Remove RefCell from Header (#8227)

* Cache RLP and header hashes.

* Refactor header - WiP

* Avoid decoding laster header.

* Pre-compute hashes for Sealed/Locked block.

* Use accrue bloom. Closes ##8241

ethcore/light/src/on_demand/tests.rs

@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@
 //! Tests for the on-demand service.
 
 use cache::Cache;
-use ethcore::encoded;
+use ethcore::header::Header;
-use ethcore::header::{Header, Seal};
 use futures::Future;
 use network::{PeerId, NodeId};
 use net::*;
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ fn single_request() {
 	});
 
 	let header = Header::default();
-	let encoded = encoded::Header::new(header.rlp(Seal::With));
+	let encoded = header.encoded();
 
 	let recv = harness.service.request_raw(
 		&Context::NoOp,
@@ -209,7 +208,7 @@ fn reassign() {
 	});
 
 	let header = Header::default();
-	let encoded = encoded::Header::new(header.rlp(Seal::With));
+	let encoded = header.encoded();
 
 	let recv = harness.service.request_raw(
 		&Context::NoOp,
@@ -257,7 +256,7 @@ fn partial_response() {
 		let mut hdr = Header::default();
 		hdr.set_number(num);
 
-		let encoded = encoded::Header::new(hdr.rlp(Seal::With));
+		let encoded = hdr.encoded();
 		(hdr, encoded)
 	};
 
@@ -316,7 +315,7 @@ fn part_bad_part_good() {
 		let mut hdr = Header::default();
 		hdr.set_number(num);
 
-		let encoded = encoded::Header::new(hdr.rlp(Seal::With));
+		let encoded = hdr.encoded();
 		(hdr, encoded)
 	};
 
@@ -413,7 +412,7 @@ fn back_references() {
 	});
 
 	let header = Header::default();
-	let encoded = encoded::Header::new(header.rlp(Seal::With));
+	let encoded = header.encoded();
 
 	let recv = harness.service.request_raw(
 		&Context::NoOp,
@@ -470,7 +469,7 @@ fn fill_from_cache() {
 	});
 
 	let header = Header::default();
-	let encoded = encoded::Header::new(header.rlp(Seal::With));
+	let encoded = header.encoded();
 
 	let recv = harness.service.request_raw(
 		&Context::NoOp,

ethcore/src/block.rs

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use vm::{EnvInfo, LastHashes};
 use engines::EthEngine;
 use error::{Error, BlockError};
 use factory::Factories;
-use header::{Header, Seal};
+use header::Header;
 use receipt::{Receipt, TransactionOutcome};
 use state::State;
 use state_db::StateDB;
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ impl Block {
 		UntrustedRlp::new(b).as_val::<Block>().is_ok()
 	}
 
-	/// Get the RLP-encoding of the block with or without the seal.
+	/// Get the RLP-encoding of the block with the seal.
-	pub fn rlp_bytes(&self, seal: Seal) -> Bytes {
+	pub fn rlp_bytes(&self) -> Bytes {
 		let mut block_rlp = RlpStream::new_list(3);
-		self.header.stream_rlp(&mut block_rlp, seal);
+		block_rlp.append(&self.header);
 		block_rlp.append_list(&self.transactions);
 		block_rlp.append_list(&self.uncles);
 		block_rlp.out()
@@ -269,7 +269,6 @@ impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 		r.block.header.set_author(author);
 		r.block.header.set_timestamp_now(parent.timestamp());
 		r.block.header.set_extra_data(extra_data);
-		r.block.header.note_dirty();
 
 		let gas_floor_target = cmp::max(gas_range_target.0, engine.params().min_gas_limit);
 		let gas_ceil_target = cmp::max(gas_range_target.1, gas_floor_target);
@@ -284,7 +283,9 @@ impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 	}
 
 	/// Alter the timestamp of the block.
-	pub fn set_timestamp(&mut self, timestamp: u64) { self.block.header.set_timestamp(timestamp); }
+	pub fn set_timestamp(&mut self, timestamp: u64) {
+		self.block.header.set_timestamp(timestamp);
+	}
 
 	/// Removes block gas limit.
 	pub fn remove_gas_limit(&mut self) {
@@ -374,8 +375,11 @@ impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 		s.block.header.set_uncles_hash(keccak(&uncle_bytes));
 		s.block.header.set_state_root(s.block.state.root().clone());
 		s.block.header.set_receipts_root(ordered_trie_root(s.block.receipts.iter().map(|r| r.rlp_bytes())));
-		s.block.header.set_log_bloom(s.block.receipts.iter().fold(Bloom::zero(), |mut b, r| {b = &b | &r.log_bloom; b})); //TODO: use |= operator
+		s.block.header.set_log_bloom(s.block.receipts.iter().fold(Bloom::zero(), |mut b, r| {
-		s.block.header.set_gas_used(s.block.receipts.last().map_or(U256::zero(), |r| r.gas_used));
+			b.accrue_bloom(&r.log_bloom);
+			b
+		}));
+		s.block.header.set_gas_used(s.block.receipts.last().map_or_else(U256::zero, |r| r.gas_used));
 
 		ClosedBlock {
 			block: s.block,
@@ -395,6 +399,7 @@ impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 		if let Err(e) = s.block.state.commit() {
 			warn!("Encountered error on state commit: {}", e);
 		}
+
 		if s.block.header.transactions_root().is_zero() || s.block.header.transactions_root() == &KECCAK_NULL_RLP {
 			s.block.header.set_transactions_root(ordered_trie_root(s.block.transactions.iter().map(|e| e.rlp_bytes())));
 		}
@@ -407,8 +412,11 @@ impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 		}
 
 		s.block.header.set_state_root(s.block.state.root().clone());
-		s.block.header.set_log_bloom(s.block.receipts.iter().fold(Bloom::zero(), |mut b, r| {b = &b | &r.log_bloom; b})); //TODO: use |= operator
+		s.block.header.set_log_bloom(s.block.receipts.iter().fold(Bloom::zero(), |mut b, r| {
-		s.block.header.set_gas_used(s.block.receipts.last().map_or(U256::zero(), |r| r.gas_used));
+			b.accrue_bloom(&r.log_bloom);
+			b
+		}));
+		s.block.header.set_gas_used(s.block.receipts.last().map_or_else(U256::zero, |r| r.gas_used));
 
 		LockedBlock {
 			block: s.block,
@@ -435,7 +443,7 @@ impl<'x> IsBlock for LockedBlock {
 
 impl ClosedBlock {
 	/// Get the hash of the header without seal arguments.
-	pub fn hash(&self) -> H256 { self.header().rlp_keccak(Seal::Without) }
+	pub fn hash(&self) -> H256 { self.header().bare_hash() }
 
 	/// Turn this into a `LockedBlock`, unable to be reopened again.
 	pub fn lock(self) -> LockedBlock {
@@ -459,7 +467,7 @@ impl ClosedBlock {
 
 impl LockedBlock {
 	/// Get the hash of the header without seal arguments.
-	pub fn hash(&self) -> H256 { self.header().rlp_keccak(Seal::Without) }
+	pub fn hash(&self) -> H256 { self.header().bare_hash() }
 
 	/// Provide a valid seal in order to turn this into a `SealedBlock`.
 	///
@@ -472,6 +480,7 @@ impl LockedBlock {
 				Mismatch { expected: expected_seal_fields, found: seal.len() }));
 		}
 		s.block.header.set_seal(seal);
+		s.block.header.compute_hash();
 		Ok(SealedBlock { block: s.block, uncle_bytes: s.uncle_bytes })
 	}
 
