openethereum/util/src/journaldb/earlymergedb.rs

// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Parity.

// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.

// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! Disk-backed `HashDB` implementation.

use common::*;
use rlp::*;
use hashdb::*;
use memorydb::*;
use super::{DB_PREFIX_LEN, LATEST_ERA_KEY};
use super::traits::JournalDB;
use kvdb::{Database, DBTransaction};
#[cfg(test)]
use std::env;

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct RefInfo {
	queue_refs: usize,
	in_archive: bool,
}

impl HeapSizeOf for RefInfo {
	fn heap_size_of_children(&self) -> usize { 0 }
}

impl fmt::Display for RefInfo {
	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
		write!(f, "{}+{}", self.queue_refs, if self.in_archive {1} else {0})
	}
}

impl fmt::Debug for RefInfo {
	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
		write!(f, "{}+{}", self.queue_refs, if self.in_archive {1} else {0})
	}
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum RemoveFrom {
	Queue,
	Archive,
}

/// Implementation of the `HashDB` trait for a disk-backed database with a memory overlay
/// and latent-removal semantics.
///
/// Like `OverlayDB`, there is a memory overlay; `commit()` must be called in order to
/// write operations out to disk. Unlike `OverlayDB`, `remove()` operations do not take effect
/// immediately. Rather some age (based on a linear but arbitrary metric) must pass before
/// the removals actually take effect.
pub struct EarlyMergeDB {
	overlay: MemoryDB,
	backing: Arc<Database>,
	refs: Option<Arc<RwLock<HashMap<H256, RefInfo>>>>,
	latest_era: Option<u64>,
	column: Option<u32>,
}

const PADDING : [u8; 10] = [ 0u8; 10 ];

impl EarlyMergeDB {
	/// Create a new instance from file
	pub fn new(backing: Arc<Database>, col: Option<u32>) -> EarlyMergeDB {
		let (latest_era, refs) = EarlyMergeDB::read_refs(&backing, col);
		let refs = Some(Arc::new(RwLock::new(refs)));
		EarlyMergeDB {
			overlay: MemoryDB::new(),
			backing: backing,
			refs: refs,
			latest_era: latest_era,
			column: col,
		}
	}

	/// Create a new instance with an anonymous temporary database.
	#[cfg(test)]
	fn new_temp() -> EarlyMergeDB {
		let mut dir = env::temp_dir();
		dir.push(H32::random().hex());
		let backing = Arc::new(Database::open_default(dir.to_str().unwrap()).unwrap());
		Self::new(backing, None)
	}

	fn morph_key(key: &H256, index: u8) -> Bytes {
		let mut ret = key.to_bytes();
		ret.push(index);
		ret
	}

	// The next three are valid only as long as there is an insert operation of `key` in the journal.
	fn set_already_in(batch: &DBTransaction, col: Option<u32>, key: &H256) { batch.put(col, &Self::morph_key(key, 0), &[1u8]); }
	fn reset_already_in(batch: &DBTransaction, col: Option<u32>, key: &H256) { batch.delete(col, &Self::morph_key(key, 0)); }
	fn is_already_in(backing: &Database, col: Option<u32>, key: &H256) -> bool {
		backing.get(col, &Self::morph_key(key, 0)).expect("Low-level database error. Some issue with your hard disk?").is_some()
	}

	fn insert_keys(inserts: &[(H256, Bytes)], backing: &Database, col: Option<u32>, refs: &mut HashMap<H256, RefInfo>, batch: &DBTransaction, trace: bool) {
		for &(ref h, ref d) in inserts {
			if let Some(c) = refs.get_mut(h) {
				// already counting. increment.
				c.queue_refs += 1;
				if trace {
					trace!(target: "jdb.fine", "    insert({}): In queue: Incrementing refs to {}", h, c.queue_refs);
				}
				continue;
			}

			// this is the first entry for this node in the journal.
			if backing.get(col, h).expect("Low-level database error. Some issue with your hard disk?").is_some() {
				// already in the backing DB. start counting, and remember it was already in.
				Self::set_already_in(batch, col, h);
				refs.insert(h.clone(), RefInfo{queue_refs: 1, in_archive: true});
				if trace {
					trace!(target: "jdb.fine", "    insert({}): New to queue, in DB: Recording and inserting into queue", h);
				}
				continue;
			}

