Merge pull request #173 from gavofyork/ark

Multithreaded block queue

Cargo.toml

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ time = "0.1"
 #interpolate_idents = { git = "https://github.com/SkylerLipthay/interpolate_idents" }
 evmjit = { path = "rust-evmjit", optional = true }
 ethash = { path = "ethash" }
+num_cpus = "0.2"
 
 [features]
 jit = ["evmjit"]

src/block.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use common::*;
 use engine::*;
 use state::*;
+use verification::PreVerifiedBlock;
 
 /// A transaction/receipt execution entry.
 pub struct Entry {
@@ -263,30 +264,39 @@ impl IsBlock for SealedBlock {
 	fn block(&self) -> &Block { &self.block }
 }
 
-/// Enact the block given by `block_bytes` using `engine` on the database `db` with given `parent` block header
-pub fn enact<'x, 'y>(block_bytes: &[u8], engine: &'x Engine, db: OverlayDB, parent: &Header, last_hashes: &'y LastHashes) -> Result<ClosedBlock<'x, 'y>, Error> {
+/// Enact the block given by block header, transactions and uncles
+pub fn enact<'x, 'y>(header: &Header, transactions: &[Transaction], uncles: &[Header], engine: &'x Engine, db: OverlayDB, parent: &Header, last_hashes: &'y LastHashes) -> Result<ClosedBlock<'x, 'y>, Error> {
 	{
-		let header = BlockView::new(block_bytes).header_view();
 		let s = State::from_existing(db.clone(), parent.state_root().clone(), engine.account_start_nonce());
 		trace!("enact(): root={}, author={}, author_balance={}\n", s.root(), header.author(), s.balance(&header.author()));
 	}
 
-	let block = BlockView::new(block_bytes);
-	let header = block.header_view();
-	let mut b = OpenBlock::new(engine, db, parent, last_hashes, header.author(), header.extra_data());
-	b.set_difficulty(header.difficulty());
-	b.set_gas_limit(header.gas_limit());
+	let mut b = OpenBlock::new(engine, db, parent, last_hashes, header.author().clone(), header.extra_data().clone());
+	b.set_difficulty(*header.difficulty());
+	b.set_gas_limit(*header.gas_limit());
 	b.set_timestamp(header.timestamp());
-//	info!("enact: Enacting #{}. env_info={:?}", header.number(), b.env_info());
-	for t in block.transactions().into_iter() { try!(b.push_transaction(t, None)); }
-	for u in block.uncles().into_iter() { try!(b.push_uncle(u)); }
+	for t in transactions { try!(b.push_transaction(t.clone(), None)); }
+	for u in uncles { try!(b.push_uncle(u.clone())); }
 	Ok(b.close())
 }
 
+/// Enact the block given by `block_bytes` using `engine` on the database `db` with given `parent` block header
+pub fn enact_bytes<'x, 'y>(block_bytes: &[u8], engine: &'x Engine, db: OverlayDB, parent: &Header, last_hashes: &'y LastHashes) -> Result<ClosedBlock<'x, 'y>, Error> {
+	let block = BlockView::new(block_bytes);
+	let header = block.header();
+	enact(&header, &block.transactions(), &block.uncles(), engine, db, parent, last_hashes)
+}
+
+/// Enact the block given by `block_bytes` using `engine` on the database `db` with given `parent` block header
+pub fn enact_verified<'x, 'y>(block: &PreVerifiedBlock, engine: &'x Engine, db: OverlayDB, parent: &Header, last_hashes: &'y LastHashes) -> Result<ClosedBlock<'x, 'y>, Error> {
+	let view = BlockView::new(&block.bytes);
+	enact(&block.header, &block.transactions, &view.uncles(), engine, db, parent, last_hashes)
+}
+
 /// Enact the block given by `block_bytes` using `engine` on the database `db` with given `parent` block header. Seal the block aferwards
 pub fn enact_and_seal(block_bytes: &[u8], engine: &Engine, db: OverlayDB, parent: &Header, last_hashes: &LastHashes) -> Result<SealedBlock, Error> {
 	let header = BlockView::new(block_bytes).header_view();
-	Ok(try!(try!(enact(block_bytes, engine, db, parent, last_hashes)).seal(header.seal())))
+	Ok(try!(try!(enact_bytes(block_bytes, engine, db, parent, last_hashes)).seal(header.seal())))
 }
 
