Merge branch 'master' into rustfmt

Conflicts: ethash/src/sizes.rs util/src/uint.rs
2016-03-23 16:55:54 +01:00 · 2016-03-23 16:55:54 +01:00 · a0db1d5416
commit a0db1d5416
parent 22e2458ce5 038b67cbd4
252 changed files with 25911 additions and 6611 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -26,3 +26,7 @@

 # jetbrains ide stuff
 .idea
+*.iml
+
+# Build artifacts
+out/
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@ -8,56 +8,79 @@ branches:
  - /^stable-.*$/
  - /^beta$/
  - /^stable$/
+git:
+  depth: 3
 matrix:
  fast_finish: true
-  include:
+  allow_failures:
  - rust: nightly
-    env: FEATURES="--features ethcore/json-tests" KCOV_FEATURES="" TARGETS="-p ethash -p ethcore-util -p ethcore -p ethsync -p ethcore-rpc -p parity" ARCHIVE_SUFFIX="-${TRAVIS_OS_NAME}-${TRAVIS_TAG}"
+  include:
+  - rust: stable
+    env: FEATURES="--features travis-beta" RUN_TESTS="true"
+  # - rust: beta
+    # env: FEATURES="--features travis-beta" RUN_TESTS="true"
+  - rust: stable
+    env: FEATURES="--features travis-beta" RUN_BUILD="true"
+  - rust: beta
+    env: FEATURES="--features travis-beta" RUN_BUILD="true"
+  - rust: stable
+    env: FEATURES="--features travis-beta" RUN_COVERAGE="true"
+  # - rust: nightly
+    # env: FEATURES="--features travis-nightly" RUN_BENCHES="true"
+  - rust: nightly
+    env: FEATURES="--features travis-nightly" RUN_TESTS="true"
+env:
+  global:
+  # GH_TOKEN
+  - secure: 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
+  - TARGETS="-p ethash -p ethcore-util -p ethcore -p ethsync -p ethcore-rpc -p parity -p ethminer -p ethjson"
+  - ARCHIVE_SUFFIX="-${TRAVIS_OS_NAME}-${TRAVIS_TAG}"
+  - KCOV_FEATURES=""
+  - KCOV_CMD="./kcov-master/tmp/usr/local/bin/kcov --exclude-pattern /usr/,/.cargo,/root/.multirust,src/tests,util/json-tests,util/src/network/tests,sync/src/tests,ethcore/src/tests,ethcore/src/evm/tests target/kcov"
+  - RUN_TESTS="false"
+  - RUN_COVERAGE="false"
+  - RUN_BUILD="false"
+  - RUN_BENCHES="false"
+  - RUST_BACKTRACE="1"
 cache:
  apt: true
  directories:
-  - target/debug/deps
-  - target/debug/build
-  - target/release/deps
-  - target/release/build
+  - $TRAVIS_BUILD_DIR/target
+  - $HOME/.cargo
 addons:
  apt:
    packages:
    - libcurl4-openssl-dev
    - libelf-dev
    - libdw-dev
-before_script: |
-  sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/giskou/librocksdb/ubuntu trusty main" &&
-  sudo apt-get update &&
-  sudo apt-get install -y --force-yes librocksdb
+
 script:
- cargo build --release --verbose ${FEATURES}
- cargo test --release --verbose ${FEATURES} ${TARGETS}
- cargo bench --no-run ${FEATURES} ${TARGETS}
- tar cvzf parity${ARCHIVE_SUFFIX}.tar.gz -C target/release parity
+  - if [ "$RUN_TESTS" = "true" ]; then cargo test --release --verbose ${FEATURES} ${TARGETS}; fi
+  - if [ "$RUN_BENCHES" = "true" ]; then cargo bench --no-run ${FEATURES} ${TARGETS}; fi
+  - if [ "$RUN_BUILD" = "true" ]; then cargo build --release --verbose ${FEATURES}; fi
+  - if [ "$RUN_BUILD" = "true" ]; then tar cvzf parity${ARCHIVE_SUFFIX}.tar.gz -C target/release parity; fi
+
 after_success: |
+  [ "$RUN_COVERAGE" = "true" ] &&
  wget https://github.com/SimonKagstrom/kcov/archive/master.tar.gz &&
  tar xzf master.tar.gz && mkdir kcov-master/build && cd kcov-master/build && cmake .. && make && make install DESTDIR=../tmp && cd ../.. &&
  cargo test --no-run ${KCOV_FEATURES} ${TARGETS} &&
-  ./kcov-master/tmp/usr/local/bin/kcov --exclude-pattern /.cargo,/root/.multirust,src/tests,util/json-tests,util/src/network/tests,sync/src/tests,ethcore/src/tests,ethcore/src/evm/tests target/kcov target/debug/deps/ethcore_util-* &&
-  ./kcov-master/tmp/usr/local/bin/kcov --exclude-pattern /.cargo,/root/.multirust,src/tests,util/json-tests,util/src/network/tests,sync/src/tests,ethcore/src/tests,ethcore/src/evm/tests target/kcov target/debug/deps/ethash-* &&
-  ./kcov-master/tmp/usr/local/bin/kcov --exclude-pattern /.cargo,/root/.multirust,src/tests,util/json-tests,util/src/network/tests,sync/src/tests,ethcore/src/tests,ethcore/src/evm/tests target/kcov target/debug/deps/ethcore-* &&
-  ./kcov-master/tmp/usr/local/bin/kcov --exclude-pattern /.cargo,/root/.multirust,src/tests,util/json-tests,util/src/network/tests,sync/src/tests,ethcore/src/tests,ethcore/src/evm/tests target/kcov target/debug/deps/ethsync-* &&
-  ./kcov-master/tmp/usr/local/bin/kcov --exclude-pattern /.cargo,/root/.multirust,src/tests,util/json-tests,util/src/network/tests,sync/src/tests,ethcore/src/tests,ethcore/src/evm/tests target/kcov target/debug/deps/ethcore_rpc-* &&
-  ./kcov-master/tmp/usr/local/bin/kcov --coveralls-id=${TRAVIS_JOB_ID} --exclude-pattern /.cargo,/root/.multirust target/kcov target/debug/parity-* &&
+  $KCOV_CMD target/debug/deps/ethcore_util-* &&
+  $KCOV_CMD target/debug/deps/ethash-* &&
+  $KCOV_CMD target/debug/deps/ethcore-* &&
+  $KCOV_CMD target/debug/deps/ethsync-* &&
+  $KCOV_CMD target/debug/deps/ethcore_rpc-* &&
+  $KCOV_CMD target/debug/deps/ethminer-* &&
+  $KCOV_CMD target/debug/deps/ethjson-* &&
+  $KCOV_CMD target/debug/parity-* &&
  [ $TRAVIS_BRANCH = master ] &&
  [ $TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST = false ] &&
-  [ $TRAVIS_RUST_VERSION = nightly ] &&
+  [ $TRAVIS_RUST_VERSION = stable ] &&
  cargo doc --no-deps --verbose ${KCOV_FEATURES} ${TARGETS} &&
  echo '<meta http-equiv=refresh content=0;url=ethcore/index.html>' > target/doc/index.html &&
  pip install --user ghp-import &&
  /home/travis/.local/bin/ghp-import -n target/doc &&
  git push -fq https://${GH_TOKEN}@github.com/${TRAVIS_REPO_SLUG}.git gh-pages
-env:
-  global:
-  - secure: 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
-  - secure: 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
-  - secure: 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

 deploy:
  provider: releases
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# Contributing to Parity
-
-## License
-
-By contributing to Parity, you agree that your contributions will be
-licensed under the [BSD License](LICENSE).
-
-At the top of every source code file you alter, after the initial
-licence section, please append a second section that reads:
-
-Portions contributed by YOUR NAME are hereby placed under the BSD licence.
-
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@ -1,29 +1,45 @@
 [package]
 description = "Ethcore client."
 name = "parity"
-version = "0.9.0"
+version = "1.1.0"
 license = "GPL-3.0"
 authors = ["Ethcore <admin@ethcore.io>"]
+build = "build.rs"
+
+[build-dependencies]
+rustc_version = "0.1"

 [dependencies]
 log = "0.3"
 env_logger = "0.3"
 rustc-serialize = "0.3"
 docopt = "0.6"
-docopt_macros = "0.6"
+time = "0.1"
 ctrlc = { git = "https://github.com/tomusdrw/rust-ctrlc.git" }
-clippy = "0.0.41"
-ethcore-util = { path = "util" }
-ethcore = { path = "ethcore" }
-ethsync = { path = "sync" }
-ethcore-rpc = { path = "rpc", optional = true }
 fdlimit = { path = "util/fdlimit" }
-target_info = "0.1"
+daemonize = "0.2"
+num_cpus = "0.2"
+number_prefix = "0.2"
+rpassword = "0.1"
+clippy = { version = "0.0.54", optional = true }
+ethcore = { path = "ethcore" }
+ethcore-util = { path = "util" }
+ethsync = { path = "sync" }
+ethminer = { path = "miner" }
+ethcore-devtools = { path = "devtools" }
+ethcore-rpc = { path = "rpc", optional = true }

 [features]
 default = ["rpc"]
 rpc = ["ethcore-rpc"]
+dev = ["clippy", "ethcore/dev", "ethcore-util/dev", "ethsync/dev", "ethcore-rpc/dev", "ethminer/dev"]
+travis-beta = ["ethcore/json-tests"]
+travis-nightly = ["ethcore/json-tests", "dev"]