			// Gets removed when a key leaves the journal, so should never be set when we're placing a new key.
			//Self::reset_already_in(&h);
			assert!(!Self::is_already_in(backing, col, &h));
			batch.put(col, h, d);
			refs.insert(h.clone(), RefInfo{queue_refs: 1, in_archive: false});
			if trace {
				trace!(target: "jdb.fine", "    insert({}): New to queue, not in DB: Inserting into queue and DB", h);
			}
		}
	}

	fn replay_keys(inserts: &[H256], backing: &Database, col: Option<u32>, refs: &mut HashMap<H256, RefInfo>) {
		trace!(target: "jdb.fine", "replay_keys: inserts={:?}, refs={:?}", inserts, refs);
		for h in inserts {
			if let Some(c) = refs.get_mut(h) {
				// already counting. increment.
				c.queue_refs += 1;
				continue;
			}

			// this is the first entry for this node in the journal.
			// it is initialised to 1 if it was already in.
			refs.insert(h.clone(), RefInfo{queue_refs: 1, in_archive: Self::is_already_in(backing, col, h)});
		}
		trace!(target: "jdb.fine", "replay_keys: (end) refs={:?}", refs);
	}

	fn remove_keys(deletes: &[H256], refs: &mut HashMap<H256, RefInfo>, batch: &DBTransaction, col: Option<u32>, from: RemoveFrom, trace: bool) {
		// with a remove on {queue_refs: 1, in_archive: true}, we have two options:
		// - convert to {queue_refs: 1, in_archive: false} (i.e. remove it from the conceptual archive)
		// - convert to {queue_refs: 0, in_archive: true} (i.e. remove it from the conceptual queue)
		// (the latter option would then mean removing the RefInfo, since it would no longer be counted in the queue.)
		// both are valid, but we switch between them depending on context.
		//     All inserts in queue (i.e. those which may yet be reverted) have an entry in refs.
		for h in deletes.iter() {
			let mut n: Option<RefInfo> = None;
			if let Some(c) = refs.get_mut(h) {
				if c.in_archive && from == RemoveFrom::Archive {
					c.in_archive = false;
					Self::reset_already_in(batch, col, h);
					if trace {
						trace!(target: "jdb.fine", "    remove({}): In archive, 1 in queue: Reducing to queue only and recording", h);
					}
					continue;
				} else if c.queue_refs > 1 {
					c.queue_refs -= 1;
					if trace {
						trace!(target: "jdb.fine", "    remove({}): In queue > 1 refs: Decrementing ref count to {}", h, c.queue_refs);
					}
					continue;
				} else {
					n = Some(c.clone());
				}
			}
			match n {
				Some(RefInfo{queue_refs: 1, in_archive: true}) => {
					refs.remove(h);
					Self::reset_already_in(batch, col, h);
					if trace {
						trace!(target: "jdb.fine", "    remove({}): In archive, 1 in queue: Removing from queue and leaving in archive", h);
					}
				}
				Some(RefInfo{queue_refs: 1, in_archive: false}) => {
					refs.remove(h);
					batch.delete(col, h);
					if trace {
						trace!(target: "jdb.fine", "    remove({}): Not in archive, only 1 ref in queue: Removing from queue and DB", h);
					}
				}
				None => {
					// Gets removed when moving from 1 to 0 additional refs. Should never be here at 0 additional refs.
					//assert!(!Self::is_already_in(db, &h));
					batch.delete(col, h);
					if trace {
						trace!(target: "jdb.fine", "    remove({}): Not in queue - MUST BE IN ARCHIVE: Removing from DB", h);
					}
				}
				_ => panic!("Invalid value in refs: {:?}", n),
			}
		}
	}

	#[cfg(test)]
	fn can_reconstruct_refs(&self) -> bool {
		let (latest_era, reconstructed) = Self::read_refs(&self.backing, self.column);
		let refs = self.refs.as_ref().unwrap().write();
		if *refs != reconstructed || latest_era != self.latest_era {
			let clean_refs = refs.iter().filter_map(|(k, v)| if reconstructed.get(k) == Some(v) {None} else {Some((k.clone(), v.clone()))}).collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
			let clean_recon = reconstructed.into_iter().filter_map(|(k, v)| if refs.get(&k) == Some(&v) {None} else {Some((k.clone(), v.clone()))}).collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
			warn!(target: "jdb", "mem: {:?}  !=  log: {:?}", clean_refs, clean_recon);
			false
		} else {
			true
		}
	}