 #[test]

src/client.rs

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pub trait BlockChainClient : Sync + Send {
 	fn block_receipts(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes>;
 
 	/// Import a block into the blockchain.
-	fn import_block(&mut self, byte: &[u8]) -> ImportResult;
+	fn import_block(&mut self, bytes: Bytes) -> ImportResult;
 
 	/// Get block queue information.
 	fn queue_status(&self) -> BlockQueueStatus;
@@ -152,12 +152,26 @@ impl Client {
 	}
 
 	/// This is triggered by a message coming from a block queue when the block is ready for insertion
-	pub fn import_verified_block(&mut self, bytes: Bytes) {
-		let block = BlockView::new(&bytes);
-		let header = block.header();
-		if let Err(e) = verify_block_family(&header, &bytes, self.engine.deref().deref(), self.chain.read().unwrap().deref()) {
+	pub fn import_verified_blocks(&mut self) {
+		
+		let mut bad = HashSet::new();
+		let blocks = self.queue.drain(128); 
+		if blocks.is_empty() {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		for block in blocks {
+			if bad.contains(&block.header.parent_hash) {
+				self.queue.mark_as_bad(&block.header.hash());
+				bad.insert(block.header.hash());
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			let header = &block.header;
+			if let Err(e) = verify_block_family(&header, &block.bytes, self.engine.deref().deref(), self.chain.read().unwrap().deref()) {
 				warn!(target: "client", "Stage 3 block verification failed for #{} ({})\nError: {:?}", header.number(), header.hash(), e);
 				self.queue.mark_as_bad(&header.hash());
+				bad.insert(block.header.hash());
 				return;
 			};
 			let parent = match self.chain.read().unwrap().block_header(&header.parent_hash) {
@@ -165,6 +179,7 @@ impl Client {
 				None => {
 					warn!(target: "client", "Block import failed for #{} ({}): Parent not found ({}) ", header.number(), header.hash(), header.parent_hash);
 					self.queue.mark_as_bad(&header.hash());
+					bad.insert(block.header.hash());
 					return;
 				},
 			};
@@ -181,10 +196,11 @@ impl Client {
 				}
 			}
 
-		let result = match enact(&bytes, self.engine.deref().deref(), self.state_db.clone(), &parent, &last_hashes) {
+			let result = match enact_verified(&block, self.engine.deref().deref(), self.state_db.clone(), &parent, &last_hashes) {
 				Ok(b) => b,
 				Err(e) => {
 					warn!(target: "client", "Block import failed for #{} ({})\nError: {:?}", header.number(), header.hash(), e);
+				bad.insert(block.header.hash());
 					self.queue.mark_as_bad(&header.hash());
 					return;
 				}
@@ -195,7 +211,7 @@ impl Client {
 				return;
 			}
 
-		self.chain.write().unwrap().insert_block(&bytes); //TODO: err here?
+			self.chain.write().unwrap().insert_block(&block.bytes); //TODO: err here?
 			match result.drain().commit() {
 				Ok(_) => (),
 				Err(e) => {
@@ -205,6 +221,7 @@ impl Client {
 			}
 			info!(target: "client", "Imported #{} ({})", header.number(), header.hash());
 		}
+	}
 }
 
 impl BlockChainClient for Client {
@@ -261,8 +278,8 @@ impl BlockChainClient for Client {
 		unimplemented!();
 	}
 
-	fn import_block(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) -> ImportResult {
-		let header = BlockView::new(bytes).header();
+	fn import_block(&mut self, bytes: Bytes) -> ImportResult {
+		let header = BlockView::new(&bytes).header();
 		if self.chain.read().unwrap().is_known(&header.hash()) {
 			return Err(ImportError::AlreadyInChain);
 		}

src/ethereum/ethash.rs

@@ -146,6 +146,10 @@ impl Engine for Ethash {
 		}
 		Ok(())
 	}
+
+	fn verify_transaction(&self, t: &Transaction, _header: &Header) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		t.sender().map(|_|()) // Perform EC recovery and cache sender
+	}
 }
 
 impl Ethash {

src/lib.rs

@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ extern crate heapsize;
 extern crate crypto;
 extern crate time;
 extern crate env_logger;
+extern crate num_cpus;
 #[cfg(feature = "jit" )]
 extern crate evmjit;
 #[macro_use]

src/queue.rs

@@ -1,59 +1,245 @@
+use std::thread::{JoinHandle, self};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering as AtomicOrdering};
 use util::*;
 use verification::*;
 use error::*;
 use engine::Engine;
 use sync::*;
 use views::*;
+use header::*;
 