@@ -485,6 +494,7 @@ impl LockedBlock {
 	) -> Result<SealedBlock, (Error, LockedBlock)> {
 		let mut s = self;
 		s.block.header.set_seal(seal);
+		s.block.header.compute_hash();
 
 		// TODO: passing state context to avoid engines owning it?
 		match engine.verify_local_seal(&s.block.header) {
@@ -492,16 +502,6 @@ impl LockedBlock {
 			_ => Ok(SealedBlock { block: s.block, uncle_bytes: s.uncle_bytes }),
 		}
 	}
-
-	/// Remove state root from transaction receipts to make them EIP-98 compatible.
-	pub fn strip_receipts(self) -> LockedBlock {
-		let mut block = self;
-		for receipt in &mut block.block.receipts {
-			receipt.outcome = TransactionOutcome::Unknown;
-		}
-		block.block.header.set_receipts_root(ordered_trie_root(block.block.receipts.iter().map(|r| r.rlp_bytes())));
-		block
-	}
 }
 
 impl Drain for LockedBlock {
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ impl SealedBlock {
 	/// Get the RLP-encoding of the block.
 	pub fn rlp_bytes(&self) -> Bytes {
 		let mut block_rlp = RlpStream::new_list(3);
-		self.block.header.stream_rlp(&mut block_rlp, Seal::With);
+		block_rlp.append(&self.block.header);
 		block_rlp.append_list(&self.block.transactions);
 		block_rlp.append_raw(&self.uncle_bytes, 1);
 		block_rlp.out()
@@ -545,6 +545,7 @@ pub fn enact(
 	last_hashes: Arc<LastHashes>,
 	factories: Factories,
 	is_epoch_begin: bool,
+	strip_receipts: bool,
 ) -> Result<LockedBlock, Error> {
 	{
 		if ::log::max_log_level() >= ::log::LogLevel::Trace {
@@ -574,6 +575,12 @@ pub fn enact(
 		b.push_uncle(u.clone())?;
 	}
 
+	if strip_receipts {
+		for receipt in &mut b.block.receipts {
+			receipt.outcome = TransactionOutcome::Unknown;
+		}
+	}
+
 	Ok(b.close_and_lock())
 }
 
@@ -616,6 +623,8 @@ pub fn enact_verified(
 	last_hashes: Arc<LastHashes>,
 	factories: Factories,
 	is_epoch_begin: bool,
+	// Remove state root from transaction receipts to make them EIP-98 compatible.
+	strip_receipts: bool,
 ) -> Result<LockedBlock, Error> {
 	let view = BlockView::new(&block.bytes);
 
@@ -630,6 +639,7 @@ pub fn enact_verified(
 		last_hashes,
 		factories,
 		is_epoch_begin,
+		strip_receipts,
 	)
 }
 

ethcore/src/blockchain/best_block.rs

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 // along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 use ethereum_types::{H256, U256};
-use bytes::Bytes;
+use encoded;
-use header::BlockNumber;
+use header::{Header, BlockNumber};
 
 /// Contains information on a best block that is specific to the consensus engine.
 ///
@@ -24,18 +24,13 @@ use header::BlockNumber;
 /// combined difficulty (usually the block with the highest block number).
 ///
 /// Sometimes refered as 'latest block'.
-#[derive(Default)]
 pub struct BestBlock {
-	/// Best block hash.
+	/// Best block decoded header.
-	pub hash: H256,
+	pub header: Header,
-	/// Best block number.
+	/// Best block uncompressed bytes.
-	pub number: BlockNumber,
+	pub block: encoded::Block,
-	/// Best block timestamp.
-	pub timestamp: u64,
 	/// Best block total difficulty.
 	pub total_difficulty: U256,
-	/// Best block uncompressed bytes
-	pub block: Bytes,
 }
 
 /// Best ancient block info. If the blockchain has a gap this keeps track of where it starts.

ethcore/src/blockchain/blockchain.rs

@@ -90,11 +90,6 @@ pub trait BlockProvider {
 	/// Get receipts of block with given hash.
 	fn block_receipts(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<BlockReceipts>;
 
-	/// Get the partial-header of a block.
-	fn block_header(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Header> {
-		self.block_header_data(hash).map(|header| header.decode())
-	}
-
 	/// Get the header RLP of a block.
 	fn block_header_data(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<encoded::Header>;
 
@@ -115,7 +110,7 @@ pub trait BlockProvider {
 
 	/// Get the number of given block's hash.
 	fn block_number(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<BlockNumber> {
-		self.block_details(hash).map(|details| details.number)
+		self.block_header_data(hash).map(|header| header.number())
 	}
 
 	/// Get transaction with given transaction hash.
@@ -144,8 +139,8 @@ pub trait BlockProvider {
 	}
 
 	/// Returns the header of the genesis block.
-	fn genesis_header(&self) -> Header {
+	fn genesis_header(&self) -> encoded::Header {
-		self.block_header(&self.genesis_hash())
+		self.block_header_data(&self.genesis_hash())
 			.expect("Genesis header always stored; qed")
 	}
 
@@ -193,8 +188,8 @@ pub struct BlockChain {
 	first_block: Option<H256>,
 
 	// block cache
-	block_headers: RwLock<HashMap<H256, Bytes>>,
+	block_headers: RwLock<HashMap<H256, encoded::Header>>,
-	block_bodies: RwLock<HashMap<H256, Bytes>>,
+	block_bodies: RwLock<HashMap<H256, encoded::Body>>,
 
 	// extra caches
 	block_details: RwLock<HashMap<H256, BlockDetails>>,
@@ -251,17 +246,15 @@ impl BlockProvider for BlockChain {
 		{
 			let read = self.block_headers.read();
 			if let Some(v) = read.get(hash) {
-				return Some(encoded::Header::new(v.clone()));
+				return Some(v.clone());
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Check if it's the best block
 		{
 			let best_block = self.best_block.read();
-			if &best_block.hash == hash {
+			if &best_block.header.hash() == hash {
-				return Some(encoded::Header::new(
+				return Some(best_block.header.encoded())
-					Rlp::new(&best_block.block).at(0).as_raw().to_vec()
-				))
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -269,12 +262,12 @@ impl BlockProvider for BlockChain {
 		let b = self.db.get(db::COL_HEADERS, hash)
 			.expect("Low level database error. Some issue with disk?")?;
 
-		let bytes = decompress(&b, blocks_swapper()).into_vec();
+		let header = encoded::Header::new(decompress(&b, blocks_swapper()).into_vec());
 		let mut write = self.block_headers.write();
-		write.insert(*hash, bytes.clone());
+		write.insert(*hash, header.clone());
 
 		self.cache_man.lock().note_used(CacheId::BlockHeader(*hash));
-		Some(encoded::Header::new(bytes))
+		Some(header)
 	}
 
 	/// Get block body data
@@ -283,15 +276,15 @@ impl BlockProvider for BlockChain {
 		{
 			let read = self.block_bodies.read();
 			if let Some(v) = read.get(hash) {
-				return Some(encoded::Body::new(v.clone()));
+				return Some(v.clone());
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Check if it's the best block
 		{
 			let best_block = self.best_block.read();
-			if &best_block.hash == hash {
+			if &best_block.header.hash() == hash {
-				return Some(encoded::Body::new(Self::block_to_body(&best_block.block)));
+				return Some(encoded::Body::new(Self::block_to_body(best_block.block.rlp().as_raw())));
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -299,12 +292,12 @@ impl BlockProvider for BlockChain {
 		let b = self.db.get(db::COL_BODIES, hash)
 			.expect("Low level database error. Some issue with disk?")?;
 
