX_WORDS / 4, &mut buf.compress_bytes) };

        // Compress mix
        debug_assert_eq!(MIX_WORDS / 4, 8);
        unroll! {
            for i in 0..8 {
                let w = i * 4;

                let mut reduction = mix_words[w + 0];
                reduction = reduction.wrapping_mul(FNV_PRIME) ^ mix_words[w + 1];
                reduction = reduction.wrapping_mul(FNV_PRIME) ^ mix_words[w + 2];
                reduction = reduction.wrapping_mul(FNV_PRIME) ^ mix_words[w + 3];
                compress[i] = reduction;
            }
        }
    }

    let mix_hash = buf.compress_bytes;

    let value: H256 = {
        // We can interpret the buffer as an array of `u8`s, since it's `repr(C)`.
        let read_ptr: *const u8 = &buf as *const MixBuf as *const u8;
        // We overwrite the second half since `keccak_256` has an internal buffer and so allows
        // overlapping arrays as input.
        let write_ptr: *mut u8 = &mut buf.compress_bytes as *mut [u8; 32] as *mut u8;
        unsafe {
            keccak_256::unchecked(
                write_ptr,
                buf.compress_bytes.len(),
                read_ptr,
                buf.half_mix.bytes.len() + buf.compress_bytes.len(),
            );
        }
        buf.compress_bytes
    };

    ProofOfWork {
        mix_hash: mix_hash,
        value: value,
    }
}

// TODO: Use the `simd` crate
pub fn calculate_dag_item(node_index: u32, cache: &[Node]) -> Node {
    let num_parent_nodes = cache.len();
    let mut ret = cache[node_index as usize % num_parent_nodes].clone();
    ret.as_words_mut()[0] ^= node_index;

    keccak_512::inplace(ret.as_bytes_mut());

    debug_assert_eq!(NODE_WORDS, 16);
    for i in 0..ETHASH_DATASET_PARENTS as u32 {
        let parent_index = fnv_hash(node_index ^ i, ret.as_words()[i as usize % NODE_WORDS])
            % num_parent_nodes as u32;
        let parent = &cache[parent_index as usize];

        unroll! {
            for w in 0..16 {
                ret.as_words_mut()[w] = fnv_hash(ret.as_words()[w], parent.as_words()[w]);
            }
        }
    }

    keccak_512::inplace(ret.as_bytes_mut());

    ret
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use super::*;
    use std::fs;
    use tempdir::TempDir;