 /// A queue of blocks. Sits between network or other I/O and the BlockChain.
 /// Sorts them ready for blockchain insertion.
 pub struct BlockQueue {
 	engine: Arc<Box<Engine>>,
+	more_to_verify: Arc<Condvar>,
+	verification: Arc<Mutex<Verification>>,
+	verifiers: Vec<JoinHandle<()>>,
+	deleting: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+	ready_signal: Arc<QueueSignal>,
+	processing: HashSet<H256>
+}
+
+struct UnVerifiedBlock {
+	header: Header,
+	bytes: Bytes,
+}
+
+struct VerifyingBlock {
+	hash: H256,
+	block: Option<PreVerifiedBlock>,
+}
+
+struct QueueSignal {
+	signalled: AtomicBool,
 	message_channel: IoChannel<NetSyncMessage>,
+}
+
+impl QueueSignal {
+	fn set(&self) {
+		if self.signalled.compare_and_swap(false, true, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) == false {
+			self.message_channel.send(UserMessage(SyncMessage::BlockVerified)).expect("Error sending BlockVerified message");
+		}
+	}
+	fn reset(&self) {
+		self.signalled.store(false, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Verification {
+	unverified: VecDeque<UnVerifiedBlock>,
+	verified: VecDeque<PreVerifiedBlock>,
+	verifying: VecDeque<VerifyingBlock>,
 	bad: HashSet<H256>,
 }
 
 impl BlockQueue {
 	/// Creates a new queue instance.
 	pub fn new(engine: Arc<Box<Engine>>, message_channel: IoChannel<NetSyncMessage>) -> BlockQueue {
+		let verification = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Verification::default()));
+		let more_to_verify = Arc::new(Condvar::new());
+		let ready_signal = Arc::new(QueueSignal { signalled: AtomicBool::new(false), message_channel: message_channel });
+		let deleting = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+
+		let mut verifiers: Vec<JoinHandle<()>> = Vec::new();
+		let thread_count = max(::num_cpus::get(), 2) - 1;
+		for _ in 0..thread_count {
+			let verification = verification.clone();
+			let engine = engine.clone();
+			let more_to_verify = more_to_verify.clone();
+			let ready_signal = ready_signal.clone();
+			let deleting = deleting.clone();
+			verifiers.push(thread::spawn(move || BlockQueue::verify(verification, engine, more_to_verify, ready_signal,  deleting)));
+		}
 		BlockQueue {
 			engine: engine,
-			message_channel: message_channel,
-			bad: HashSet::new(),
+			ready_signal: ready_signal.clone(),
+			more_to_verify: more_to_verify.clone(),
+			verification: verification.clone(),
+			verifiers: verifiers,
+			deleting: deleting.clone(),
+			processing: HashSet::new(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn verify(verification: Arc<Mutex<Verification>>, engine: Arc<Box<Engine>>, wait: Arc<Condvar>, ready: Arc<QueueSignal>, deleting: Arc<AtomicBool>) {
+		while !deleting.load(AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) {
+			{
+				let mut lock = verification.lock().unwrap();
+				while lock.unverified.is_empty() && !deleting.load(AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) {
+					lock = wait.wait(lock).unwrap();
+				}
+				
+				if deleting.load(AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) {
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+
+			let block = {
+				let mut v = verification.lock().unwrap();
+				if v.unverified.is_empty() {
+					continue;
+				}
+				let block = v.unverified.pop_front().unwrap();
+				v.verifying.push_back(VerifyingBlock{ hash: block.header.hash(), block: None });
+				block
+			};
+
+			let block_hash = block.header.hash();
+			match verify_block_unordered(block.header, block.bytes, engine.deref().deref()) {
+				Ok(verified) => {
+					let mut v = verification.lock().unwrap();
+					for e in &mut v.verifying {
+						if e.hash == block_hash {
+							e.block = Some(verified);
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+					if !v.verifying.is_empty() && v.verifying.front().unwrap().hash == block_hash {
+						// we're next!
+						let mut vref = v.deref_mut();
+						BlockQueue::drain_verifying(&mut vref.verifying, &mut vref.verified, &mut vref.bad);
+						ready.set();
+					}
+				},
+				Err(err) => {
+					let mut v = verification.lock().unwrap();
+					warn!(target: "client", "Stage 2 block verification failed for {}\nError: {:?}", block_hash, err);
+					v.bad.insert(block_hash.clone());
+					v.verifying.retain(|e| e.hash != block_hash);
+					let mut vref = v.deref_mut();
+					BlockQueue::drain_verifying(&mut vref.verifying, &mut vref.verified, &mut vref.bad);
+					ready.set();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn drain_verifying(verifying: &mut VecDeque<VerifyingBlock>, verified: &mut VecDeque<PreVerifiedBlock>, bad: &mut HashSet<H256>) {
+		while !verifying.is_empty() && verifying.front().unwrap().block.is_some() {
+			let block = verifying.pop_front().unwrap().block.unwrap();
+			if bad.contains(&block.header.parent_hash) {
+				bad.insert(block.header.hash());
+			}
+			else {
+				verified.push_back(block);
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	/// Clear the queue and stop verification activity.
 	pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+		let mut verification = self.verification.lock().unwrap();
+		verification.unverified.clear();
+		verification.verifying.clear();
 	}
 