 [[bin]]
 path = "parity/main.rs"
 name = "parity"
+
+[profile.release]
+debug = false
+lto = false
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # ethcore

-[![Build Status][travis-image]][travis-url] [![Coverage Status][coveralls-image]][coveralls-url] [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/trogdoro/xiki][gitter-image]][gitter-url]
+[![Build Status][travis-image]][travis-url] [![Coverage Status][coveralls-image]][coveralls-url] [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/trogdoro/xiki][gitter-image]][gitter-url] [![GPLv3][license-image]][license-url]

 [travis-image]: https://travis-ci.org/ethcore/parity.svg?branch=master
 [travis-url]: https://travis-ci.org/ethcore/parity
@ -8,70 +8,33 @@
 [coveralls-url]: https://coveralls.io/github/ethcore/parity?branch=master
 [gitter-image]: https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg
 [gitter-url]: https://gitter.im/ethcore/parity?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge
+[license-image]: https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPL%20v3-green.svg
+[license-url]: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html

 [Documentation](http://ethcore.github.io/parity/ethcore/index.html)

 ### Building from source

-##### Ubuntu 14.04, 15.04, 15.10
+First (if you don't already have it) get multirust:

+- Linux:
 ```bash
-# install rocksdb
-add-apt-repository ppa:ethcore/ethcore
-apt-get update
-apt-get install -y --force-yes librocksdb-dev
-
-# install multirust
-curl -sf https://raw.githubusercontent.com/brson/multirust/master/blastoff.sh | sh -s -- --yes
-
-# install nightly and make it default
-multirust update nightly
-multirust default nightly
-
-# download and build parity
-git clone https://github.com/ethcore/parity
-cd parity
-cargo build --release
+curl -sf https://raw.githubusercontent.com/brson/multirust/master/quick-install.sh | sudo sh -s -- --yes
 ```

-##### Other Linux
-
+- OSX with Homebrew:
 ```bash
-# install rocksdb
-git clone --tag v4.1 --depth=1 https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb.git
-cd rocksdb
-make shared_lib 
-sudo cp -a librocksdb.so* /usr/lib 
-sudo ldconfig 
-cd ..
-
-# install rust nightly
-curl -sf https://raw.githubusercontent.com/brson/multirust/master/blastoff.sh | sudo sh -s -- --yes
-
-# install nightly and make it default
-sudo multirust update nightly
-sudo multirust default nightly
-
-# download and build parity
-git clone https://github.com/ethcore/parity
-cd parity
-cargo build --release
+brew update && brew install multirust
+multirust default stable
 ```

-##### OSX with Homebrew
+Then, download and build Parity:

 ```bash
-# install rocksdb && multirust
-brew update
-brew install rocksdb
-brew install multirust
-
-# install nightly and make it default
-multirust update nightly && multirust default nightly
-
-# download and build parity
+# download Parity code
 git clone https://github.com/ethcore/parity
 cd parity
+
+# build in release mode
 cargo build --release
 ```
-
--- a/build.rs
+++ b/build.rs
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+extern crate rustc_version;
+
+use rustc_version::{version_meta, Channel};
+
+fn main() {
+	if let Channel::Nightly = version_meta().channel {
+		println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=nightly");
+	}
+}
--- a/cov.sh
+++ b/cov.sh
@ -15,12 +15,23 @@ if ! type kcov > /dev/null; then
 	exit 1
 fi

-cargo test -p ethash -p ethcore-util -p ethcore -p ethsync -p ethcore-rpc -p parity --no-run || exit $?
+cargo test \
+	-p ethash \
+	-p ethcore-util \
+	-p ethcore \
+	-p ethsync \
+	-p ethcore-rpc \
+	-p parity \
+	-p ethminer \
+	--no-run || exit $?
 rm -rf target/coverage
 mkdir -p target/coverage
-kcov --exclude-pattern ~/.multirust,rocksdb,secp256k1,src/tests,util/json-tests,util/src/network/tests,sync/src/tests,ethcore/src/tests,ethcore/src/evm/tests --include-pattern src --verify target/coverage target/debug/deps/ethcore-*
-kcov --exclude-pattern ~/.multirust,rocksdb,secp256k1,src/tests,util/json-tests,util/src/network/tests,sync/src/tests,ethcore/src/tests,ethcore/src/evm/tests --include-pattern src --verify target/coverage target/debug/deps/ethash-*
-kcov --exclude-pattern ~/.multirust,rocksdb,secp256k1,src/tests,util/json-tests,util/src/network/tests,sync/src/tests,ethcore/src/tests,ethcore/src/evm/tests --include-pattern src --verify target/coverage target/debug/deps/ethcore_util-*
-kcov --exclude-pattern ~/.multirust,rocksdb,secp256k1,src/tests,util/json-tests,util/src/network/tests,sync/src/tests,ethcore/src/tests,ethcore/src/evm/tests --include-pattern src --verify target/coverage target/debug/deps/ethsync-*
-kcov --exclude-pattern ~/.multirust,rocksdb,secp256k1,src/tests,util/json-tests,util/src/network/tests,sync/src/tests,ethcore/src/tests,ethcore/src/evm/tests --include-pattern src --verify target/coverage target/debug/deps/ethcore_rpc-*
+
+EXCLUDE="~/.multirust,rocksdb,secp256k1,src/tests,util/json-tests,util/src/network/tests,sync/src/tests,ethcore/src/tests,ethcore/src/evm/tests"
+kcov --exclude-pattern $EXCLUDE --include-pattern src --verify target/coverage target/debug/deps/ethcore-*
+kcov --exclude-pattern $EXCLUDE --include-pattern src --verify target/coverage target/debug/deps/ethash-*
+kcov --exclude-pattern $EXCLUDE --include-pattern src --verify target/coverage target/debug/deps/ethcore_util-*
+kcov --exclude-pattern $EXCLUDE --include-pattern src --verify target/coverage target/debug/deps/ethsync-*
+kcov --exclude-pattern $EXCLUDE --include-pattern src --verify target/coverage target/debug/deps/ethcore_rpc-*
+kcov --exclude-pattern $EXCLUDE --include-pattern src --verify target/coverage target/debug/deps/ethminer-*
 xdg-open target/coverage/index.html
--- a/devtools/Cargo.toml
+++ b/devtools/Cargo.toml
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[package]
+description = "Ethcore development/test/build tools"
+homepage = "http://ethcore.io"
+license = "GPL-3.0"
+name = "ethcore-devtools"
+version = "1.1.0"
+authors = ["Ethcore <admin@ethcore.io>"]
+
+[dependencies]
+rand = "0.3"
+
+[features]
+
+[lib]
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+test = true
--- a/devtools/README.md
+++ b/devtools/README.md
@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# ethcore dev tools
--- a/devtools/src/lib.rs
+++ b/devtools/src/lib.rs
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! dev-tools
+
+
+extern crate rand;
+
+pub mod random_path;
+
+pub use random_path::*;
--- a/devtools/src/random_path.rs
+++ b/devtools/src/random_path.rs
@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Random path
+
+use std::path::*;
+use std::fs;
+use std::env;
+use rand::random;
+
+pub struct RandomTempPath {
+	path: PathBuf
+}
+
+pub fn random_filename() -> String {
+	(0..8).map(|_| ((random::<f32>() * 26.0) as u8 + 97) as char).collect()
+}
+
+impl RandomTempPath {
+	pub fn new() -> RandomTempPath {
+		let mut dir = env::temp_dir();
+		dir.push(random_filename());
+		RandomTempPath {
+			path: dir.clone()
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn create_dir() -> RandomTempPath {
+		let mut dir = env::temp_dir();
+		dir.push(random_filename());
+		fs::create_dir_all(dir.as_path()).unwrap();
+		RandomTempPath {
+			path: dir.clone()
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn as_path(&self) -> &PathBuf {
+		&self.path
+	}
+
+	pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+		self.path.to_str().unwrap()
+	}
+}
+
+impl Drop for RandomTempPath {
+	fn drop(&mut self) {
+		if let Err(e) = fs::remove_dir_all(self.as_path()) {
+			panic!("failed to remove temp directory, probably something failed to destroyed ({})", e);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn creates_dir() {
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::create_dir();
+	assert!(fs::metadata(temp.as_path()).unwrap().is_dir());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn destroys_dir() {
+	let path_buf = {
+		let temp = RandomTempPath::create_dir();
+		assert!(fs::metadata(temp.as_path()).unwrap().is_dir());
+		let path_buf = temp.as_path().to_path_buf();
+		path_buf
+	};
+
+	assert!(fs::metadata(&path_buf).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn provides_random() {
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::create_dir();
+	assert!(temp.as_path().to_str().is_some());
+}
--- a/doc.sh
+++ b/doc.sh
@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 # generate documentation only for partiy and ethcore libraries