    #[test]
    fn test_get_cache_size() {
        // https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethash/ef6b93f9596746a088ea95d01ca2778be43ae68f#data-sizes
        assert_eq!(16776896usize, get_cache_size(0));
        assert_eq!(16776896usize, get_cache_size(1));
        assert_eq!(16776896usize, get_cache_size(ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH - 1));
        assert_eq!(16907456usize, get_cache_size(ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH));
        assert_eq!(16907456usize, get_cache_size(ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH + 1));
        assert_eq!(284950208usize, get_cache_size(2046 * ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH));
        assert_eq!(285081536usize, get_cache_size(2047 * ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH));
        assert_eq!(
            285081536usize,
            get_cache_size(2048 * ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH - 1)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_data_size() {
        // https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethash/ef6b93f9596746a088ea95d01ca2778be43ae68f#data-sizes
        assert_eq!(1073739904usize, get_data_size(0));
        assert_eq!(1073739904usize, get_data_size(1));
        assert_eq!(1073739904usize, get_data_size(ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH - 1));
        assert_eq!(1082130304usize, get_data_size(ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH));
        assert_eq!(1082130304usize, get_data_size(ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH + 1));
        assert_eq!(18236833408usize, get_data_size(2046 * ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH));
        assert_eq!(18245220736usize, get_data_size(2047 * ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_difficulty_test() {
        let hash = [
            0xf5, 0x7e, 0x6f, 0x3a, 0xcf, 0xc0, 0xdd, 0x4b, 0x5b, 0xf2, 0xbe, 0xe4, 0x0a, 0xb3,
            0x35, 0x8a, 0xa6, 0x87, 0x73, 0xa8, 0xd0, 0x9f, 0x5e, 0x59, 0x5e, 0xab, 0x55, 0x94,
            0x05, 0x52, 0x7d, 0x72,
        ];
        let mix_hash = [
            0x1f, 0xff, 0x04, 0xce, 0xc9, 0x41, 0x73, 0xfd, 0x59, 0x1e, 0x3d, 0x89, 0x60, 0xce,
            0x6b, 0xdf, 0x8b, 0x19, 0x71, 0x04, 0x8c, 0x71, 0xff, 0x93, 0x7b, 0xb2, 0xd3, 0x2a,
            0x64, 0x31, 0xab, 0x6d,
        ];
        let nonce = 0xd7b3ac70a301a249;
        let boundary_good = [
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x3e, 0x9b, 0x6c, 0x69, 0xbc, 0x2c, 0xe2, 0xa2,
            0x4a, 0x8e, 0x95, 0x69, 0xef, 0xc7, 0xd7, 0x1b, 0x33, 0x35, 0xdf, 0x36, 0x8c, 0x9a,
            0xe9, 0x7e, 0x53, 0x84,
        ];
        assert_eq!(
            quick_get_difficulty(&hash, nonce, &mix_hash, false)[..],
            boundary_good[..]
        );
        let boundary_bad = [
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x3a, 0x9b, 0x6c, 0x69, 0xbc, 0x2c, 0xe2, 0xa2,
            0x4a, 0x8e, 0x95, 0x69, 0xef, 0xc7, 0xd7, 0x1b, 0x33, 0x35, 0xdf, 0x36, 0x8c, 0x9a,
            0xe9, 0x7e, 0x53, 0x84,
        ];
        assert!(quick_get_difficulty(&hash, nonce, &mix_hash, false)[..] != boundary_bad[..]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_light_compute() {
        let hash = [
            0xf5, 0x7e, 0x6f, 0x3a, 0xcf, 0xc0, 0xdd, 0x4b, 0x5b, 0xf2, 0xbe, 0xe4, 0x0a, 0xb3,
            0x35, 0x8a, 0xa6, 0x87, 0x73, 0xa8, 0xd0, 0x9f, 0x5e, 0x59, 0x5e, 0xab, 0x55, 0x94,
            0x05, 0x52, 0x7d, 0x72,
        ];
        let mix_hash = [
            0x1f, 0xff, 0x04, 0xce, 0xc9, 0x41, 0x73, 0xfd, 0x59, 0x1e, 0x3d, 0x89, 0x60, 0xce,
            0x6b, 0xdf, 0x8b, 0x19, 0x71, 0x04, 0x8c, 0x71, 0xff, 0x93, 0x7b, 0xb2, 0xd3, 0x2a,
            0x64, 0x31, 0xab, 0x6d,
        ];
        let boundary = [
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x3e, 0x9b, 0x6c, 0x69, 0xbc, 0x2c, 0xe2, 0xa2,
            0x4a, 0x8e, 0x95, 0x69, 0xef, 0xc7, 0xd7, 0x1b, 0x33, 0x35, 0xdf, 0x36, 0x8c, 0x9a,
            0xe9, 0x7e, 0x53, 0x84,
        ];
        let nonce = 0xd7b3ac70a301a249;

        let tempdir = TempDir::new("").unwrap();
        // difficulty = 0x085657254bd9u64;
        let light = NodeCacheBuilder::new(None, u64::max_value()).light(tempdir.path(), 486382);
        let result = light_compute(&light, &hash, nonce);
        assert_eq!(result.mix_hash[..], mix_hash[..]);
        assert_eq!(result.value[..], boundary[..]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_drop_old_data() {
        let tempdir = TempDir::new("").unwrap();
        let builder = NodeCacheBuilder::new(None, u64::max_value());
        let first = builder
            .light(tempdir.path(), 0)
            .to_file()
            .unwrap()
            .to_owned();

        let second = builder
            .light(tempdir.path(), ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH)
            .to_file()
            .unwrap()
            .to_owned();
        assert!(fs::metadata(&first).is_ok());

        let _ = builder
            .light(tempdir.path(), ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH * 2)
            .to_file();
        assert!(fs::metadata(&first).is_err());
        assert!(fs::metadata(&second).is_ok());

        let _ = builder
            .light(tempdir.path(), ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH * 3)
            .to_file();
        assert!(fs::metadata(&second).is_err());
    }
}