-		let bytes = decompress(&b, blocks_swapper()).into_vec();
+		let body = encoded::Body::new(decompress(&b, blocks_swapper()).into_vec());
 		let mut write = self.block_bodies.write();
-		write.insert(*hash, bytes.clone());
+		write.insert(*hash, body.clone());
 
 		self.cache_man.lock().note_used(CacheId::BlockBody(*hash));
-		Some(encoded::Body::new(bytes))
+		Some(body)
 	}
 
 	/// Get the familial details concerning a block.
@@ -476,7 +469,12 @@ impl BlockChain {
 				elements_per_index: LOG_BLOOMS_ELEMENTS_PER_INDEX,
 			},
 			first_block: None,
-			best_block: RwLock::new(BestBlock::default()),
+			best_block: RwLock::new(BestBlock {
+				// BestBlock will be overwritten anyway.
+				header: Default::default(),
+				total_difficulty: Default::default(),
+				block: encoded::Block::new(genesis.into()),
+			}),
 			best_ancient_block: RwLock::new(None),
 			block_headers: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
 			block_bodies: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
@@ -527,11 +525,21 @@ impl BlockChain {
 
 		{
 			// Fetch best block details
-			let best_block_number = bc.block_number(&best_block_hash).unwrap();
 			let best_block_total_difficulty = bc.block_details(&best_block_hash).unwrap().total_difficulty;
-			let best_block_rlp = bc.block(&best_block_hash).unwrap().into_inner();
+			let best_block_rlp = bc.block(&best_block_hash).unwrap();
-			let best_block_timestamp = BlockView::new(&best_block_rlp).header().timestamp();
 
+			// and write them
+			let mut best_block = bc.best_block.write();
+			*best_block = BestBlock {
+				total_difficulty: best_block_total_difficulty,
+				header: best_block_rlp.decode_header(),
+				block: best_block_rlp,
+			};
+		}
+
+		{
+			let best_block_number = bc.best_block.read().header.number();
+			// Fetch first and best ancient block details
 			let raw_first = bc.db.get(db::COL_EXTRA, b"first").unwrap().map(|v| v.into_vec());
 			let mut best_ancient = bc.db.get(db::COL_EXTRA, b"ancient").unwrap().map(|h| H256::from_slice(&h));
 			let best_ancient_number;
@@ -574,15 +582,6 @@ impl BlockChain {
 			}
 
 			// and write them
-			let mut best_block = bc.best_block.write();
-			*best_block = BestBlock {
-				number: best_block_number,
-				total_difficulty: best_block_total_difficulty,
-				hash: best_block_hash,
-				timestamp: best_block_timestamp,
-				block: best_block_rlp,
-			};
-
 			if let (Some(hash), Some(number)) = (best_ancient, best_ancient_number) {
 				let mut best_ancient_block = bc.best_ancient_block.write();
 				*best_ancient_block = Some(BestAncientBlock {
@@ -737,7 +736,6 @@ impl BlockChain {
 				blocks_blooms: self.prepare_block_blooms_update(bytes, &info),
 				transactions_addresses: self.prepare_transaction_addresses_update(bytes, &info),
 				info: info,
-				timestamp: header.timestamp(),
 				block: bytes
 			}, is_best);
 
@@ -786,7 +784,6 @@ impl BlockChain {
 				blocks_blooms: self.prepare_block_blooms_update(bytes, &info),
 				transactions_addresses: self.prepare_transaction_addresses_update(bytes, &info),
 				info: info,
-				timestamp: header.timestamp(),
 				block: bytes,
 			}, is_best);
 			true
@@ -936,7 +933,6 @@ impl BlockChain {
 			blocks_blooms: self.prepare_block_blooms_update(bytes, &info),
 			transactions_addresses: self.prepare_transaction_addresses_update(bytes, &info),
 			info: info.clone(),
-			timestamp: header.timestamp(),
 			block: bytes,
 		}, true);
 
@@ -1028,12 +1024,11 @@ impl BlockChain {
 			let mut best_block = self.pending_best_block.write();
 			if is_best && update.info.location != BlockLocation::Branch {
 				batch.put(db::COL_EXTRA, b"best", &update.info.hash);
+				let block = encoded::Block::new(update.block.to_vec());
 				*best_block = Some(BestBlock {
-					hash: update.info.hash,
-					number: update.info.number,
 					total_difficulty: update.info.total_difficulty,
-					timestamp: update.timestamp,
+					header: block.decode_header(),
-					block: update.block.to_vec(),
+					block,
 				});
 			}
 
@@ -1105,8 +1100,9 @@ impl BlockChain {
 	}
 
 	/// Given a block's `parent`, find every block header which represents a valid possible uncle.
-	pub fn find_uncle_headers(&self, parent: &H256, uncle_generations: usize) -> Option<Vec<Header>> {
+	pub fn find_uncle_headers(&self, parent: &H256, uncle_generations: usize) -> Option<Vec<encoded::Header>> {
-		self.find_uncle_hashes(parent, uncle_generations).map(|v| v.into_iter().filter_map(|h| self.block_header(&h)).collect())
+		self.find_uncle_hashes(parent, uncle_generations)
+			.map(|v| v.into_iter().filter_map(|h| self.block_header_data(&h)).collect())
 	}
 
 	/// Given a block's `parent`, find every block hash which represents a valid possible uncle.
@@ -1307,17 +1303,17 @@ impl BlockChain {
 
 	/// Get best block hash.
 	pub fn best_block_hash(&self) -> H256 {
-		self.best_block.read().hash
+		self.best_block.read().header.hash()
 	}
 
 	/// Get best block number.
 	pub fn best_block_number(&self) -> BlockNumber {
-		self.best_block.read().number
+		self.best_block.read().header.number()
 	}
 
 	/// Get best block timestamp.
 	pub fn best_block_timestamp(&self) -> u64 {
-		self.best_block.read().timestamp
+		self.best_block.read().header.timestamp()
 	}
 
 	/// Get best block total difficulty.
@@ -1326,10 +1322,8 @@ impl BlockChain {
 	}
 
 	/// Get best block header
-	pub fn best_block_header(&self) -> encoded::Header {
+	pub fn best_block_header(&self) -> Header {
-		let block = self.best_block.read();
+		self.best_block.read().header.clone()
-		let raw = BlockView::new(&block.block).header_view().rlp().as_raw().to_vec();
-		encoded::Header::new(raw)
 	}
 
 	/// Get current cache size.
@@ -1402,12 +1396,12 @@ impl BlockChain {
 		let best_block = self.best_block.read();
 		let best_ancient_block = self.best_ancient_block.read();
 		BlockChainInfo {
-			total_difficulty: best_block.total_difficulty.clone(),
+			total_difficulty: best_block.total_difficulty,
-			pending_total_difficulty: best_block.total_difficulty.clone(),
+			pending_total_difficulty: best_block.total_difficulty,
 			genesis_hash: self.genesis_hash(),
-			best_block_hash: best_block.hash,
+			best_block_hash: best_block.header.hash(),
-			best_block_number: best_block.number,
+			best_block_number: best_block.header.number(),
-			best_block_timestamp: best_block.timestamp,
+			best_block_timestamp: best_block.header.timestamp(),
 			first_block_hash: self.first_block(),
 			first_block_number: From::from(self.first_block_number()),
 			ancient_block_hash: best_ancient_block.as_ref().map(|b| b.hash),
@@ -1539,7 +1533,11 @@ mod tests {
 		let b4b = b3a.add_block_with_difficulty(9);
 		let b5b = b4a.add_block_with_difficulty(9);
 