-cargo doc --no-deps --verbose -p ethash -p ethcore-util -p ethcore -p ethsync -p ethcore-rpc -p parity
+cargo doc --no-deps --verbose \
+	-p ethash \
+	-p ethcore-util \
+	-p ethcore \
+	-p ethsync \
+	-p ethcore-rpc \
+	-p parity \
+	-p ethminer
--- a/docker/ubuntu-dev/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/ubuntu-dev/Dockerfile
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ RUN apt-get update && \
 	# add-apt-repository
 	software-properties-common \
 	curl \
-	gcc \
+	g++ \
 	wget \
 	git \
 	# evmjit dependencies
@ -18,9 +18,8 @@ RUN apt-get update && \
 # cmake, llvm and rocksdb ppas. then update ppas
 RUN add-apt-repository -y "ppa:george-edison55/cmake-3.x" && \
 	add-apt-repository "deb http://llvm.org/apt/trusty/ llvm-toolchain-trusty-3.7 main" && \
-	add-apt-repository "deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/giskou/librocksdb/ubuntu trusty main" && \
 	apt-get update && \
-	apt-get install -y --force-yes cmake llvm-3.7-dev librocksdb
+	apt-get install -y --force-yes cmake llvm-3.7-dev

 # install evmjit
 RUN git clone https://github.com/debris/evmjit && \
@ -31,9 +30,6 @@ RUN git clone https://github.com/debris/evmjit && \
 # install multirust
 RUN curl -sf https://raw.githubusercontent.com/brson/multirust/master/blastoff.sh | sh -s -- --yes

-# install nightly and make it default
-RUN multirust update nightly && multirust default nightly
-
 # export rust LIBRARY_PATH
 ENV LIBRARY_PATH /usr/local/lib

--- a/docker/ubuntu-jit/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/ubuntu-jit/Dockerfile
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ RUN apt-get update && \
 	curl \
 	wget \
 	git \
-	gcc \
+	g++ \
 	# evmjit dependencies
 	zlib1g-dev \
 	libedit-dev
@ -18,9 +18,8 @@ RUN apt-get update && \
 # cmake, llvm and rocksdb ppas. then update ppas
 RUN add-apt-repository -y "ppa:george-edison55/cmake-3.x" && \
 	add-apt-repository "deb http://llvm.org/apt/trusty/ llvm-toolchain-trusty-3.7 main" && \
-	add-apt-repository "deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/giskou/librocksdb/ubuntu trusty main" && \
 	apt-get update && \
-	apt-get install -y --force-yes cmake llvm-3.7-dev librocksdb
+	apt-get install -y --force-yes cmake llvm-3.7-dev

 # install evmjit
 RUN git clone https://github.com/debris/evmjit && \
@ -31,9 +30,6 @@ RUN git clone https://github.com/debris/evmjit && \
 # install multirust
 RUN curl -sf https://raw.githubusercontent.com/brson/multirust/master/blastoff.sh | sh -s -- --yes

-# install nightly and make it default
-RUN multirust update nightly && multirust default nightly
-
 # export rust LIBRARY_PATH
 ENV LIBRARY_PATH /usr/local/lib

@ -41,7 +37,6 @@ ENV LIBRARY_PATH /usr/local/lib
 ENV RUST_BACKTRACE 1

 # build parity
-# TODO: add jit feature
 RUN git clone https://github.com/ethcore/parity && \
 	cd parity && \
-	cargo install --features rpc
+	cargo build --release --features ethcore/jit
--- a/docker/ubuntu/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/ubuntu/Dockerfile
@ -3,23 +3,14 @@ FROM ubuntu:14.04
 # install tools and dependencies
 RUN apt-get update && \
 	apt-get install -y \
-	gcc \
+	g++ \
 	curl \
 	git \
-	# add-apt-repository
-	software-properties-common
-
-# rocksdb ppas. then update ppas
-RUN add-apt-repository "deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/giskou/librocksdb/ubuntu trusty main" && \
-	apt-get update && \
-	apt-get install -y --force-yes librocksdb
+	make

 # install multirust
 RUN curl -sf https://raw.githubusercontent.com/brson/multirust/master/blastoff.sh | sh -s -- --yes

-# install nightly and make it default
-RUN multirust update nightly && multirust default nightly
-
 # export rust LIBRARY_PATH
 ENV LIBRARY_PATH /usr/local/lib

@ -29,4 +20,4 @@ ENV RUST_BACKTRACE 1
 # build parity
 RUN git clone https://github.com/ethcore/parity && \
 	cd parity && \
-	cargo install --features rpc
+	cargo build --release
--- a/ethash/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ethash/Cargo.toml
@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 [package]
 name = "ethash"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "1.1.0"
 authors = ["arkpar <arkadiy@ethcore.io"]

 [lib]

 [dependencies]
 log = "0.3"
-lru-cache = "0.0"
 sha3 = { path = "../util/sha3" }
+primal = "0.2.3"
--- a/ethash/src/compute.rs
+++ b/ethash/src/compute.rs
@ -19,9 +19,9 @@

 // TODO: fix endianess for big endian

+use primal::is_prime;
 use std::mem;
 use std::ptr;
-use sizes::{CACHE_SIZES, DAG_SIZES};
 use sha3;
 use std::slice;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@ -31,9 +31,13 @@ use std::fs::{self, File};
 pub const ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH: u64 = 30000;
 pub const ETHASH_CACHE_ROUNDS: usize = 3;
 pub const ETHASH_MIX_BYTES: usize = 128;
-pub const ETHASH_ACCESSES:usize =  64;
-pub const ETHASH_DATASET_PARENTS:u32 = 256;
+pub const ETHASH_ACCESSES: usize = 64;
+pub const ETHASH_DATASET_PARENTS: u32 = 256;

+const DATASET_BYTES_INIT: u64 = 1 << 30;
+const DATASET_BYTES_GROWTH: u64 = 1 << 23;
+const CACHE_BYTES_INIT: u64 = 1 << 24;
+const CACHE_BYTES_GROWTH: u64 = 1 << 17;
 const NODE_WORDS: usize = 64 / 4;
 const NODE_BYTES: usize = 64;
 const MIX_WORDS: usize = ETHASH_MIX_BYTES / 4;
@ -149,18 +153,27 @@ fn sha3_512(input: &[u8], output: &mut [u8]) {

 #[inline]
 fn get_cache_size(block_number: u64) -> usize {
-	assert!(block_number / ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH < 2048);
-	return CACHE_SIZES[(block_number / ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH) as usize] as usize;
+    let mut sz: u64 = CACHE_BYTES_INIT + CACHE_BYTES_GROWTH * (block_number / ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH);
+    sz = sz - NODE_BYTES as u64;
+    while !is_prime(sz / NODE_BYTES as u64) {
+        sz = sz - 2 * NODE_BYTES as u64;
+    }
+    sz as usize
 }

 #[inline]
 fn get_data_size(block_number: u64) -> usize {
-	assert!(block_number / ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH < 2048);
-	return DAG_SIZES[(block_number / ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH) as usize] as usize;
+    let mut sz: u64 = DATASET_BYTES_INIT + DATASET_BYTES_GROWTH * (block_number / ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH);
+    sz = sz - ETHASH_MIX_BYTES as u64;
+    while !is_prime(sz / ETHASH_MIX_BYTES as u64) {
+        sz = sz - 2 * ETHASH_MIX_BYTES as u64;
+    }
+    sz as usize
 }

 #[inline]
-fn get_seedhash(block_number: u64) -> H256 {
+/// Given the `block_number`, determine the seed hash for Ethash.
+pub fn get_seedhash(block_number: u64) -> H256 {
 	let epochs = block_number / ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH;
 	let mut ret: H256 = [0u8; 32];
 	for _ in 0..epochs {
@ -321,6 +334,31 @@ fn to_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
 	}
 }

+#[test]
+fn test_get_cache_size() {
+	// https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethash/ef6b93f9596746a088ea95d01ca2778be43ae68f#data-sizes
+	assert_eq!(16776896usize, get_cache_size(0));
+	assert_eq!(16776896usize, get_cache_size(1));
+	assert_eq!(16776896usize, get_cache_size(ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH - 1));
+	assert_eq!(16907456usize, get_cache_size(ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH));
+	assert_eq!(16907456usize, get_cache_size(ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH + 1));
+	assert_eq!(284950208usize, get_cache_size(2046 * ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH));
+	assert_eq!(285081536usize, get_cache_size(2047 * ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH));
+	assert_eq!(285081536usize, get_cache_size(2048 * ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH - 1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_get_data_size() {
+	// https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethash/ef6b93f9596746a088ea95d01ca2778be43ae68f#data-sizes
+	assert_eq!(1073739904usize, get_data_size(0));
+	assert_eq!(1073739904usize, get_data_size(1));
+	assert_eq!(1073739904usize, get_data_size(ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH - 1));
+	assert_eq!(1082130304usize, get_data_size(ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH));
+	assert_eq!(1082130304usize, get_data_size(ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH + 1));
+	assert_eq!(18236833408usize, get_data_size(2046 * ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH));
+	assert_eq!(18245220736usize, get_data_size(2047 * ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_difficulty_test() {
 	let hash = [0xf5, 0x7e, 0x6f, 0x3a, 0xcf, 0xc0, 0xdd, 0x4b, 0x5b, 0xf2, 0xbe, 0xe4, 0x0a, 0xb3, 0x35, 0x8a, 0xa6, 0x87, 0x73, 0xa8, 0xd0, 0x9f, 0x5e, 0x59, 0x5e, 0xab, 0x55, 0x94, 0x05,  0x52, 0x7d, 0x72];
--- a/ethash/src/lib.rs
+++ b/ethash/src/lib.rs
@ -16,29 +16,40 @@

 //! Ethash implementation
 //! See https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethash
+extern crate primal;
 extern crate sha3;
-extern crate lru_cache;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate log;
-mod sizes;
 mod compute;

-use lru_cache::LruCache;
+use std::mem;
 use compute::Light;
-pub use compute::{quick_get_difficulty, H256, ProofOfWork, ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH};
+pub use compute::{get_seedhash, quick_get_difficulty, H256, ProofOfWork, ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH};