	fn payload(&self, key: &H256) -> Option<Bytes> {
		self.backing.get(self.column, key).expect("Low-level database error. Some issue with your hard disk?").map(|v| v.to_vec())
	}

	fn read_refs(db: &Database, col: Option<u32>) -> (Option<u64>, HashMap<H256, RefInfo>) {
		let mut refs = HashMap::new();
		let mut latest_era = None;
		if let Some(val) = db.get(col, &LATEST_ERA_KEY).expect("Low-level database error.") {
			let mut era = decode::<u64>(&val);
			latest_era = Some(era);
			loop {
				let mut index = 0usize;
				while let Some(rlp_data) = db.get(col, {
					let mut r = RlpStream::new_list(3);
					r.append(&era);
					r.append(&index);
					r.append(&&PADDING[..]);
					&r.drain()
				}).expect("Low-level database error.") {
					let rlp = Rlp::new(&rlp_data);
					let inserts: Vec<H256> = rlp.val_at(1);
					Self::replay_keys(&inserts, db, col, &mut refs);
					index += 1;
				};
				if index == 0 || era == 0 {
					break;
				}
				era -= 1;
			}
		}
		(latest_era, refs)
	}
}

impl HashDB for EarlyMergeDB {
	fn keys(&self) -> HashMap<H256, i32> {
		let mut ret: HashMap<H256, i32> = HashMap::new();
		for (key, _) in self.backing.iter(self.column) {
			let h = H256::from_slice(&*key);
			ret.insert(h, 1);
		}

		for (key, refs) in self.overlay.keys().into_iter() {
			let refs = *ret.get(&key).unwrap_or(&0) + refs;
			ret.insert(key, refs);
		}
		ret
	}

	fn get(&self, key: &H256) -> Option<&[u8]> {
		let k = self.overlay.raw(key);
		match k {
			Some((d, rc)) if rc > 0 => Some(d),
			_ => {
				if let Some(x) = self.payload(key) {
					Some(self.overlay.denote(key, x).0)
				}
				else {
					None
				}
			}
		}
	}

	fn contains(&self, key: &H256) -> bool {
		self.get(key).is_some()
	}

	fn insert(&mut self, value: &[u8]) -> H256 {
		self.overlay.insert(value)
	}
	fn emplace(&mut self, key: H256, value: Bytes) {
		self.overlay.emplace(key, value);
	}
	fn remove(&mut self, key: &H256) {
		self.overlay.remove(key);
	}
}

impl JournalDB for EarlyMergeDB {
	fn boxed_clone(&self) -> Box<JournalDB> {
		Box::new(EarlyMergeDB {
			overlay: self.overlay.clone(),
			backing: self.backing.clone(),
			refs: self.refs.clone(),
			latest_era: self.latest_era.clone(),
			column: self.column.clone(),
		})
	}

	fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
		self.backing.get(self.column, &LATEST_ERA_KEY).expect("Low level database error").is_none()
	}

	fn backing(&self) -> &Arc<Database> {
		&self.backing
	}

	fn latest_era(&self) -> Option<u64> { self.latest_era }

	fn mem_used(&self) -> usize {
		self.overlay.mem_used() + match self.refs {
			Some(ref c) => c.read().heap_size_of_children(),
			None => 0
		}
 	}

	fn state(&self, id: &H256) -> Option<Bytes> {
		self.backing.get_by_prefix(self.column, &id[0..DB_PREFIX_LEN]).map(|b| b.to_vec())
	}

	#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(cyclomatic_complexity))]
	fn commit(&mut self, batch: &DBTransaction, now: u64, id: &H256, end: Option<(u64, H256)>) -> Result<u32, UtilError> {
		// journal format:
		// [era, 0] => [ id, [insert_0, ...], [remove_0, ...] ]
		// [era, 1] => [ id, [insert_0, ...], [remove_0, ...] ]
		// [era, n] => [ ... ]

		// TODO: store reclaim_period.