-		let uncle_headers = vec![b4b.last().header(), b3b.last().header(), b2b.last().header()];
+		let uncle_headers = vec![
+			b4b.last().header().encoded(),
+			b3b.last().header().encoded(),
+			b2b.last().header().encoded(),
+		];
 		let b4a_hash = b4a.last().hash();
 
 		let generator = BlockGenerator::new(
@@ -1862,10 +1860,10 @@ mod tests {
 
 		assert_eq!(bc.best_block_number(), 2999);
 		let best_hash = bc.best_block_hash();
-		let mut block_header = bc.block_header(&best_hash);
+		let mut block_header = bc.block_header_data(&best_hash);
 
 		while !block_header.is_none() {
-			block_header = bc.block_header(block_header.unwrap().parent_hash());
+			block_header = bc.block_header_data(&block_header.unwrap().parent_hash());
 		}
 		assert!(bc.cache_size().blocks > 1024 * 1024);
 

ethcore/src/blockchain/update.rs

@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ use blooms::{BloomGroup, GroupPosition};
 pub struct ExtrasUpdate<'a> {
 	/// Block info.
 	pub info: BlockInfo,
-	/// Block timestamp.
-	pub timestamp: u64,
 	/// Current block uncompressed rlp bytes
 	pub block: &'a [u8],
 	/// Modified block hashes.

ethcore/src/client/client.rs

@@ -362,16 +362,15 @@ impl Importer {
 		let engine = &*self.engine;
 		let header = &block.header;
 
-		let chain = client.chain.read();
 		// Check the block isn't so old we won't be able to enact it.
-		let best_block_number = chain.best_block_number();
+		let best_block_number = client.chain.read().best_block_number();
 		if client.pruning_info().earliest_state > header.number() {
 			warn!(target: "client", "Block import failed for #{} ({})\nBlock is ancient (current best block: #{}).", header.number(), header.hash(), best_block_number);
 			return Err(());
 		}
 
 		// Check if parent is in chain
-		let parent = match chain.block_header(header.parent_hash()) {
+		let parent = match client.block_header_decoded(BlockId::Hash(*header.parent_hash())) {
 			Some(h) => h,
 			None => {
 				warn!(target: "client", "Block import failed for #{} ({}): Parent not found ({}) ", header.number(), header.hash(), header.parent_hash());
@@ -379,6 +378,7 @@ impl Importer {
 			}
 		};
 
+		let chain = client.chain.read();
 		// Verify Block Family
 		let verify_family_result = self.verifier.verify_block_family(
 			header,
@@ -408,6 +408,7 @@ impl Importer {
 		let db = client.state_db.read().boxed_clone_canon(header.parent_hash());
 
 		let is_epoch_begin = chain.epoch_transition(parent.number(), *header.parent_hash()).is_some();
+		let strip_receipts = header.number() < engine.params().validate_receipts_transition;
 		let enact_result = enact_verified(block,
 			engine,
 			client.tracedb.read().tracing_enabled(),
@@ -416,15 +417,13 @@ impl Importer {
 			last_hashes,
 			client.factories.clone(),
 			is_epoch_begin,
+			strip_receipts,
 		);
-		let mut locked_block = enact_result.map_err(|e| {
+
+		let locked_block = enact_result.map_err(|e| {
 			warn!(target: "client", "Block import failed for #{} ({})\nError: {:?}", header.number(), header.hash(), e);
 		})?;
 
-		if header.number() < engine.params().validate_receipts_transition && header.receipts_root() != locked_block.block().header().receipts_root() {
-			locked_block = locked_block.strip_receipts();
-		}
-
 		// Final Verification
 		if let Err(e) = self.verifier.verify_block_final(header, locked_block.block().header()) {
 			warn!(target: "client", "Stage 5 block verification failed for #{} ({})\nError: {:?}", header.number(), header.hash(), e);
@@ -655,7 +654,7 @@ impl Importer {
 	fn check_epoch_end<'a>(&self, header: &'a Header, chain: &BlockChain, client: &Client) {
 		let is_epoch_end = self.engine.is_epoch_end(
 			header,
-			&(|hash| chain.block_header(&hash)),
+			&(|hash| client.block_header_decoded(BlockId::Hash(hash))),
 			&(|hash| chain.get_pending_transition(hash)), // TODO: limit to current epoch.
 		);
 
@@ -724,7 +723,7 @@ impl Client {
 			config.history
 		};
 
-		if !chain.block_header(&chain.best_block_hash()).map_or(true, |h| state_db.journal_db().contains(h.state_root())) {
+		if !chain.block_header_data(&chain.best_block_hash()).map_or(true, |h| state_db.journal_db().contains(&h.state_root())) {
 			warn!("State root not found for block #{} ({:x})", chain.best_block_number(), chain.best_block_hash());
 		}
 
@@ -1000,7 +999,7 @@ impl Client {
 		let header = self.best_block_header();
 		State::from_existing(
 			self.state_db.read().boxed_clone_canon(&header.hash()),
-			header.state_root(),
+			*header.state_root(),
 			self.engine.account_start_nonce(header.number()),
 			self.factories.clone()
 		)
@@ -1260,6 +1259,23 @@ impl Client {
 			BlockId::Latest => Some(self.chain.read().best_block_number()),
 		}
 	}
+
+	/// Retrieve a decoded header given `BlockId`
+	///
+	/// This method optimizes access patterns for latest block header
+	/// to avoid excessive RLP encoding, decoding and hashing.
+	fn block_header_decoded(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Header> {
+		match id {
+			BlockId::Latest
+				=> Some(self.chain.read().best_block_header()),
+			BlockId::Hash(ref hash) if hash == &self.chain.read().best_block_hash()
+				=> Some(self.chain.read().best_block_header()),
+			BlockId::Number(number) if number == self.chain.read().best_block_number()
+				=> Some(self.chain.read().best_block_header()),
+			_
+				=> self.block_header(id).map(|h| h.decode()),
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 impl snapshot::DatabaseRestore for Client {
@@ -1315,16 +1331,14 @@ impl BlockInfo for Client {
 		Self::block_hash(&chain, id).and_then(|hash| chain.block_header_data(&hash))
 	}
 
-	fn best_block_header(&self) -> encoded::Header {
+	fn best_block_header(&self) -> Header {
 		self.chain.read().best_block_header()
 	}
 
 	fn block(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<encoded::Block> {
 		let chain = self.chain.read();
 
-		Self::block_hash(&chain, id).and_then(|hash| {
+		Self::block_hash(&chain, id).and_then(|hash| chain.block(&hash))
-			chain.block(&hash)
-		})
 	}
 
 	fn code_hash(&self, address: &Address, id: BlockId) -> Option<H256> {
@@ -1360,11 +1374,11 @@ impl CallContract for Client {
 	fn call_contract(&self, block_id: BlockId, address: Address, data: Bytes) -> Result<Bytes, String> {
 		let state_pruned = || CallError::StatePruned.to_string();
 		let state = &mut self.state_at(block_id).ok_or_else(&state_pruned)?;
-		let header = self.block_header(block_id).ok_or_else(&state_pruned)?;
+		let header = self.block_header_decoded(block_id).ok_or_else(&state_pruned)?;
 
 		let transaction = self.contract_call_tx(block_id, address, data);
 