 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};

-/// Lighy/Full cache manager
+struct LightCache {
+	recent_epoch: Option<u64>,
+	recent: Option<Arc<Light>>,
+	prev_epoch: Option<u64>,
+	prev: Option<Arc<Light>>,
+}
+
+/// Light/Full cache manager.
 pub struct EthashManager {
-	lights: Mutex<LruCache<u64, Arc<Light>>>
+	cache: Mutex<LightCache>,
 }

 impl EthashManager {
 	/// Create a new new instance of ethash manager
 	pub fn new() -> EthashManager {
 		EthashManager {
-			lights: Mutex::new(LruCache::new(2))
+			cache: Mutex::new(LightCache {
+				recent_epoch: None,
+				recent: None,
+				prev_epoch: None,
+				prev: None,
+			}),
 		}
 	}

@ -50,8 +61,24 @@ impl EthashManager {
 	pub fn compute_light(&self, block_number: u64, header_hash: &H256, nonce: u64) -> ProofOfWork {
 		let epoch = block_number / ETHASH_EPOCH_LENGTH;
 		let light = {
-			let mut lights = self.lights.lock().unwrap();
-			match lights.get_mut(&epoch).map(|l| l.clone()) {
+			let mut lights = self.cache.lock().unwrap();
+			let light = match lights.recent_epoch.clone() {
+				Some(ref e) if *e == epoch => lights.recent.clone(),
+				_ => match lights.prev_epoch.clone() {
+					Some(e) if e == epoch => {
+						// swap
+						let t = lights.prev_epoch;
+						lights.prev_epoch = lights.recent_epoch;
+						lights.recent_epoch = t;
+						let t = lights.prev.clone();
+						lights.prev = lights.recent.clone();
+						lights.recent = t;
+						lights.recent.clone()
+					}
+					_ => None,
+				}
+			};
+			match light {
 				None => {
 					let light = match Light::from_file(block_number) {
 						Ok(light) => Arc::new(light),
@ -64,7 +91,8 @@ impl EthashManager {
 							Arc::new(light)
 						}
 					};
-					lights.insert(epoch, light.clone());
+					lights.prev_epoch = mem::replace(&mut lights.recent_epoch, Some(epoch));
+					lights.prev = mem::replace(&mut lights.recent, Some(light.clone()));
 					light
 				}
 				Some(light) => light
@ -73,3 +101,19 @@ impl EthashManager {
 		light.compute(header_hash, nonce)
 	}
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_lru() {
+	let ethash = EthashManager::new();
+	let hash = [0u8; 32];
+	ethash.compute_light(1, &hash, 1);
+	ethash.compute_light(50000, &hash, 1);
+	assert_eq!(ethash.cache.lock().unwrap().recent_epoch.unwrap(), 1);
+	assert_eq!(ethash.cache.lock().unwrap().prev_epoch.unwrap(), 0);
+	ethash.compute_light(1, &hash, 1);
+	assert_eq!(ethash.cache.lock().unwrap().recent_epoch.unwrap(), 0);
+	assert_eq!(ethash.cache.lock().unwrap().prev_epoch.unwrap(), 1);
+	ethash.compute_light(70000, &hash, 1);
+	assert_eq!(ethash.cache.lock().unwrap().recent_epoch.unwrap(), 2);
+	assert_eq!(ethash.cache.lock().unwrap().prev_epoch.unwrap(), 0);
+}
--- a/ethcore/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ethcore/Cargo.toml
@ -3,27 +3,30 @@ description = "Ethcore library"
 homepage = "http://ethcore.io"
 license = "GPL-3.0"
 name = "ethcore"
-version = "0.9.0"
+version = "1.1.0"
 authors = ["Ethcore <admin@ethcore.io>"]

 [dependencies]
 log = "0.3"
 env_logger = "0.3"
 rustc-serialize = "0.3"
-rocksdb = "0.3"
-heapsize = "0.2.0"
+heapsize = "0.3"
 rust-crypto = "0.2.34"
 time = "0.1"
 ethcore-util = { path = "../util" }
 evmjit = { path = "../evmjit", optional = true }
 ethash = { path = "../ethash" }
 num_cpus = "0.2"
-clippy = "0.0.41"
+clippy = { version = "0.0.54", optional = true }
 crossbeam = "0.1.5"
 lazy_static = "0.1"
+ethcore-devtools = { path = "../devtools" }
+ethjson = { path = "../json" }

 [features]
 jit = ["evmjit"]
 evm-debug = []
 json-tests = []
 test-heavy = []
+dev = ["clippy"]
+default = []
--- a/ethcore/res/ethereum/frontier.json
+++ b/ethcore/res/ethereum/frontier.json
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 {
-	"name": "Frontier",
+	"name": "Frontier/Homestead",
 	"engineName": "Ethash",
 	"params": {
 		"accountStartNonce": "0x00",
-		"frontierCompatibilityModeLimit": "0x10c8e0",
+		"frontierCompatibilityModeLimit": "0x118c30",
 		"maximumExtraDataSize": "0x20",
 		"tieBreakingGas": false,
 		"minGasLimit": "0x1388",
@ -33,10 +33,10 @@
 		"enode://248f12bc8b18d5289358085520ac78cd8076485211e6d96ab0bc93d6cd25442db0ce3a937dc404f64f207b0b9aed50e25e98ce32af5ac7cb321ff285b97de485@parity-node-zero.ethcore.io:30303"
 	],
 	"accounts": {
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "builtin": { "name": "identity", "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "builtin": { "name": "identity", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } } },
 		"3282791d6fd713f1e94f4bfd565eaa78b3a0599d": {
 			"balance": "1337000000000000000000"
 		},
--- a/ethcore/res/ethereum/frontier_like_test.json
+++ b/ethcore/res/ethereum/frontier_like_test.json
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 {
-	"engineName": "Frontier (Test)",
+	"name": "Frontier (Test)",
 	"engineName": "Ethash",
 	"params": {
 		"accountStartNonce": "0x00",
-		"frontierCompatibilityModeLimit": "0x10c8e0",
+		"frontierCompatibilityModeLimit": "0x118c30",
 		"maximumExtraDataSize": "0x20",
 		"tieBreakingGas": false,
 		"minGasLimit": "0x1388",
@ -26,9 +26,9 @@
 		"gasLimit": "0x1388"
 	},
 	"accounts": {
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "builtin": { "name": "identity", "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } }
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "builtin": { "name": "identity", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } } }
 	}
 }
--- a/ethcore/res/ethereum/frontier_test.json
+++ b/ethcore/res/ethereum/frontier_test.json
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-	"engineName": "Frontier (Test)",
+	"name": "Frontier (Test)",
 	"engineName": "Ethash",
 	"params": {
 		"accountStartNonce": "0x00",
@ -26,9 +26,9 @@
 		"gasLimit": "0x1388"
 	},
 	"accounts": {
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "builtin": { "name": "identity", "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } }
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "builtin": { "name": "identity", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } } }
 	}
 }
--- a/ethcore/res/ethereum/homestead_test.json
+++ b/ethcore/res/ethereum/homestead_test.json
@ -26,9 +26,9 @@
 		"gasLimit": "0x1388"
 	},
 	"accounts": {
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "identity", "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } }
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "identity", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } } }
 	}
 }
--- a/ethcore/res/ethereum/morden.json
+++ b/ethcore/res/ethereum/morden.json
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 	"engineName": "Ethash",
 	"params": {
 		"accountStartNonce": "0x0100000",
-		"frontierCompatibilityModeLimit": "0x10c8e0",
+		"frontierCompatibilityModeLimit": "0x789b0",
 		"maximumExtraDataSize": "0x20",
 		"tieBreakingGas": false,
 		"minGasLimit": "0x1388",
@ -25,11 +25,14 @@
 		"extraData": "0x",
 		"gasLimit": "0x2fefd8"
 	},
+	"nodes": [
+		"enode://b1217cbaa440e35ed471157123fe468e19e8b5ad5bedb4b1fdbcbdab6fb2f5ed3e95dd9c24a22a79fdb2352204cea207df27d92bfd21bfd41545e8b16f637499@104.44.138.37:30303"
+	],
 	"accounts": {
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "identity", "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "identity", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } } },
 		"102e61f5d8f9bc71d0ad4a084df4e65e05ce0e1c": { "balance": "1606938044258990275541962092341162602522202993782792835301376", "nonce": "1048576" }
 	}
 }
--- a/ethcore/res/ethereum/olympic.json
+++ b/ethcore/res/ethereum/olympic.json
@ -26,10 +26,10 @@
 		"gasLimit": "0x2fefd8"
 	},
 	"accounts": {
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "identity", "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "balance": "1", "builtin": { "name": "identity", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } } },
 		"dbdbdb2cbd23b783741e8d7fcf51e459b497e4a6": { "balance": "1606938044258990275541962092341162602522202993782792835301376" },
 		"e6716f9544a56c530d868e4bfbacb172315bdead": { "balance": "1606938044258990275541962092341162602522202993782792835301376" },
 		"b9c015918bdaba24b4ff057a92a3873d6eb201be": { "balance": "1606938044258990275541962092341162602522202993782792835301376" },
--- a/ethcore/res/ethereum/tests
+++ b/ethcore/res/ethereum/tests
@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 3116f85a499ceaf4dfdc46726060fc056e2d7829
+Subproject commit 99afe8f5aad7bca5d0f1b1685390a4dea32d73c3
--- a/ethcore/res/null_homestead_morden.json
+++ b/ethcore/res/null_homestead_morden.json
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+{
+	"name": "Morden",
+	"engineName": "NullEngine",
+	"params": {
+		"accountStartNonce": "0x0100000",
+		"frontierCompatibilityModeLimit": "0x0",
+		"maximumExtraDataSize": "0x20",
+		"tieBreakingGas": false,
+		"minGasLimit": "0x1388",
+		"gasLimitBoundDivisor": "0x0400",
+		"minimumDifficulty": "0x020000",
+		"difficultyBoundDivisor": "0x0800",
+		"durationLimit": "0x0d",
+		"blockReward": "0x4563918244F40000",
+		"registrar": "",
+		"networkID" : "0x2"
+	},
+	"genesis": {
+		"nonce": "0x00006d6f7264656e",
+		"difficulty": "0x20000",
+		"mixHash": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000647572616c65787365646c6578",
+		"author": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		"timestamp": "0x00",
+		"parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		"extraData": "0x",
+		"gasLimit": "0x2fefd8"
+	},
+	"accounts": {
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "identity", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } } },
+		"102e61f5d8f9bc71d0ad4a084df4e65e05ce0e1c": { "balance": "1606938044258990275541962092341162602522202993782792835301376", "nonce": "1048576" }
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/res/null_morden.json
+++ b/ethcore/res/null_morden.json
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 	"engineName": "NullEngine",
 	"params": {
 		"accountStartNonce": "0x0100000",
-		"frontierCompatibilityModeLimit": "0xfffa2990",
+		"frontierCompatibilityModeLimit": "0x789b0",
 		"maximumExtraDataSize": "0x20",
 		"tieBreakingGas": false,
 		"minGasLimit": "0x1388",
@ -26,10 +26,10 @@
 		"gasLimit": "0x2fefd8"
 	},
 	"accounts": {
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "identity", "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } } },
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "balance": "1", "nonce": "1048576", "builtin": { "name": "identity", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } } },
 		"102e61f5d8f9bc71d0ad4a084df4e65e05ce0e1c": { "balance": "1606938044258990275541962092341162602522202993782792835301376", "nonce": "1048576" }
 	}
 }
--- a/ethcore/src/account.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/account.rs
@ -92,10 +92,10 @@ impl Account {