		// When we make a new commit, we make a journal of all blocks in the recent history and record
		// all keys that were inserted and deleted. The journal is ordered by era; multiple commits can
		// share the same era. This forms a data structure similar to a queue but whose items are tuples.
		// By the time comes to remove a tuple from the queue (i.e. then the era passes from recent history
		// into ancient history) then only one commit from the tuple is considered canonical. This commit
		// is kept in the main backing database, whereas any others from the same era are reverted.
		//
		// It is possible that a key, properly available in the backing database be deleted and re-inserted
		// in the recent history queue, yet have both operations in commits that are eventually non-canonical.
		// To avoid the original, and still required, key from being deleted, we maintain a reference count
		// which includes an original key, if any.
		//
		// The semantics of the `counter` are:
		// insert key k:
		//   counter already contains k: count += 1
		//   counter doesn't contain k:
		//     backing db contains k: count = 1
		//     backing db doesn't contain k: insert into backing db, count = 0
		// delete key k:
		//   counter contains k (count is asserted to be non-zero):
		//     count > 1: counter -= 1
		//     count == 1: remove counter
		//     count == 0: remove key from backing db
		//   counter doesn't contain k: remove key from backing db
		//
		// Practically, this means that for each commit block turning from recent to ancient we do the
		// following:
		// is_canonical:
		//   inserts: Ignored (left alone in the backing database).
		//   deletes: Enacted; however, recent history queue is checked for ongoing references. This is
		//            reduced as a preference to deletion from the backing database.
		// !is_canonical:
		//   inserts: Reverted; however, recent history queue is checked for ongoing references. This is
		//            reduced as a preference to deletion from the backing database.
		//   deletes: Ignored (they were never inserted).
		//

		// record new commit's details.
		let mut refs = self.refs.as_ref().unwrap().write();
		let trace = false;
		{
			let mut index = 0usize;
			let mut last;

			while try!(self.backing.get(self.column, {
				let mut r = RlpStream::new_list(3);
				r.append(&now);
				r.append(&index);
				r.append(&&PADDING[..]);
				last = r.drain();
				&last
			})).is_some() {
				index += 1;
			}

			let drained = self.overlay.drain();

			if trace {
				trace!(target: "jdb", "commit: #{} ({}), end era: {:?}", now, id, end);
			}

			let removes: Vec<H256> = drained
				.iter()
				.filter_map(|(k, &(_, c))| if c < 0 {Some(k.clone())} else {None})
				.collect();
			let inserts: Vec<(H256, Bytes)> = drained
				.into_iter()
				.filter_map(|(k, (v, r))| if r > 0 { assert!(r == 1); Some((k, v)) } else { assert!(r >= -1); None })
				.collect();


			// TODO: check all removes are in the db.

			let mut r = RlpStream::new_list(3);
			r.append(id);

			// Process the new inserts.
			// We use the inserts for three things. For each:
			// - we place into the backing DB or increment the counter if already in;
			// - we note in the backing db that it was already in;
			// - we write the key into our journal for this block;

			r.begin_list(inserts.len());
			inserts.iter().foreach(|&(k, _)| {r.append(&k);});
			r.append(&removes);
			Self::insert_keys(&inserts, &self.backing, self.column, &mut refs, batch, trace);
			if trace {
				let ins = inserts.iter().map(|&(k, _)| k).collect::<Vec<_>>();
				trace!(target: "jdb.ops", "  Inserts: {:?}", ins);
				trace!(target: "jdb.ops", "  Deletes: {:?}", removes);
			}
			batch.put(self.column, &last, r.as_raw());
			if self.latest_era.map_or(true, |e| now > e) {
				batch.put(self.column, &LATEST_ERA_KEY, &encode(&now));
				self.latest_era = Some(now);
			}
		}

		// apply old commits' details
		if let Some((end_era, canon_id)) = end {
			let mut index = 0usize;
			let mut last;
			while let Some(rlp_data) = try!(self.backing.get(self.column, {
				let mut r = RlpStream::new_list(3);
				r.append(&end_era);
				r.append(&index);
				r.append(&&PADDING[..]);
				last = r.drain();
				&last
			})) {
				let rlp = Rlp::new(&rlp_data);
				let inserts: Vec<H256> = rlp.val_at(1);

				if canon_id == rlp.val_at(0) {
					// Collect keys to be removed. Canon block - remove the (enacted) deletes.
					let deletes: Vec<H256> = rlp.val_at(2);
					if trace {
						trace!(target: "jdb.ops", "  Expunging: {:?}", deletes);
					}
					Self::remove_keys(&deletes, &mut refs, batch, self.column, RemoveFrom::Archive, trace);