-		self.call(&transaction, Default::default(), state, &header.decode())
+		self.call(&transaction, Default::default(), state, &header)
 			.map_err(|e| format!("{:?}", e))
 			.map(|executed| executed.output)
 	}
@@ -1918,8 +1932,8 @@ impl BlockChainClient for Client {
 	}
 
 	fn block_extra_info(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<BTreeMap<String, String>> {
-		self.block_header(id)
+		self.block_header_decoded(id)
-			.map(|header| self.engine.extra_info(&header.decode()))
+			.map(|header| self.engine.extra_info(&header))
 	}
 
 	fn uncle_extra_info(&self, id: UncleId) -> Option<BTreeMap<String, String>> {
@@ -1973,8 +1987,8 @@ impl ReopenBlock for Client {
 
 			for h in uncles {
 				if !block.uncles().iter().any(|header| header.hash() == h) {
-					let uncle = chain.block_header(&h).expect("find_uncle_hashes only returns hashes for existing headers; qed");
+					let uncle = chain.block_header_data(&h).expect("find_uncle_hashes only returns hashes for existing headers; qed");
-					block.push_uncle(uncle).expect("pushing up to maximum_uncle_count;
+					block.push_uncle(uncle.decode()).expect("pushing up to maximum_uncle_count;
 												push_uncle is not ok only if more than maximum_uncle_count is pushed;
 												so all push_uncle are Ok;
 												qed");
@@ -1991,9 +2005,8 @@ impl PrepareOpenBlock for Client {
 	fn prepare_open_block(&self, author: Address, gas_range_target: (U256, U256), extra_data: Bytes) -> OpenBlock {
 		let engine = &*self.engine;
 		let chain = self.chain.read();
-		let h = chain.best_block_hash();
+		let best_header = chain.best_block_header();
-		let best_header = &chain.block_header(&h)
+		let h = best_header.hash();
-			.expect("h is best block hash: so its header must exist: qed");
 
 		let is_epoch_begin = chain.epoch_transition(best_header.number(), h).is_some();
 		let mut open_block = OpenBlock::new(
@@ -2001,7 +2014,7 @@ impl PrepareOpenBlock for Client {
 			self.factories.clone(),
 			self.tracedb.read().tracing_enabled(),
 			self.state_db.read().boxed_clone_canon(&h),
-			best_header,
+			&best_header,
 			self.build_last_hashes(&h),
 			author,
 			gas_range_target,
@@ -2016,7 +2029,7 @@ impl PrepareOpenBlock for Client {
 			.into_iter()
 			.take(engine.maximum_uncle_count(open_block.header().number()))
 			.foreach(|h| {
-				open_block.push_uncle(h).expect("pushing maximum_uncle_count;
+				open_block.push_uncle(h.decode()).expect("pushing maximum_uncle_count;
 												open_block was just created;
 												push_uncle is not ok only if more than maximum_uncle_count is pushed;
 												so all push_uncle are Ok;

ethcore/src/client/test_client.rs

@@ -474,9 +474,10 @@ impl BlockInfo for TestBlockChainClient {
 			.map(encoded::Header::new)
 	}
 
-	fn best_block_header(&self) -> encoded::Header {
+	fn best_block_header(&self) -> Header {
 		self.block_header(BlockId::Hash(self.chain_info().best_block_hash))
 			.expect("Best block always has header.")
+			.decode()
 	}
 
 	fn block(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<encoded::Block> {

ethcore/src/client/traits.rs

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ pub trait BlockInfo {
 	fn block_header(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<encoded::Header>;
 
 	/// Get the best block header.
-	fn best_block_header(&self) -> encoded::Header;
+	fn best_block_header(&self) -> Header;
 
 	/// Get raw block data by block header hash.
 	fn block(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<encoded::Block>;

ethcore/src/engines/validator_set/contract.rs

@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ mod tests {
 			"0000000000000000000000007d577a597b2742b498cb5cf0c26cdcd726d39e6e"
 		);
 		// Simulate a misbehaving validator by handling a double proposal.
-		let header = client.best_block_header().decode();
+		let header = client.best_block_header();
 		assert!(client.engine().verify_block_family(&header, &header).is_err());
 		// Seal a block.
 		client.engine().step();

ethcore/src/engines/validator_set/safe_contract.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::sync::{Weak, Arc};
 use hash::keccak;
 
 use ethereum_types::{H256, U256, Address, Bloom};
-use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
 
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use memory_cache::MemoryLruCache;
@@ -53,19 +53,19 @@ lazy_static! {
 // only "first" proofs are such.
 struct StateProof {
 	contract_address: Address,
-	header: Mutex<Header>,
+	header: Header,
 	provider: validator_set::ValidatorSet,
 }
 
 impl ::engines::StateDependentProof<EthereumMachine> for StateProof {
 	fn generate_proof(&self, caller: &Call) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
-		prove_initial(&self.provider, self.contract_address, &*self.header.lock(), caller)
+		prove_initial(&self.provider, self.contract_address, &self.header, caller)
 	}
 
 	fn check_proof(&self, machine: &EthereumMachine, proof: &[u8]) -> Result<(), String> {
 		let (header, state_items) = decode_first_proof(&UntrustedRlp::new(proof))
 			.map_err(|e| format!("proof incorrectly encoded: {}", e))?;
-		if &header != &*self.header.lock(){
+		if &header != &self.header {
 			return Err("wrong header in proof".into());
 		}
 
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ impl ValidatorSet for ValidatorSafeContract {
 			debug!(target: "engine", "signalling transition to fresh contract.");
 			let state_proof = Arc::new(StateProof {
 				contract_address: self.contract_address,
-				header: Mutex::new(header.clone()),
+				header: header.clone(),
 				provider: validator_set::ValidatorSet::default(),
 			});
 			return ::engines::EpochChange::Yes(::engines::Proof::WithState(state_proof as Arc<_>));

ethcore/src/header.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 //! Block header.
 
 use std::cmp;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 use hash::{KECCAK_NULL_RLP, KECCAK_EMPTY_LIST_RLP, keccak};
 use heapsize::HeapSizeOf;
@@ -28,7 +27,8 @@ use rlp::{UntrustedRlp, RlpStream, Encodable, DecoderError, Decodable};
 pub use types::BlockNumber;
 
 /// Semantic boolean for when a seal/signature is included.
-pub enum Seal {
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum Seal {
 	/// The seal/signature is included.
 	With,
 	/// The seal/signature is not included.
@@ -75,14 +75,18 @@ pub struct Header {
 	/// Vector of post-RLP-encoded fields.
 	seal: Vec<Bytes>,
 