 	/// Create a new contract account.
 	/// NOTE: make sure you use `init_code` on this before `commit`ing.
-	pub fn new_contract(balance: U256) -> Account {
+	pub fn new_contract(balance: U256, nonce: U256) -> Account {
 		Account {
 			balance: balance,
-			nonce: U256::from(0u8),
+			nonce: nonce,
 			storage_root: SHA3_NULL_RLP,
 			storage_overlay: RefCell::new(HashMap::new()),
 			code_hash: None,
@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ mod tests {
 		let mut db = MemoryDB::new();
 		let mut db = AccountDBMut::new(&mut db, &Address::new());
 		let rlp = {
-			let mut a = Account::new_contract(U256::from(69u8));
+			let mut a = Account::new_contract(x!(69), x!(0));
 			a.set_storage(H256::from(&U256::from(0x00u64)), H256::from(&U256::from(0x1234u64)));
 			a.commit_storage(&mut db);
 			a.init_code(vec![]);
@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ mod tests {
 		let mut db = AccountDBMut::new(&mut db, &Address::new());

 		let rlp = {
-			let mut a = Account::new_contract(U256::from(69u8));
+			let mut a = Account::new_contract(x!(69), x!(0));
 			a.init_code(vec![0x55, 0x44, 0xffu8]);
 			a.commit_code(&mut db);
 			a.rlp()
@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ mod tests {

 	#[test]
 	fn commit_storage() {
-		let mut a = Account::new_contract(U256::from(69u8));
+		let mut a = Account::new_contract(x!(69), x!(0));
 		let mut db = MemoryDB::new();
 		let mut db = AccountDBMut::new(&mut db, &Address::new());
 		a.set_storage(x!(0), x!(0x1234));
@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ mod tests {

 	#[test]
 	fn commit_remove_commit_storage() {
-		let mut a = Account::new_contract(U256::from(69u8));
+		let mut a = Account::new_contract(x!(69), x!(0));
 		let mut db = MemoryDB::new();
 		let mut db = AccountDBMut::new(&mut db, &Address::new());
 		a.set_storage(x!(0), x!(0x1234));
@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ mod tests {

 	#[test]
 	fn commit_code() {
-		let mut a = Account::new_contract(U256::from(69u8));
+		let mut a = Account::new_contract(x!(69), x!(0));
 		let mut db = MemoryDB::new();
 		let mut db = AccountDBMut::new(&mut db, &Address::new());
 		a.init_code(vec![0x55, 0x44, 0xffu8]);
--- a/ethcore/src/account_db.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/account_db.rs
@ -13,17 +13,14 @@ pub struct AccountDB<'db> {

 #[inline]
 fn combine_key<'a>(address: &'a H256, key: &'a H256) -> H256 {
-	let mut addr_hash = address.sha3();
-	// preserve 96 bits of original key for db lookup
-	addr_hash[0..12].clone_from_slice(&[0u8; 12]); 
-	&addr_hash ^ key
+	address ^ key
 }

 impl<'db> AccountDB<'db> {
 	pub fn new(db: &'db HashDB, address: &Address) -> AccountDB<'db> {
 		AccountDB {
 			db: db,
-			address: x!(address.clone()),
+			address: x!(address),
 		}
 	}
 }
@ -70,7 +67,7 @@ impl<'db> AccountDBMut<'db> {
 	pub fn new(db: &'db mut HashDB, address: &Address) -> AccountDBMut<'db> {
 		AccountDBMut {
 			db: db,
-			address: x!(address.clone()),
+			address: x!(address),
 		}
 	}

@ -100,6 +97,9 @@ impl<'db> HashDB for AccountDBMut<'db>{
 	}

 	fn insert(&mut self, value: &[u8]) -> H256 {
+		if value == &NULL_RLP {
+			return SHA3_NULL_RLP.clone();
+		}
 		let k = value.sha3();
 		let ak = combine_key(&self.address, &k);
 		self.db.emplace(ak, value.to_vec());
@ -107,11 +107,17 @@ impl<'db> HashDB for AccountDBMut<'db>{
 	}

 	fn emplace(&mut self, key: H256, value: Bytes) {
+		if key == SHA3_NULL_RLP {
+			return;
+		}
 		let key = combine_key(&self.address, &key);
 		self.db.emplace(key, value.to_vec())
 	}

 	fn kill(&mut self, key: &H256) {
+		if key == &SHA3_NULL_RLP {
+			return;
+		}
 		let key = combine_key(&self.address, key);
 		self.db.kill(&key)
 	}
--- a/ethcore/src/action_params.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/action_params.rs
@ -15,9 +15,7 @@
 // along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

 //! Evm input params.
-use util::hash::*;
-use util::uint::*;
-use util::bytes::*;
+use common::*;

 /// Transaction value
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
--- a/ethcore/src/basic_types.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/basic_types.rs
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub type LogBloom = H2048;
 /// Constant 2048-bit datum for 0. Often used as a default.
 pub static ZERO_LOGBLOOM: LogBloom = H2048([0x00; 256]);

-#[allow(enum_variant_names)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(enum_variant_names))]
 /// Semantic boolean for when a seal/signature is included.
 pub enum Seal {
 	/// The seal/signature is included.
--- a/ethcore/src/block.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/block.rs
@ -16,15 +16,14 @@

 //! Blockchain block.

-#![allow(ptr_arg)] // Because of &LastHashes -> &Vec<_>
+#![cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(ptr_arg))] // Because of &LastHashes -> &Vec<_>

 use common::*;
 use engine::*;
 use state::*;
-use verification::PreVerifiedBlock;
+use verification::PreverifiedBlock;

 /// A block, encoded as it is on the block chain.
-// TODO: rename to Block
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Block {
 	/// The header of this block.
@ -76,8 +75,6 @@ impl Decodable for Block {
 }

 /// Internal type for a block's common elements.
-// TODO: rename to ExecutedBlock
-// TODO: use BareBlock
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ExecutedBlock {
 	base: Block,
@ -85,6 +82,7 @@ pub struct ExecutedBlock {
 	receipts: Vec<Receipt>,
 	transactions_set: HashSet<H256>,
 	state: State,
+	traces: Option<Vec<Trace>>,
 }

 /// A set of references to `ExecutedBlock` fields that are publicly accessible.
@ -99,11 +97,21 @@ pub struct BlockRefMut<'a> {
 	pub receipts: &'a Vec<Receipt>,
 	/// State.
 	pub state: &'a mut State,
+	/// Traces.
+	pub traces: &'a Option<Vec<Trace>>,
 }

 impl ExecutedBlock {
 	/// Create a new block from the given `state`.
-	fn new(state: State) -> ExecutedBlock { ExecutedBlock { base: Default::default(), receipts: Default::default(), transactions_set: Default::default(), state: state } }
+	fn new(state: State, tracing: bool) -> ExecutedBlock {
+		ExecutedBlock {
+			base: Default::default(),
+			receipts: Default::default(),
+			transactions_set: Default::default(),
+			state: state,
+			traces: if tracing {Some(Vec::new())} else {None},
+		}
+	}