 	/// Add a block to the queue.
-	pub fn import_block(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) -> ImportResult {
-		let header = BlockView::new(bytes).header();
-		if self.bad.contains(&header.hash()) {
+	pub fn import_block(&mut self, bytes: Bytes) -> ImportResult {
+		let header = BlockView::new(&bytes).header();
+		if self.processing.contains(&header.hash()) {
+			return Err(ImportError::AlreadyQueued);
+		}
+		{
+			let mut verification = self.verification.lock().unwrap();
+			if verification.bad.contains(&header.hash()) {
 				return Err(ImportError::Bad(None));
 			}
 
-		if self.bad.contains(&header.parent_hash) {
-			self.bad.insert(header.hash());
+			if verification.bad.contains(&header.parent_hash) {
+				verification.bad.insert(header.hash());
 				return Err(ImportError::Bad(None));
 			}
+		}
 
-		try!(verify_block_basic(&header, bytes, self.engine.deref().deref()).map_err(|e| {
-			warn!(target: "client", "Stage 1 block verification failed for {}\nError: {:?}", BlockView::new(&bytes).header_view().sha3(), e);
-			e
-		}));
-		try!(verify_block_unordered(&header, bytes, self.engine.deref().deref()).map_err(|e| {
-			warn!(target: "client", "Stage 2 block verification failed for {}\nError: {:?}", BlockView::new(&bytes).header_view().sha3(), e);
-			e
-		}));
-		try!(self.message_channel.send(UserMessage(SyncMessage::BlockVerified(bytes.to_vec()))).map_err(|e| Error::from(e)));
+		match verify_block_basic(&header, &bytes, self.engine.deref().deref()) {
+			Ok(()) => {
+				self.processing.insert(header.hash());
+				self.verification.lock().unwrap().unverified.push_back(UnVerifiedBlock { header: header, bytes: bytes });
+				self.more_to_verify.notify_all();
+			},
+			Err(err) => {
+				warn!(target: "client", "Stage 1 block verification failed for {}\nError: {:?}", BlockView::new(&bytes).header_view().sha3(), err);
+				self.verification.lock().unwrap().bad.insert(header.hash());
+			}
+		}
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
+	/// Mark given block and all its children as bad. Stops verification.
 	pub fn mark_as_bad(&mut self, hash: &H256) {
-		self.bad.insert(hash.clone());
-		//TODO: walk the queue
+		let mut verification_lock = self.verification.lock().unwrap();
+		let mut verification = verification_lock.deref_mut();
+		verification.bad.insert(hash.clone());
+		let mut new_verified = VecDeque::new();
+		for block in verification.verified.drain(..) {
+			if verification.bad.contains(&block.header.parent_hash) {
+				verification.bad.insert(block.header.hash());
+			}
+			else {
+				new_verified.push_back(block);
+			}
+		}
+		verification.verified = new_verified;
+	}
+
+	pub fn drain(&mut self, max: usize) -> Vec<PreVerifiedBlock> {
+		let mut verification = self.verification.lock().unwrap();
+		let count = min(max, verification.verified.len());
+		let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(count);
+		for _ in 0..count {
+			let block = verification.verified.pop_front().unwrap();
+			self.processing.remove(&block.header.hash());
+			result.push(block);
+		}
+		self.ready_signal.reset();
+		result
 	}
 }
 