-	/// The memoized hash of the RLP representation *including* the seal fields.
+	/// Memoized hash of that header and the seal.
-	hash: RefCell<Option<H256>>,
+	hash: Option<H256>,
-	/// The memoized hash of the RLP representation *without* the seal fields.
-	bare_hash: RefCell<Option<H256>>,
 }
 
 impl PartialEq for Header {
 	fn eq(&self, c: &Header) -> bool {
+		if let (&Some(ref h1), &Some(ref h2)) = (&self.hash, &c.hash) {
+			if h1 == h2 {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+
 		self.parent_hash == c.parent_hash &&
 		self.timestamp == c.timestamp &&
 		self.number == c.number &&
@@ -120,51 +124,57 @@ impl Default for Header {
 
 			difficulty: U256::default(),
 			seal: vec![],
-			hash: RefCell::new(None),
+			hash: None,
-			bare_hash: RefCell::new(None),
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 impl Header {
 	/// Create a new, default-valued, header.
-	pub fn new() -> Self {
+	pub fn new() -> Self { Self::default() }
-		Self::default()
-	}
 
 	/// Get the parent_hash field of the header.
 	pub fn parent_hash(&self) -> &H256 { &self.parent_hash }
+
 	/// Get the timestamp field of the header.
 	pub fn timestamp(&self) -> u64 { self.timestamp }
+
 	/// Get the number field of the header.
 	pub fn number(&self) -> BlockNumber { self.number }
+
 	/// Get the author field of the header.
 	pub fn author(&self) -> &Address { &self.author }
 
 	/// Get the extra data field of the header.
 	pub fn extra_data(&self) -> &Bytes { &self.extra_data }
-	/// Get a mutable reference to extra_data
-	pub fn extra_data_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Bytes { self.note_dirty(); &mut self.extra_data }
 
 	/// Get the state root field of the header.
 	pub fn state_root(&self) -> &H256 { &self.state_root }
+
 	/// Get the receipts root field of the header.
 	pub fn receipts_root(&self) -> &H256 { &self.receipts_root }
+
 	/// Get the log bloom field of the header.
 	pub fn log_bloom(&self) -> &Bloom { &self.log_bloom }
+
 	/// Get the transactions root field of the header.
 	pub fn transactions_root(&self) -> &H256 { &self.transactions_root }
+
 	/// Get the uncles hash field of the header.
 	pub fn uncles_hash(&self) -> &H256 { &self.uncles_hash }
+
 	/// Get the gas used field of the header.
 	pub fn gas_used(&self) -> &U256 { &self.gas_used }
+
 	/// Get the gas limit field of the header.
 	pub fn gas_limit(&self) -> &U256 { &self.gas_limit }
 
 	/// Get the difficulty field of the header.
 	pub fn difficulty(&self) -> &U256 { &self.difficulty }
+
 	/// Get the seal field of the header.
 	pub fn seal(&self) -> &[Bytes] { &self.seal }
+
 	/// Get the seal field with RLP-decoded values as bytes.
 	pub fn decode_seal<'a, T: ::std::iter::FromIterator<&'a [u8]>>(&'a self) -> Result<T, DecoderError> {
 		self.seal.iter().map(|rlp| {
@@ -172,78 +182,126 @@ impl Header {
 		}).collect()
 	}
 
-	// TODO: seal_at, set_seal_at &c.
+	/// Get a mutable reference to extra_data
+	#[cfg(test)]
+	pub fn extra_data_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Bytes {
+		self.hash = None;
+		&mut self.extra_data
+	}
 
 	/// Set the number field of the header.
-	pub fn set_parent_hash(&mut self, a: H256) { self.parent_hash = a; self.note_dirty(); }
+	pub fn set_parent_hash(&mut self, a: H256) {
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.parent_hash, a);
+	}
+
 	/// Set the uncles hash field of the header.
-	pub fn set_uncles_hash(&mut self, a: H256) { self.uncles_hash = a; self.note_dirty(); }
+	pub fn set_uncles_hash(&mut self, a: H256) {
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.uncles_hash, a);
+
+	}
 	/// Set the state root field of the header.
-	pub fn set_state_root(&mut self, a: H256) { self.state_root = a; self.note_dirty(); }
+	pub fn set_state_root(&mut self, a: H256) {
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.state_root, a);
+	}
+
 	/// Set the transactions root field of the header.
-	pub fn set_transactions_root(&mut self, a: H256) { self.transactions_root = a; self.note_dirty() }
+	pub fn set_transactions_root(&mut self, a: H256) {
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.transactions_root, a);
+	}
+
 	/// Set the receipts root field of the header.
-	pub fn set_receipts_root(&mut self, a: H256) { self.receipts_root = a; self.note_dirty() }
+	pub fn set_receipts_root(&mut self, a: H256) {
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.receipts_root, a);
+	}
+
 	/// Set the log bloom field of the header.
-	pub fn set_log_bloom(&mut self, a: Bloom) { self.log_bloom = a; self.note_dirty() }
+	pub fn set_log_bloom(&mut self, a: Bloom) {
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.log_bloom, a);
+	}
+
 	/// Set the timestamp field of the header.
-	pub fn set_timestamp(&mut self, a: u64) { self.timestamp = a; self.note_dirty(); }
+	pub fn set_timestamp(&mut self, a: u64) {
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.timestamp, a);
+	}
+
 	/// Set the timestamp field of the header to the current time.
-	pub fn set_timestamp_now(&mut self, but_later_than: u64) { let now = SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap_or_default(); self.timestamp = cmp::max(now.as_secs() as u64, but_later_than + 1); self.note_dirty(); }
+	pub fn set_timestamp_now(&mut self, but_later_than: u64) {
+		let now = SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap_or_default();
+		self.set_timestamp(cmp::max(now.as_secs() as u64, but_later_than + 1));
+	}
+
 	/// Set the number field of the header.
-	pub fn set_number(&mut self, a: BlockNumber) { self.number = a; self.note_dirty(); }
+	pub fn set_number(&mut self, a: BlockNumber) {
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.number, a);
+	}
+
 	/// Set the author field of the header.
-	pub fn set_author(&mut self, a: Address) { if a != self.author { self.author = a; self.note_dirty(); } }
+	pub fn set_author(&mut self, a: Address) {
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.author, a);
+	}
 
 	/// Set the extra data field of the header.
-	pub fn set_extra_data(&mut self, a: Bytes) { if a != self.extra_data { self.extra_data = a; self.note_dirty(); } }
+	pub fn set_extra_data(&mut self, a: Bytes) {
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.extra_data, a);
+	}
 
 	/// Set the gas used field of the header.
-	pub fn set_gas_used(&mut self, a: U256) { self.gas_used = a; self.note_dirty(); }
+	pub fn set_gas_used(&mut self, a: U256) {
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.gas_used, a);
+	}
+
 	/// Set the gas limit field of the header.
-	pub fn set_gas_limit(&mut self, a: U256) { self.gas_limit = a; self.note_dirty(); }
+	pub fn set_gas_limit(&mut self, a: U256) {
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.gas_limit, a);
+	}
 
 	/// Set the difficulty field of the header.
-	pub fn set_difficulty(&mut self, a: U256) { self.difficulty = a; self.note_dirty(); }
+	pub fn set_difficulty(&mut self, a: U256) {
-	/// Set the seal field of the header.
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.difficulty, a);
-	pub fn set_seal(&mut self, a: Vec<Bytes>) { self.seal = a; self.note_dirty(); }
+	}
 