 	/// Get a structure containing individual references to all public fields.
 	pub fn fields(&mut self) -> BlockRefMut {
@ -113,6 +121,7 @@ impl ExecutedBlock {
 			uncles: &self.base.uncles,
 			state: &mut self.state,
 			receipts: &self.receipts,
+			traces: &self.traces,
 		}
 	}
 }
@ -134,6 +143,9 @@ pub trait IsBlock {
 	/// Get all information on receipts in this block.
 	fn receipts(&self) -> &Vec<Receipt> { &self.block().receipts }

+	/// Get all information concerning transaction tracing in this block.
+	fn traces(&self) -> &Option<Vec<Trace>> { &self.block().traces }
+
 	/// Get all uncles in this block.
 	fn uncles(&self) -> &Vec<Header> { &self.block().base.uncles }
 }
@ -144,20 +156,20 @@ impl IsBlock for ExecutedBlock {

 /// Block that is ready for transactions to be added.
 ///
-/// It's a bit like a Vec<Transaction>, eccept that whenever a transaction is pushed, we execute it and
+/// It's a bit like a Vec<Transaction>, except that whenever a transaction is pushed, we execute it and
 /// maintain the system `state()`. We also archive execution receipts in preparation for later block creation.
-pub struct OpenBlock<'x, 'y> {
+pub struct OpenBlock<'x> {
 	block: ExecutedBlock,
 	engine: &'x Engine,
-	last_hashes: &'y LastHashes,
+	last_hashes: LastHashes,
 }

 /// Just like OpenBlock, except that we've applied `Engine::on_close_block`, finished up the non-seal header fields,
 /// and collected the uncles.
 ///
-/// There is no function available to push a transaction. If you want that you'll need to `reopen()` it.
-pub struct ClosedBlock<'x, 'y> {
-	open_block: OpenBlock<'x, 'y>,
+/// There is no function available to push a transaction.
+pub struct ClosedBlock {
+	block: ExecutedBlock,
 	uncle_bytes: Bytes,
 }

@ -169,21 +181,23 @@ pub struct SealedBlock {
 	uncle_bytes: Bytes,
 }

-impl<'x, 'y> OpenBlock<'x, 'y> {
+impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 	/// Create a new OpenBlock ready for transaction pushing.
-	pub fn new<'a, 'b>(engine: &'a Engine, db: JournalDB, parent: &Header, last_hashes: &'b LastHashes, author: Address, extra_data: Bytes) -> OpenBlock<'a, 'b> {
+	pub fn new(engine: &'x Engine, tracing: bool, db: Box<JournalDB>, parent: &Header, last_hashes: LastHashes, author: Address, gas_floor_target: U256, extra_data: Bytes) -> Self {
 		let mut r = OpenBlock {
-			block: ExecutedBlock::new(State::from_existing(db, parent.state_root().clone(), engine.account_start_nonce())),
+			block: ExecutedBlock::new(State::from_existing(db, parent.state_root().clone(), engine.account_start_nonce()), tracing),
 			engine: engine,
 			last_hashes: last_hashes,
 		};

-		r.block.base.header.set_number(parent.number() + 1);
-		r.block.base.header.set_author(author);
-		r.block.base.header.set_extra_data(extra_data);
-		r.block.base.header.set_timestamp_now();
+		r.block.base.header.parent_hash = parent.hash();
+		r.block.base.header.number = parent.number + 1;
+		r.block.base.header.author = author;
+		r.block.base.header.set_timestamp_now(parent.timestamp());
+		r.block.base.header.extra_data = extra_data;
+		r.block.base.header.note_dirty();

-		engine.populate_from_parent(&mut r.block.base.header, parent);
+		engine.populate_from_parent(&mut r.block.base.header, parent, gas_floor_target);
 		engine.on_new_block(&mut r.block);
 		r
 	}
@ -218,8 +232,8 @@ impl<'x, 'y> OpenBlock<'x, 'y> {
 	/// NOTE Will check chain constraints and the uncle number but will NOT check
 	/// that the header itself is actually valid.
 	pub fn push_uncle(&mut self, valid_uncle_header: Header) -> Result<(), BlockError> {
-		if self.block.base.uncles.len() >= self.engine.maximum_uncle_count() {
-			return Err(BlockError::TooManyUncles(OutOfBounds{min: None, max: Some(self.engine.maximum_uncle_count()), found: self.block.base.uncles.len()}));
+		if self.block.base.uncles.len() + 1 > self.engine.maximum_uncle_count() {
+			return Err(BlockError::TooManyUncles(OutOfBounds{min: None, max: Some(self.engine.maximum_uncle_count()), found: self.block.base.uncles.len() + 1}));
 		}
 		// TODO: check number
 		// TODO: check not a direct ancestor (use last_hashes for that)
@ -247,11 +261,13 @@ impl<'x, 'y> OpenBlock<'x, 'y> {
 	pub fn push_transaction(&mut self, t: SignedTransaction, h: Option<H256>) -> Result<&Receipt, Error> {
 		let env_info = self.env_info();
 //		info!("env_info says gas_used={}", env_info.gas_used);
-		match self.block.state.apply(&env_info, self.engine, &t) {
-			Ok(receipt) => {
+		match self.block.state.apply(&env_info, self.engine, &t, self.block.traces.is_some()) {
+			Ok(outcome) => {
 				self.block.transactions_set.insert(h.unwrap_or_else(||t.hash()));
 				self.block.base.transactions.push(t);
-				self.block.receipts.push(receipt);
+				let t = outcome.trace;
+				self.block.traces.as_mut().map(|traces| traces.push(t.expect("self.block.traces.is_some(): so we must be tracing: qed")));
+				self.block.receipts.push(outcome.receipt);
 				Ok(&self.block.receipts.last().unwrap())
 			}
 			Err(x) => Err(From::from(x))
@ -259,58 +275,63 @@ impl<'x, 'y> OpenBlock<'x, 'y> {
 	}

 	/// Turn this into a `ClosedBlock`. A BlockChain must be provided in order to figure out the uncles.
-	pub fn close(self) -> ClosedBlock<'x, 'y> {
+	pub fn close(self) -> ClosedBlock {
 		let mut s = self;
 		s.engine.on_close_block(&mut s.block);
 		s.block.base.header.transactions_root = ordered_trie_root(s.block.base.transactions.iter().map(|ref e| e.rlp_bytes().to_vec()).collect());
-		let uncle_bytes = s.block.base.uncles.iter().fold(RlpStream::new_list(s.block.base.uncles.len()), |mut s, u| {s.append(&u.rlp(Seal::With)); s} ).out();
+		let uncle_bytes = s.block.base.uncles.iter().fold(RlpStream::new_list(s.block.base.uncles.len()), |mut s, u| {s.append_raw(&u.rlp(Seal::With), 1); s} ).out();
 		s.block.base.header.uncles_hash = uncle_bytes.sha3();
 		s.block.base.header.state_root = s.block.state.root().clone();
 		s.block.base.header.receipts_root = ordered_trie_root(s.block.receipts.iter().map(|ref r| r.rlp_bytes().to_vec()).collect());
-		s.block.base.header.log_bloom = s.block.receipts.iter().fold(LogBloom::zero(), |mut b, r| {b |= &r.log_bloom; b});
+		s.block.base.header.log_bloom = s.block.receipts.iter().fold(LogBloom::zero(), |mut b, r| {b = &b | &r.log_bloom; b}); //TODO: use |= operator
 		s.block.base.header.gas_used = s.block.receipts.last().map_or(U256::zero(), |r| r.gas_used);
 		s.block.base.header.note_dirty();

-		ClosedBlock::new(s, uncle_bytes)
-	}
-}
-
-impl<'x, 'y> IsBlock for OpenBlock<'x, 'y> {
-	fn block(&self) -> &ExecutedBlock { &self.block }
-}
-
-impl<'x, 'y> IsBlock for ClosedBlock<'x, 'y> {
-	fn block(&self) -> &ExecutedBlock { &self.open_block.block }
-}
-
-impl<'x, 'y> ClosedBlock<'x, 'y> {
-	fn new<'a, 'b>(open_block: OpenBlock<'a, 'b>, uncle_bytes: Bytes) -> ClosedBlock<'a, 'b> {
 		ClosedBlock {
-			open_block: open_block,
+			block: s.block,
 			uncle_bytes: uncle_bytes,
 		}
 	}
+}

+impl<'x> IsBlock for OpenBlock<'x> {
+	fn block(&self) -> &ExecutedBlock { &self.block }
+}
+
+impl<'x> IsBlock for ClosedBlock {
+	fn block(&self) -> &ExecutedBlock { &self.block }
+}
+
+impl ClosedBlock {
 	/// Get the hash of the header without seal arguments.
 	pub fn hash(&self) -> H256 { self.header().rlp_sha3(Seal::Without) }

 	/// Provide a valid seal in order to turn this into a `SealedBlock`.
 	///
 	/// NOTE: This does not check the validity of `seal` with the engine.
-	pub fn seal(self, seal: Vec<Bytes>) -> Result<SealedBlock, BlockError> {
+	pub fn seal(self, engine: &Engine, seal: Vec<Bytes>) -> Result<SealedBlock, BlockError> {
 		let mut s = self;
-		if seal.len() != s.open_block.engine.seal_fields() {
-			return Err(BlockError::InvalidSealArity(Mismatch{expected: s.open_block.engine.seal_fields(), found: seal.len()}));
+		if seal.len() != engine.seal_fields() {
+			return Err(BlockError::InvalidSealArity(Mismatch{expected: engine.seal_fields(), found: seal.len()}));
 		}
-		s.open_block.block.base.header.set_seal(seal);
-		Ok(SealedBlock { block: s.open_block.block, uncle_bytes: s.uncle_bytes })
+		s.block.base.header.set_seal(seal);
+		Ok(SealedBlock { block: s.block, uncle_bytes: s.uncle_bytes })
 	}