					if trace {
						trace!(target: "jdb.ops", "  Finalising: {:?}", inserts);
					}
					for k in &inserts {
						match refs.get(k).cloned() {
							None => {
								// [in archive] -> SHIFT remove -> SHIFT insert None->Some{queue_refs: 1, in_archive: true} -> TAKE remove Some{queue_refs: 1, in_archive: true}->None -> TAKE insert
								// already expunged from the queue (which is allowed since the key is in the archive).
								// leave well alone.
							}
							Some( RefInfo{queue_refs: 1, in_archive: false} ) => {
								// just delete the refs entry.
								refs.remove(k);
							}
							Some( RefInfo{queue_refs: x, in_archive: false} ) => {
								// must set already in; ,
								Self::set_already_in(batch, self.column, k);
								refs.insert(k.clone(), RefInfo{ queue_refs: x - 1, in_archive: true });
							}
							Some( RefInfo{in_archive: true, ..} ) => {
								// Invalid! Reinserted the same key twice.
								warn!("Key {} inserted twice into same fork.", k);
							}
						}
					}
				} else {
					// Collect keys to be removed. Non-canon block - remove the (reverted) inserts.
					if trace {
						trace!(target: "jdb.ops", "  Reverting: {:?}", inserts);
					}
					Self::remove_keys(&inserts, &mut refs, batch, self.column, RemoveFrom::Queue, trace);
				}

				batch.delete(self.column, &last);
				index += 1;
			}
			if trace {
				trace!(target: "jdb", "EarlyMergeDB: delete journal for time #{}.{}, (canon was {})", end_era, index, canon_id);
			}
		}

		if trace {
			trace!(target: "jdb", "OK: {:?}", refs.clone());
		}

		Ok(0)
	}

	fn inject(&mut self, batch: &DBTransaction) -> Result<u32, UtilError> {
		let mut ops = 0;
		for (key, (value, rc)) in self.overlay.drain() {
			if rc != 0 { ops += 1 }

			match rc {
				0 => {}
				1 => {
					if try!(self.backing.get(self.column, &key)).is_some() {
						return Err(BaseDataError::AlreadyExists(key).into());
					}
					batch.put(self.column, &key, &value)
				}
				-1 => {
					if try!(self.backing.get(self.column, &key)).is_none() {
						return Err(BaseDataError::NegativelyReferencedHash(key).into());
					}
					batch.delete(self.column, &key)
				}
				_ => panic!("Attempted to inject invalid state."),
			}
		}

		Ok(ops)
	}

	fn consolidate(&mut self, with: MemoryDB) {
		self.overlay.consolidate(with);
	}
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
	#![cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(blacklisted_name))]
	#![cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(similar_names))]

	use common::*;
	use super::*;
	use super::super::traits::JournalDB;
	use hashdb::*;
	use log::init_log;
	use kvdb::{Database, DatabaseConfig};

	#[test]
	fn insert_same_in_fork() {
		// history is 1
		let mut jdb = EarlyMergeDB::new_temp();

		let x = jdb.insert(b"X");
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.commit_batch(3, &b"1002a".sha3(), Some((1, b"1".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.commit_batch(4, &b"1003a".sha3(), Some((2, b"2".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.remove(&x);
		jdb.commit_batch(3, &b"1002b".sha3(), Some((1, b"1".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		let x = jdb.insert(b"X");
		jdb.commit_batch(4, &b"1003b".sha3(), Some((2, b"2".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.commit_batch(5, &b"1004a".sha3(), Some((3, b"1002a".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.commit_batch(6, &b"1005a".sha3(), Some((4, b"1003a".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		assert!(jdb.contains(&x));
	}

	#[test]
	fn insert_older_era() {
		let mut jdb = EarlyMergeDB::new_temp();
		let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0a".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		let bar = jdb.insert(b"bar");
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1".sha3(), Some((0, b"0a".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.remove(&bar);
		jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0b".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2".sha3(), Some((1, b"1".sha3()))).unwrap();

		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
		assert!(jdb.contains(&bar));
	}

	#[test]
	fn long_history() {
		// history is 3
		let mut jdb = EarlyMergeDB::new_temp();
		let h = jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&h));
		jdb.remove(&h);
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&h));
		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&h));
		jdb.commit_batch(3, &b"3".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&h));
		jdb.commit_batch(4, &b"4".sha3(), Some((1, b"1".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(!jdb.contains(&h));
	}