-	/// Get the hash of this header (keccak of the RLP).
+	/// Set the seal field of the header.
+	pub fn set_seal(&mut self, a: Vec<Bytes>) {
+		change_field(&mut self.hash, &mut self.seal, a)
+	}
+
+	/// Get & memoize the hash of this header (keccak of the RLP with seal).
+	pub fn compute_hash(&mut self) -> H256 {
+		let hash = self.hash();
+		self.hash = Some(hash);
+		hash
+	}
+
+	/// Get the hash of this header (keccak of the RLP with seal).
 	pub fn hash(&self) -> H256 {
- 		let mut hash = self.hash.borrow_mut();
+		self.hash.unwrap_or_else(|| keccak(self.rlp(Seal::With)))
- 		match &mut *hash {
- 			&mut Some(ref h) => h.clone(),
- 			hash @ &mut None => {
-				let h = self.rlp_keccak(Seal::With);
- 				*hash = Some(h.clone());
- 				h
- 			}
-		}
 	}
 
 	/// Get the hash of the header excluding the seal
 	pub fn bare_hash(&self) -> H256 {
-		let mut hash = self.bare_hash.borrow_mut();
+		keccak(self.rlp(Seal::Without))
-		match &mut *hash {
-			&mut Some(ref h) => h.clone(),
-			hash @ &mut None => {
-				let h = self.rlp_keccak(Seal::Without);
-				*hash = Some(h.clone());
-				h
-			}
-		}
 	}
 
-	/// Note that some fields have changed. Resets the memoised hash.
+	/// Encode the header, getting a type-safe wrapper around the RLP.
-	pub fn note_dirty(&self) {
+	pub fn encoded(&self) -> ::encoded::Header {
- 		*self.hash.borrow_mut() = None;
+		::encoded::Header::new(self.rlp(Seal::With))
- 		*self.bare_hash.borrow_mut() = None;
+	}
+
+	/// Get the RLP representation of this Header.
+	fn rlp(&self, with_seal: Seal) -> Bytes {
+		let mut s = RlpStream::new();
+		self.stream_rlp(&mut s, with_seal);
+		s.out()
 	}
 
-	// TODO: make these functions traity
 	/// Place this header into an RLP stream `s`, optionally `with_seal`.
-	pub fn stream_rlp(&self, s: &mut RlpStream, with_seal: Seal) {
+	fn stream_rlp(&self, s: &mut RlpStream, with_seal: Seal) {
-		s.begin_list(13 + match with_seal { Seal::With => self.seal.len(), _ => 0 });
+		if let Seal::With = with_seal {
+			s.begin_list(13 + self.seal.len());
+		} else {
+			s.begin_list(13);
+		}
+
 		s.append(&self.parent_hash);
 		s.append(&self.uncles_hash);
 		s.append(&self.author);
@@ -257,29 +315,24 @@ impl Header {
 		s.append(&self.gas_used);
 		s.append(&self.timestamp);
 		s.append(&self.extra_data);
+
 		if let Seal::With = with_seal {
 			for b in &self.seal {
 				s.append_raw(b, 1);
 			}
 		}
 	}
+}
 
-	/// Get the RLP of this header, optionally `with_seal`.
+/// Alter value of given field, reset memoised hash if changed.
-	pub fn rlp(&self, with_seal: Seal) -> Bytes {
+fn change_field<T>(hash: &mut Option<H256>, field: &mut T, value: T) where T: PartialEq<T> {
-		let mut s = RlpStream::new();
+	if field != &value {
-		self.stream_rlp(&mut s, with_seal);
+		*field = value;
-		s.out()
+		*hash = None;
-	}
-
-	/// Get the SHA3 (Keccak) of this header, optionally `with_seal`.
-	pub fn rlp_keccak(&self, with_seal: Seal) -> H256 { keccak(self.rlp(with_seal)) }
-
-	/// Encode the header, getting a type-safe wrapper around the RLP.
-	pub fn encoded(&self) -> ::encoded::Header {
-		::encoded::Header::new(self.rlp(Seal::With))
 	}
 }
 
+
 impl Decodable for Header {
 	fn decode(r: &UntrustedRlp) -> Result<Self, DecoderError> {
 		let mut blockheader = Header {
@@ -297,8 +350,7 @@ impl Decodable for Header {
 			timestamp: cmp::min(r.val_at::<U256>(11)?, u64::max_value().into()).as_u64(),
 			extra_data: r.val_at(12)?,
 			seal: vec![],
-			hash: RefCell::new(Some(keccak(r.as_raw()))),
+			hash: keccak(r.as_raw()).into(),
-			bare_hash: RefCell::new(None),
 		};
 
 		for i in 13..r.item_count()? {
@@ -376,3 +428,4 @@ mod tests {
 		assert_eq!(header_rlp, encoded_header);
 	}
 }
+

ethcore/src/miner/miner.rs

@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ impl Miner {
 	}
 
 	fn update_gas_limit<C: BlockChain>(&self, client: &C) {
-		let gas_limit = client.best_block_header().gas_limit();
+		let gas_limit = *client.best_block_header().gas_limit();
 		let mut queue = self.transaction_queue.write();
 		queue.set_gas_limit(gas_limit);
 		if let GasLimit::Auto = self.options.tx_queue_gas_limit {
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ impl Miner {
 		condition: Option<TransactionCondition>,
 		transaction_queue: &mut BanningTransactionQueue,
 	) -> Vec<Result<TransactionImportResult, Error>> {
-		let best_block_header = client.best_block_header().decode();
+		let best_block_header = client.best_block_header();
 		let insertion_time = client.chain_info().best_block_number;
 		let mut inserted = Vec::with_capacity(transactions.len());
 

ethcore/src/snapshot/block.rs

@@ -135,7 +135,6 @@ impl AbridgedBlock {
 mod tests {
 	use views::BlockView;
 	use block::Block;
-	use header::Seal;
 	use super::AbridgedBlock;
 	use transaction::{Action, Transaction};
 
@@ -143,7 +142,7 @@ mod tests {
 	use bytes::Bytes;
 
 	fn encode_block(b: &Block) -> Bytes {
-		b.rlp_bytes(Seal::With)
+		b.rlp_bytes()
 	}
 
 	#[test]

ethcore/src/snapshot/consensus/authority.rs

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use blockchain::{BlockChain, BlockProvider};
 use engines::{EthEngine, EpochVerifier, EpochTransition};
 use machine::EthereumMachine;
 use ids::BlockId;
-use header::{Header, Seal};
+use header::Header;
 use receipt::Receipt;
 use snapshot::{Error, ManifestData};
 
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ impl Rebuilder for ChunkRebuilder {
 				transactions: last_rlp.list_at(1)?,
 				uncles: last_rlp.list_at(2)?,
 			};
-			let block_data = block.rlp_bytes(Seal::With);
+			let block_data = block.rlp_bytes();
 			let receipts: Vec<Receipt> = last_rlp.list_at(3)?;
 
 			{

ethcore/src/snapshot/consensus/work.rs

@@ -153,19 +153,19 @@ impl<'a> PowWorker<'a> {
 	fn write_chunk(&mut self, last: H256) -> Result<(), Error> {
 		trace!(target: "snapshot", "prepared block chunk with {} blocks", self.rlps.len());
 