-	/// Turn this back into an `OpenBlock`.
-	pub fn reopen(self) -> OpenBlock<'x, 'y> { self.open_block }
+	/// Provide a valid seal in order to turn this into a `SealedBlock`.
+	/// This does check the validity of `seal` with the engine.
+	/// Returns the `ClosedBlock` back again if the seal is no good.
+	pub fn try_seal(self, engine: &Engine, seal: Vec<Bytes>) -> Result<SealedBlock, ClosedBlock> {
+		let mut s = self;
+		s.block.base.header.set_seal(seal);
+		match engine.verify_block_seal(&s.block.base.header) {
+			Err(_) => Err(s),
+			_ => Ok(SealedBlock { block: s.block, uncle_bytes: s.uncle_bytes }),
+		}
+	}

 	/// Drop this object and return the underlieing database.
-	pub fn drain(self) -> JournalDB { self.open_block.block.state.drop().1 }
+	pub fn drain(self) -> Box<JournalDB> { self.block.state.drop().1 }
 }

 impl SealedBlock {
@ -324,7 +345,7 @@ impl SealedBlock {
 	}

 	/// Drop this object and return the underlieing database.
-	pub fn drain(self) -> JournalDB { self.block.state.drop().1 }
+	pub fn drain(self) -> Box<JournalDB> { self.block.state.drop().1 }
 }

 impl IsBlock for SealedBlock {
@ -332,15 +353,15 @@ impl IsBlock for SealedBlock {
 }

 /// Enact the block given by block header, transactions and uncles
-pub fn enact<'x, 'y>(header: &Header, transactions: &[SignedTransaction], uncles: &[Header], engine: &'x Engine, db: JournalDB, parent: &Header, last_hashes: &'y LastHashes) -> Result<ClosedBlock<'x, 'y>, Error> {
+pub fn enact(header: &Header, transactions: &[SignedTransaction], uncles: &[Header], engine: &Engine, tracing: bool, db: Box<JournalDB>, parent: &Header, last_hashes: LastHashes) -> Result<ClosedBlock, Error> {
 	{
 		if ::log::max_log_level() >= ::log::LogLevel::Trace {
-			let s = State::from_existing(db.clone(), parent.state_root().clone(), engine.account_start_nonce());
+			let s = State::from_existing(db.spawn(), parent.state_root().clone(), engine.account_start_nonce());
 			trace!("enact(): root={}, author={}, author_balance={}\n", s.root(), header.author(), s.balance(&header.author()));
 		}
 	}

-	let mut b = OpenBlock::new(engine, db, parent, last_hashes, header.author().clone(), header.extra_data().clone());
+	let mut b = OpenBlock::new(engine, tracing, db, parent, last_hashes, header.author().clone(), x!(3141562), header.extra_data().clone());
 	b.set_difficulty(*header.difficulty());
 	b.set_gas_limit(*header.gas_limit());
 	b.set_timestamp(header.timestamp());
@ -350,22 +371,22 @@ pub fn enact<'x, 'y>(header: &Header, transactions: &[SignedTransaction], uncles
 }

 /// Enact the block given by `block_bytes` using `engine` on the database `db` with given `parent` block header
-pub fn enact_bytes<'x, 'y>(block_bytes: &[u8], engine: &'x Engine, db: JournalDB, parent: &Header, last_hashes: &'y LastHashes) -> Result<ClosedBlock<'x, 'y>, Error> {
+pub fn enact_bytes(block_bytes: &[u8], engine: &Engine, tracing: bool, db: Box<JournalDB>, parent: &Header, last_hashes: LastHashes) -> Result<ClosedBlock, Error> {
 	let block = BlockView::new(block_bytes);
 	let header = block.header();
-	enact(&header, &block.transactions(), &block.uncles(), engine, db, parent, last_hashes)
+	enact(&header, &block.transactions(), &block.uncles(), engine, tracing, db, parent, last_hashes)
 }

 /// Enact the block given by `block_bytes` using `engine` on the database `db` with given `parent` block header
-pub fn enact_verified<'x, 'y>(block: &PreVerifiedBlock, engine: &'x Engine, db: JournalDB, parent: &Header, last_hashes: &'y LastHashes) -> Result<ClosedBlock<'x, 'y>, Error> {
+pub fn enact_verified(block: &PreverifiedBlock, engine: &Engine, tracing: bool, db: Box<JournalDB>, parent: &Header, last_hashes: LastHashes) -> Result<ClosedBlock, Error> {
 	let view = BlockView::new(&block.bytes);
-	enact(&block.header, &block.transactions, &view.uncles(), engine, db, parent, last_hashes)
+	enact(&block.header, &block.transactions, &view.uncles(), engine, tracing, db, parent, last_hashes)
 }

 /// Enact the block given by `block_bytes` using `engine` on the database `db` with given `parent` block header. Seal the block aferwards
-pub fn enact_and_seal(block_bytes: &[u8], engine: &Engine, db: JournalDB, parent: &Header, last_hashes: &LastHashes) -> Result<SealedBlock, Error> {
+pub fn enact_and_seal(block_bytes: &[u8], engine: &Engine, tracing: bool, db: Box<JournalDB>, parent: &Header, last_hashes: LastHashes) -> Result<SealedBlock, Error> {
 	let header = BlockView::new(block_bytes).header_view();
-	Ok(try!(try!(enact_bytes(block_bytes, engine, db, parent, last_hashes)).seal(header.seal())))
+	Ok(try!(try!(enact_bytes(block_bytes, engine, tracing, db, parent, last_hashes)).seal(engine, header.seal())))
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
@ -382,11 +403,11 @@ mod tests {
 		let genesis_header = engine.spec().genesis_header();
 		let mut db_result = get_temp_journal_db();
 		let mut db = db_result.take();
-		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(&mut db);
+		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(db.as_hashdb_mut());
 		let last_hashes = vec![genesis_header.hash()];
-		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine.deref(), db, &genesis_header, &last_hashes, Address::zero(), vec![]);
+		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine.deref(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, Address::zero(), x!(3141562), vec![]);
 		let b = b.close();
-		let _ = b.seal(vec![]);
+		let _ = b.seal(engine.deref(), vec![]);
 	}

 	#[test]
@ -397,15 +418,15 @@ mod tests {

 		let mut db_result = get_temp_journal_db();
 		let mut db = db_result.take();
-		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(&mut db);
-		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine.deref(), db, &genesis_header, &vec![genesis_header.hash()], Address::zero(), vec![]).close().seal(vec![]).unwrap();
+		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(db.as_hashdb_mut());
+		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine.deref(), false, db, &genesis_header, vec![genesis_header.hash()], Address::zero(), x!(3141562), vec![]).close().seal(engine.deref(), vec![]).unwrap();
 		let orig_bytes = b.rlp_bytes();
 		let orig_db = b.drain();

 		let mut db_result = get_temp_journal_db();
 		let mut db = db_result.take();
-		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(&mut db);
-		let e = enact_and_seal(&orig_bytes, engine.deref(), db, &genesis_header, &vec![genesis_header.hash()]).unwrap();
+		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(db.as_hashdb_mut());
+		let e = enact_and_seal(&orig_bytes, engine.deref(), false, db, &genesis_header, vec![genesis_header.hash()]).unwrap();

 		assert_eq!(e.rlp_bytes(), orig_bytes);

@ -413,4 +434,40 @@ mod tests {
 		assert_eq!(orig_db.keys(), db.keys());
 		assert!(orig_db.keys().iter().filter(|k| orig_db.get(k.0) != db.get(k.0)).next() == None);
 	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn enact_block_with_uncle() {
+		use spec::*;
+		let engine = Spec::new_test().to_engine().unwrap();
+		let genesis_header = engine.spec().genesis_header();
+
+		let mut db_result = get_temp_journal_db();
+		let mut db = db_result.take();
+		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(db.as_hashdb_mut());
+		let mut open_block = OpenBlock::new(engine.deref(), false, db, &genesis_header, vec![genesis_header.hash()], Address::zero(), x!(3141562), vec![]);
+		let mut uncle1_header = Header::new();
+		uncle1_header.extra_data = b"uncle1".to_vec();
+		let mut uncle2_header = Header::new();
+		uncle2_header.extra_data = b"uncle2".to_vec();
+		open_block.push_uncle(uncle1_header).unwrap();
+		open_block.push_uncle(uncle2_header).unwrap();
+		let b = open_block.close().seal(engine.deref(), vec![]).unwrap();
+
+		let orig_bytes = b.rlp_bytes();
+		let orig_db = b.drain();
+
+		let mut db_result = get_temp_journal_db();
+		let mut db = db_result.take();
+		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(db.as_hashdb_mut());
+		let e = enact_and_seal(&orig_bytes, engine.deref(), false, db, &genesis_header, vec![genesis_header.hash()]).unwrap();
+
+		let bytes = e.rlp_bytes();
+		assert_eq!(bytes, orig_bytes);
+		let uncles = BlockView::new(&bytes).uncles();
+		assert_eq!(uncles[1].extra_data, b"uncle2");
+
+		let db = e.drain();
+		assert_eq!(orig_db.keys(), db.keys());
+		assert!(orig_db.keys().iter().filter(|k| orig_db.get(k.0) != db.get(k.0)).next() == None);
+	}
 }
--- a/ethcore/src/block_queue.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/block_queue.rs
@ -28,6 +28,31 @@ use service::*;
 use client::BlockStatus;
 use util::panics::*;