+impl Drop for BlockQueue {
+	fn drop(&mut self) {
+		self.clear();
+		self.deleting.store(true, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
+		self.more_to_verify.notify_all();
+		for t in self.verifiers.drain(..) {
+			t.join().unwrap();
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+	use util::*;
+	use spec::*;
+	use queue::*;
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_block_queue() {
+		// TODO better test
+		let spec = Spec::new_test();
+		let engine = spec.to_engine().unwrap();
+		let _ = BlockQueue::new(Arc::new(engine), IoChannel::disconnected());
+	}
+}

src/service.rs

@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ impl IoHandler<NetSyncMessage> for ClientIoHandler {
 		match net_message {
 			&mut UserMessage(ref mut message) =>  {
 				match message {
-					&mut SyncMessage::BlockVerified(ref mut bytes) => {
-						self.client.write().unwrap().import_verified_block(mem::replace(bytes, Bytes::new()));
+					&mut SyncMessage::BlockVerified => {
+						self.client.write().unwrap().import_verified_blocks();
 					},
 					_ => {}, // ignore other messages
 				}

src/sync/chain.rs

@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ impl ChainSync {
 		let header_view = HeaderView::new(header_rlp.as_raw());
 		// TODO: Decompose block and add to self.headers and self.bodies instead
 		if header_view.number() == From::from(self.last_imported_block + 1) {
-			match io.chain().import_block(block_rlp.as_raw()) {
+			match io.chain().import_block(block_rlp.as_raw().to_vec()) {
 				Err(ImportError::AlreadyInChain) => {
 					trace!(target: "sync", "New block already in chain {:?}", h);
 				},
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ impl ChainSync {
 				block_rlp.append_raw(body.at(0).as_raw(), 1);
 				block_rlp.append_raw(body.at(1).as_raw(), 1);
 				let h = &headers.1[i].hash;
-				match io.chain().import_block(&block_rlp.out()) {
+				match io.chain().import_block(block_rlp.out()) {
 					Err(ImportError::AlreadyInChain) => {
 						trace!(target: "sync", "Block already in chain {:?}", h);
 						self.last_imported_block = headers.0 + i as BlockNumber;

src/sync/mod.rs

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub enum SyncMessage {
 	/// New block has been imported into the blockchain
 	NewChainBlock(Bytes),
 	/// A block is ready 
-	BlockVerified(Bytes),
+	BlockVerified,
 }
 
 pub type NetSyncMessage = NetworkIoMessage<SyncMessage>;

src/sync/tests.rs

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl TestBlockChainClient {
 			rlp.append(&header);
 			rlp.append_raw(&rlp::NULL_RLP, 1);
 			rlp.append_raw(uncles.as_raw(), 1);
-			self.import_block(rlp.as_raw()).unwrap();
+			self.import_block(rlp.as_raw().to_vec()).unwrap();
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ impl BlockChainClient for TestBlockChainClient {
 		None
 	}
 
-	fn import_block(&mut self, b: &[u8]) -> ImportResult {
+	fn import_block(&mut self, b: Bytes) -> ImportResult {
 		let header = Rlp::new(&b).val_at::<BlockHeader>(0);
 		let number: usize = header.number as usize;
 		if number > self.blocks.len() {
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ impl BlockChainClient for TestBlockChainClient {
 		if number == self.numbers.len() {
 			self.difficulty = self.difficulty + header.difficulty;
 			self.last_hash = header.hash();
-			self.blocks.insert(header.hash(), b.to_vec());
+			self.blocks.insert(header.hash(), b);
 			self.numbers.insert(number, header.hash());
 			let mut parent_hash = header.parent_hash;
 			if number > 0 {

src/verification.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,16 @@ use common::*;
 use engine::Engine;
 use blockchain::*;
 