-		let (last_header, last_details) = self.chain.block_header(&last)
+		let (last_header, last_details) = self.chain.block_header_data(&last)
 			.and_then(|n| self.chain.block_details(&last).map(|d| (n, d)))
 			.ok_or(Error::BlockNotFound(last))?;
 
 		let parent_number = last_header.number() - 1;
 		let parent_hash = last_header.parent_hash();
-		let parent_total_difficulty = last_details.total_difficulty - *last_header.difficulty();
+		let parent_total_difficulty = last_details.total_difficulty - last_header.difficulty();
 
 		trace!(target: "snapshot", "parent last written block: {}", parent_hash);
 
 		let num_entries = self.rlps.len();
 		let mut rlp_stream = RlpStream::new_list(3 + num_entries);
-		rlp_stream.append(&parent_number).append(parent_hash).append(&parent_total_difficulty);
+		rlp_stream.append(&parent_number).append(&parent_hash).append(&parent_total_difficulty);
 
 		for pair in self.rlps.drain(..) {
 			rlp_stream.append_raw(&pair, 1);
@@ -220,7 +220,6 @@ impl Rebuilder for PowRebuilder {
 	/// Feed the rebuilder an uncompressed block chunk.
 	/// Returns the number of blocks fed or any errors.
 	fn feed(&mut self, chunk: &[u8], engine: &EthEngine, abort_flag: &AtomicBool) -> Result<(), ::error::Error> {
-		use header::Seal;
 		use views::BlockView;
 		use snapshot::verify_old_block;
 		use ethereum_types::U256;
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ impl Rebuilder for PowRebuilder {
 			let receipts_root = ordered_trie_root(pair.at(1)?.iter().map(|r| r.as_raw()));
 
 			let block = abridged_block.to_block(parent_hash, cur_number, receipts_root)?;
-			let block_bytes = block.rlp_bytes(Seal::With);
+			let block_bytes = block.rlp_bytes();
 			let is_best = cur_number == self.best_number;
 
 			if is_best {

ethcore/src/snapshot/mod.rs

@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ pub fn take_snapshot<W: SnapshotWriter + Send>(
 	writer: W,
 	p: &Progress
 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-	let start_header = chain.block_header(&block_at)
+	let start_header = chain.block_header_data(&block_at)
 		.ok_or(Error::InvalidStartingBlock(BlockId::Hash(block_at)))?;
 	let state_root = start_header.state_root();
 	let number = start_header.number();
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ pub fn take_snapshot<W: SnapshotWriter + Send>(
 	let (state_hashes, block_hashes) = scope(|scope| {
 		let writer = &writer;
 		let block_guard = scope.spawn(move || chunk_secondary(chunker, chain, block_at, writer, p));
-		let state_res = chunk_state(state_db, state_root, writer, p);
+		let state_res = chunk_state(state_db, &state_root, writer, p);
 
 		state_res.and_then(|state_hashes| {
 			block_guard.join().map(|block_hashes| (state_hashes, block_hashes))
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ pub fn take_snapshot<W: SnapshotWriter + Send>(
 		version: snapshot_version,
 		state_hashes: state_hashes,
 		block_hashes: block_hashes,
-		state_root: *state_root,
+		state_root: state_root,
 		block_number: number,
 		block_hash: block_at,
 	};
@@ -486,8 +486,8 @@ pub fn verify_old_block(rng: &mut OsRng, header: &Header, engine: &EthEngine, ch
 
 	if always || rng.gen::<f32>() <= POW_VERIFY_RATE {
 		engine.verify_block_unordered(header)?;
-		match chain.block_header(header.parent_hash()) {
+		match chain.block_header_data(header.parent_hash()) {
-			Some(parent) => engine.verify_block_family(header, &parent),
+			Some(parent) => engine.verify_block_family(header, &parent.decode()),
 			None => Ok(()),
 		}
 	} else {

ethcore/src/tests/client.rs

@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ fn transaction_proof() {
 
 	let mut factories = ::factory::Factories::default();
 	factories.accountdb = ::account_db::Factory::Plain; // raw state values, no mangled keys.
-	let root = client.best_block_header().state_root();
+	let root = *client.best_block_header().state_root();
 
 	let mut state = State::from_existing(backend, root, 0.into(), factories.clone()).unwrap();
 	Executive::new(&mut state, &client.latest_env_info(), test_spec.engine.machine())

ethcore/src/verification/verification.rs

@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ fn verify_uncles(header: &Header, bytes: &[u8], bc: &BlockProvider, engine: &Eth
 			// cB.p^7	-------------/
 			// cB.p^8
 			let mut expected_uncle_parent = header.parent_hash().clone();
-			let uncle_parent = bc.block_header(&uncle.parent_hash()).ok_or_else(|| Error::from(BlockError::UnknownUncleParent(uncle.parent_hash().clone())))?;
+			let uncle_parent = bc.block_header_data(&uncle.parent_hash()).ok_or_else(|| Error::from(BlockError::UnknownUncleParent(uncle.parent_hash().clone())))?;
 			for _ in 0..depth {
 				match bc.block_details(&expected_uncle_parent) {
 					Some(details) => {
@@ -224,6 +224,7 @@ fn verify_uncles(header: &Header, bytes: &[u8], bc: &BlockProvider, engine: &Eth
 				return Err(From::from(BlockError::UncleParentNotInChain(uncle_parent.hash())));
 			}
 
+			let uncle_parent = uncle_parent.decode();
 			verify_parent(&uncle, &uncle_parent, engine.params().gas_limit_bound_divisor)?;
 			engine.verify_block_family(&uncle, &uncle_parent)?;
 			verified.insert(uncle.hash());
@@ -496,8 +497,9 @@ mod tests {
 		// is fine.
 		let client = ::client::TestBlockChainClient::default();
 
-		let parent = bc.block_header(header.parent_hash())
+		let parent = bc.block_header_data(header.parent_hash())
-			.ok_or(BlockError::UnknownParent(header.parent_hash().clone()))?;
+			.ok_or(BlockError::UnknownParent(header.parent_hash().clone()))?
+			.decode();
 
 		let full_params = FullFamilyParams {
 			block_bytes: bytes,

rpc/src/v1/impls/eth.rs

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ use ethcore::block::IsBlock;
 use ethcore::client::{MiningBlockChainClient, BlockId, TransactionId, UncleId, StateOrBlock, StateClient, StateInfo, Call, EngineInfo};
 use ethcore::ethereum::Ethash;
 use ethcore::filter::Filter as EthcoreFilter;
-use ethcore::header::{BlockNumber as EthBlockNumber, Seal};
+use ethcore::header::{BlockNumber as EthBlockNumber};
 use ethcore::log_entry::LogEntry;
 use ethcore::miner::MinerService;
 use ethcore::snapshot::SnapshotService;
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ impl<C, SN: ?Sized, S: ?Sized, M, EM, T: StateInfo + 'static> EthClient<C, SN, S
 
 				let extra = pending_block.as_ref().map(|b| self.client.engine().extra_info(&b.header));
 
-				(pending_block.map(|b| encoded::Block::new(b.rlp_bytes(Seal::Without))), Some(difficulty), extra, true)
+				(pending_block.map(|b| encoded::Block::new(b.rlp_bytes())), Some(difficulty), extra, true)
 			},
 
 			BlockNumberOrId::Number(num) => {

sync/src/chain.rs

@@ -1974,7 +1974,7 @@ impl ChainSync {
 	fn propagate_new_hashes(&mut self, chain_info: &BlockChainInfo, io: &mut SyncIo, peers: &[PeerId]) -> usize {
 		trace!(target: "sync", "Sending NewHashes to {:?}", peers);
 		let mut sent = 0;
-		let last_parent = &io.chain().best_block_header().parent_hash();
+		let last_parent = *io.chain().best_block_header().parent_hash();
 		for peer_id in peers {
 			sent += match ChainSync::create_new_hashes_rlp(io.chain(), &last_parent, &chain_info.best_block_hash) {
 				Some(rlp) => {