	#[test]
	fn complex() {
		// history is 1
		let mut jdb = EarlyMergeDB::new_temp();

		let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
		let bar = jdb.insert(b"bar");
		jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
		assert!(jdb.contains(&bar));

		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.remove(&bar);
		let baz = jdb.insert(b"baz");
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
		assert!(jdb.contains(&bar));
		assert!(jdb.contains(&baz));

		let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.remove(&baz);
		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2".sha3(), Some((1, b"1".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
		assert!(!jdb.contains(&bar));
		assert!(jdb.contains(&baz));

		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.commit_batch(3, &b"3".sha3(), Some((2, b"2".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
		assert!(!jdb.contains(&bar));
		assert!(!jdb.contains(&baz));

		jdb.commit_batch(4, &b"4".sha3(), Some((3, b"3".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(!jdb.contains(&foo));
		assert!(!jdb.contains(&bar));
		assert!(!jdb.contains(&baz));
	}

	#[test]
	fn fork() {
		// history is 1
		let mut jdb = EarlyMergeDB::new_temp();

		let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
		let bar = jdb.insert(b"bar");
		jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
		assert!(jdb.contains(&bar));

		jdb.remove(&foo);
		let baz = jdb.insert(b"baz");
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1a".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.remove(&bar);
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1b".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
		assert!(jdb.contains(&bar));
		assert!(jdb.contains(&baz));

		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2b".sha3(), Some((1, b"1b".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
		assert!(!jdb.contains(&baz));
		assert!(!jdb.contains(&bar));
	}

	#[test]
	fn overwrite() {
		// history is 1
		let mut jdb = EarlyMergeDB::new_temp();

		let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));

		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2".sha3(), Some((1, b"1".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
		jdb.commit_batch(3, &b"2".sha3(), Some((0, b"2".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
	}

	#[test]
	fn fork_same_key_one() {

		let mut jdb = EarlyMergeDB::new_temp();
		jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1a".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1b".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1c".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));

		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2a".sha3(), Some((1, b"1a".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
	}

	#[test]
	fn fork_same_key_other() {
		let mut jdb = EarlyMergeDB::new_temp();
		jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1a".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1b".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1c".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));

		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2b".sha3(), Some((1, b"1b".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
	}

	#[test]
	fn fork_ins_del_ins() {
		let mut jdb = EarlyMergeDB::new_temp();
		jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2a".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2b".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(3, &b"3a".sha3(), Some((1, b"1".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(3, &b"3b".sha3(), Some((1, b"1".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.commit_batch(4, &b"4a".sha3(), Some((2, b"2a".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.commit_batch(5, &b"5a".sha3(), Some((3, b"3a".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
	}

	fn new_db(path: &Path) -> EarlyMergeDB {
		let config = DatabaseConfig::with_columns(Some(1));
		let backing = Arc::new(Database::open(&config, path.to_str().unwrap()).unwrap());
		EarlyMergeDB::new(backing, Some(0))
	}

	#[test]
	fn reopen() {
		let mut dir = ::std::env::temp_dir();
		dir.push(H32::random().hex());
		let bar = H256::random();

		let foo = {
			let mut jdb = new_db(&dir);
			// history is 1
			let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
			jdb.emplace(bar.clone(), b"bar".to_vec());
			jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0".sha3(), None).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
			foo
		};

		{
			let mut jdb = new_db(&dir);
			jdb.remove(&foo);
			jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		}

		{
			let mut jdb = new_db(&dir);
			assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
			assert!(jdb.contains(&bar));
			jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2".sha3(), Some((1, b"1".sha3()))).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
			assert!(!jdb.contains(&foo));
		}
	}

	#[test]
	fn insert_delete_insert_delete_insert_expunge() {
		init_log();

		let mut jdb = EarlyMergeDB::new_temp();

		// history is 4
		let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.commit_batch(3, &b"3".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(4, &b"4".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		// expunge foo
		jdb.commit_batch(5, &b"5".sha3(), Some((1, b"1".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
	}

	#[test]
	fn forked_insert_delete_insert_delete_insert_expunge() {
		init_log();
		let mut jdb = EarlyMergeDB::new_temp();

		// history is 4
		let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1a".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1b".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2a".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2b".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.commit_batch(3, &b"3a".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.commit_batch(3, &b"3b".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(4, &b"4a".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(4, &b"4b".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		// expunge foo
		jdb.commit_batch(5, &b"5".sha3(), Some((1, b"1a".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
	}

	#[test]
	fn broken_assert() {
		let mut jdb = EarlyMergeDB::new_temp();

		// history is 1
		let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		// foo is ancient history.