+/// Preprocessed block data gathered in `verify_block_unordered` call
+pub struct PreVerifiedBlock {
+	/// Populated block header
+	pub header: Header,
+	/// Populated block transactions
+	pub transactions: Vec<Transaction>,
+	/// Block bytes
+	pub bytes: Bytes,
+}
+
 /// Phase 1 quick block verification. Only does checks that are cheap. Operates on a single block
 pub fn verify_block_basic(header: &Header, bytes: &[u8], engine: &Engine) -> Result<(), Error> {
 	try!(verify_header(&header, engine));
@@ -29,19 +39,26 @@ pub fn verify_block_basic(header: &Header, bytes: &[u8], engine: &Engine) -> Res
 
 /// Phase 2 verification. Perform costly checks such as transaction signatures and block nonce for ethash.
 /// Still operates on a individual block
-/// TODO: return cached transactions, header hash.
-pub fn verify_block_unordered(header: &Header, bytes: &[u8], engine: &Engine) -> Result<(), Error> {
-	try!(engine.verify_block_unordered(&header, Some(bytes)));
-	for u in Rlp::new(bytes).at(2).iter().map(|rlp| rlp.as_val::<Header>()) {
+/// Returns a PreVerifiedBlock structure populated with transactions
+pub fn verify_block_unordered(header: Header, bytes: Bytes, engine: &Engine) -> Result<PreVerifiedBlock, Error> {
+	try!(engine.verify_block_unordered(&header, Some(&bytes)));
+	for u in Rlp::new(&bytes).at(2).iter().map(|rlp| rlp.as_val::<Header>()) {
 		try!(engine.verify_block_unordered(&u, None));
 	}
 	// Verify transactions. 
-	// TODO: pass in pre-recovered transactions - maybe verify_transaction wants to call `sender()`.
-	let v = BlockView::new(bytes);
+	let mut transactions = Vec::new();
+	{
+		let v = BlockView::new(&bytes);
 		for t in v.transactions() {
 			try!(engine.verify_transaction(&t, &header));
+			transactions.push(t);
 		}
-	Ok(())
+	}
+	Ok(PreVerifiedBlock {
+		header: header,
+		transactions: transactions,
+		bytes: bytes,
+	})
 }
 
 /// Phase 3 verification. Check block information against parent and uncles.

util/src/io/service.rs

@@ -151,14 +151,22 @@ impl<Message> Handler for IoManager<Message> where Message: Send + 'static {
 /// Allows sending messages into the event loop. All the IO handlers will get the message
 /// in the `message` callback.
 pub struct IoChannel<Message> where Message: Send {
-	channel: Sender<IoMessage<Message>> 
+	channel: Option<Sender<IoMessage<Message>>>
 }
 
 impl<Message> IoChannel<Message> where Message: Send {
-	pub fn send(&mut self, message: Message) -> Result<(), IoError> {
-		try!(self.channel.send(IoMessage::UserMessage(message)));
+	/// Send a msessage through the channel
+	pub fn send(&self, message: Message) -> Result<(), IoError> {
+		if let Some(ref channel) = self.channel {
+			try!(channel.send(IoMessage::UserMessage(message)));
+		}
 		Ok(())
 	}
+
+	/// Create a new channel to connected to event loop.
+	pub fn disconnected() -> IoChannel<Message> {
+		IoChannel { channel: None }
+	}
 }
 
 /// General IO Service. Starts an event loop and dispatches IO requests.
@@ -198,7 +206,7 @@ impl<Message> IoService<Message> where Message: Send + 'static {
 
 	/// Create a new message channel
 	pub fn channel(&mut self) -> IoChannel<Message> {
-		IoChannel { channel: self.host_channel.clone() }
+		IoChannel { channel: Some(self.host_channel.clone()) }
 	}
 }