		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2".sha3(), Some((1, b"1".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(3, &b"3".sha3(), Some((2, b"2".sha3()))).unwrap();	// BROKEN
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));

		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.commit_batch(4, &b"4".sha3(), Some((3, b"3".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		jdb.commit_batch(5, &b"5".sha3(), Some((4, b"4".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		assert!(!jdb.contains(&foo));
	}

	#[test]
	fn reopen_test() {
		let mut jdb = EarlyMergeDB::new_temp();

		// history is 4
		let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.commit_batch(3, &b"3".sha3(), None).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.commit_batch(4, &b"4".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

		// foo is ancient history.

		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		let bar = jdb.insert(b"bar");
		jdb.commit_batch(5, &b"5".sha3(), Some((1, b"1".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.remove(&foo);
		jdb.remove(&bar);
		jdb.commit_batch(6, &b"6".sha3(), Some((2, b"2".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
		jdb.insert(b"foo");
		jdb.insert(b"bar");
		jdb.commit_batch(7, &b"7".sha3(), Some((3, b"3".sha3()))).unwrap();
		assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
	}

	#[test]
	fn reopen_remove_three() {
		init_log();

		let mut dir = ::std::env::temp_dir();
		dir.push(H32::random().hex());

		let foo = b"foo".sha3();

		{
			let mut jdb = new_db(&dir);
			// history is 1
			jdb.insert(b"foo");
			jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0".sha3(), None).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
			jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1".sha3(), None).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

			// foo is ancient history.

			jdb.remove(&foo);
			jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
			assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));

			jdb.insert(b"foo");
			jdb.commit_batch(3, &b"3".sha3(), Some((1, b"1".sha3()))).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
			assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));

		// incantation to reopen the db
		}; {
			let mut jdb = new_db(&dir);

			jdb.remove(&foo);
			jdb.commit_batch(4, &b"4".sha3(), Some((2, b"2".sha3()))).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
			assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));

		// incantation to reopen the db
		}; {
			let mut jdb = new_db(&dir);

			jdb.commit_batch(5, &b"5".sha3(), Some((3, b"3".sha3()))).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
			assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));

		// incantation to reopen the db
		}; {
			let mut jdb = new_db(&dir);

			jdb.commit_batch(6, &b"6".sha3(), Some((4, b"4".sha3()))).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
			assert!(!jdb.contains(&foo));
		}
	}

	#[test]
	fn reopen_fork() {
		let mut dir = ::std::env::temp_dir();
		dir.push(H32::random().hex());
		let (foo, bar, baz) = {
			let mut jdb = new_db(&dir);
			// history is 1
			let foo = jdb.insert(b"foo");
			let bar = jdb.insert(b"bar");
			jdb.commit_batch(0, &b"0".sha3(), None).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
			jdb.remove(&foo);
			let baz = jdb.insert(b"baz");
			jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1a".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());

			jdb.remove(&bar);
			jdb.commit_batch(1, &b"1b".sha3(), Some((0, b"0".sha3()))).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
			(foo, bar, baz)
		};

		{
			let mut jdb = new_db(&dir);
			jdb.commit_batch(2, &b"2b".sha3(), Some((1, b"1b".sha3()))).unwrap();
			assert!(jdb.can_reconstruct_refs());
			assert!(jdb.contains(&foo));
			assert!(!jdb.contains(&baz));
			assert!(!jdb.contains(&bar));
		}
	}

	#[test]
	fn inject() {
		let temp = ::devtools::RandomTempPath::new();

		let mut jdb = new_db(temp.as_path().as_path());
		let key = jdb.insert(b"dog");
		jdb.inject_batch().unwrap();

		assert_eq!(jdb.get(&key).unwrap(), b"dog");
		jdb.remove(&key);
		jdb.inject_batch().unwrap();

		assert!(jdb.get(&key).is_none());
	}
}