+known_heap_size!(0, UnverifiedBlock, VerifyingBlock, PreverifiedBlock);
+
+const MIN_MEM_LIMIT: usize = 16384;
+const MIN_QUEUE_LIMIT: usize = 512;
+
+/// Block queue configuration
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BlockQueueConfig {
+	/// Maximum number of blocks to keep in unverified queue.
+	/// When the limit is reached, is_full returns true.
+	pub max_queue_size: usize,
+	/// Maximum heap memory to use.
+	/// When the limit is reached, is_full returns true.
+	pub max_mem_use: usize,
+}
+
+impl Default for BlockQueueConfig {
+	fn default() -> Self {
+		BlockQueueConfig {
+			max_queue_size: 30000,
+			max_mem_use: 50 * 1024 * 1024,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 /// Block queue status
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BlockQueueInfo {
@ -37,6 +62,12 @@ pub struct BlockQueueInfo {
 	pub verified_queue_size: usize,
 	/// Number of blocks being verified
 	pub verifying_queue_size: usize,
+	/// Configured maximum number of blocks in the queue
+	pub max_queue_size: usize,
+	/// Configured maximum number of bytes to use
+	pub max_mem_use: usize,
+	/// Heap memory used in bytes
+	pub mem_used: usize,
 }

 impl BlockQueueInfo {
@ -48,7 +79,8 @@ impl BlockQueueInfo {

 	/// Indicates that queue is full
 	pub fn is_full(&self) -> bool {
-		self.unverified_queue_size + self.verified_queue_size + self.verifying_queue_size > MAX_UNVERIFIED_QUEUE_SIZE
+		self.unverified_queue_size + self.verified_queue_size + self.verifying_queue_size > self.max_queue_size ||
+			self.mem_used > self.max_mem_use
 	}

 	/// Indicates that queue is empty
@ -63,22 +95,24 @@ pub struct BlockQueue {
 	panic_handler: Arc<PanicHandler>,
 	engine: Arc<Box<Engine>>,
 	more_to_verify: Arc<Condvar>,
-	verification: Arc<Mutex<Verification>>,
+	verification: Arc<Verification>,
 	verifiers: Vec<JoinHandle<()>>,
 	deleting: Arc<AtomicBool>,
 	ready_signal: Arc<QueueSignal>,
 	empty: Arc<Condvar>,
-	processing: RwLock<HashSet<H256>>
+	processing: RwLock<HashSet<H256>>,
+	max_queue_size: usize,
+	max_mem_use: usize,
 }

-struct UnVerifiedBlock {
+struct UnverifiedBlock {
 	header: Header,
 	bytes: Bytes,
 }

 struct VerifyingBlock {
 	hash: H256,
-	block: Option<PreVerifiedBlock>,
+	block: Option<PreverifiedBlock>,
 }

 struct QueueSignal {
@ -87,7 +121,7 @@ struct QueueSignal {
 }

 impl QueueSignal {
-	#[allow(bool_comparison)]
+	#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(bool_comparison))]
 	fn set(&self) {
 		if self.signalled.compare_and_swap(false, true, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) == false {
 			self.message_channel.send(UserMessage(SyncMessage::BlockVerified)).expect("Error sending BlockVerified message");
@ -98,20 +132,23 @@ impl QueueSignal {
 	}
 }

-#[derive(Default)]
 struct Verification {
-	unverified: VecDeque<UnVerifiedBlock>,
-	verified: VecDeque<PreVerifiedBlock>,
-	verifying: VecDeque<VerifyingBlock>,
-	bad: HashSet<H256>,
+	// All locks must be captured in the order declared here.
+	unverified: Mutex<VecDeque<UnverifiedBlock>>,
+	verified: Mutex<VecDeque<PreverifiedBlock>>,
+	verifying: Mutex<VecDeque<VerifyingBlock>>,
+	bad: Mutex<HashSet<H256>>,
 }

-const MAX_UNVERIFIED_QUEUE_SIZE: usize = 50000;
-
 impl BlockQueue {
 	/// Creates a new queue instance.
-	pub fn new(engine: Arc<Box<Engine>>, message_channel: IoChannel<NetSyncMessage>) -> BlockQueue {
-		let verification = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Verification::default()));
+	pub fn new(config: BlockQueueConfig, engine: Arc<Box<Engine>>, message_channel: IoChannel<NetSyncMessage>) -> BlockQueue {
+		let verification = Arc::new(Verification {
+			unverified: Mutex::new(VecDeque::new()),
+			verified: Mutex::new(VecDeque::new()),
+			verifying: Mutex::new(VecDeque::new()),
+			bad: Mutex::new(HashSet::new()),
+		});
 		let more_to_verify = Arc::new(Condvar::new());
 		let ready_signal = Arc::new(QueueSignal { signalled: AtomicBool::new(false), message_channel: message_channel });
 		let deleting = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
@ -133,7 +170,7 @@ impl BlockQueue {
 				.name(format!("Verifier #{}", i))
 				.spawn(move || {
 					panic_handler.catch_panic(move || {
-					  BlockQueue::verify(verification, engine, more_to_verify, ready_signal, deleting, empty)
+						BlockQueue::verify(verification, engine, more_to_verify, ready_signal, deleting, empty)
 					}).unwrap()
 				})
 				.expect("Error starting block verification thread")
@ -149,68 +186,73 @@ impl BlockQueue {
 			deleting: deleting.clone(),
 			processing: RwLock::new(HashSet::new()),
 			empty: empty.clone(),
+			max_queue_size: max(config.max_queue_size, MIN_QUEUE_LIMIT),
+			max_mem_use: max(config.max_mem_use, MIN_MEM_LIMIT),
 		}
 	}

-	fn verify(verification: Arc<Mutex<Verification>>, engine: Arc<Box<Engine>>, wait: Arc<Condvar>, ready: Arc<QueueSignal>, deleting: Arc<AtomicBool>, empty: Arc<Condvar>) {
-		while !deleting.load(AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) {
+	fn verify(verification: Arc<Verification>, engine: Arc<Box<Engine>>, wait: Arc<Condvar>, ready: Arc<QueueSignal>, deleting: Arc<AtomicBool>, empty: Arc<Condvar>) {
+		while !deleting.load(AtomicOrdering::Acquire) {
 			{
-				let mut lock = verification.lock().unwrap();
+				let mut unverified = verification.unverified.lock().unwrap();

-				if lock.unverified.is_empty() && lock.verifying.is_empty() {
+				if unverified.is_empty() && verification.verifying.lock().unwrap().is_empty() {
 					empty.notify_all();
 				}

-				while lock.unverified.is_empty() && !deleting.load(AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) {
-					lock = wait.wait(lock).unwrap();
+				while unverified.is_empty() && !deleting.load(AtomicOrdering::Acquire) {
+					unverified = wait.wait(unverified).unwrap();
 				}

-				if deleting.load(AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) {
+				if deleting.load(AtomicOrdering::Acquire) {
 					return;
 				}
 			}

 			let block = {
-				let mut v = verification.lock().unwrap();
-				if v.unverified.is_empty() {
+				let mut unverified = verification.unverified.lock().unwrap();
+				if unverified.is_empty() {
 					continue;
 				}
-				let block = v.unverified.pop_front().unwrap();
-				v.verifying.push_back(VerifyingBlock{ hash: block.header.hash(), block: None });
+				let mut verifying = verification.verifying.lock().unwrap();
+				let block = unverified.pop_front().unwrap();
+				verifying.push_back(VerifyingBlock{ hash: block.header.hash(), block: None });
 				block
 			};

 			let block_hash = block.header.hash();
 			match verify_block_unordered(block.header, block.bytes, engine.deref().deref()) {
 				Ok(verified) => {
-					let mut v = verification.lock().unwrap();
-					for e in &mut v.verifying {
+					let mut verifying = verification.verifying.lock().unwrap();
+					for e in verifying.iter_mut() {
 						if e.hash == block_hash {
 							e.block = Some(verified);
 							break;
 						}
 					}
-					if !v.verifying.is_empty() && v.verifying.front().unwrap().hash == block_hash {
+					if !verifying.is_empty() && verifying.front().unwrap().hash == block_hash {
 						// we're next!
-						let mut vref = v.deref_mut();
-						BlockQueue::drain_verifying(&mut vref.verifying, &mut vref.verified, &mut vref.bad);
+						let mut verified = verification.verified.lock().unwrap();
+						let mut bad = verification.bad.lock().unwrap();
+						BlockQueue::drain_verifying(&mut verifying, &mut verified, &mut bad);
 						ready.set();
 					}
 				},
 				Err(err) => {
-					let mut v = verification.lock().unwrap();
+					let mut verifying = verification.verifying.lock().unwrap();
+					let mut verified = verification.verified.lock().unwrap();
+					let mut bad = verification.bad.lock().unwrap();
 					warn!(target: "client", "Stage 2 block verification failed for {}\nError: {:?}", block_hash, err);
-					v.bad.insert(block_hash.clone());
-					v.verifying.retain(|e| e.hash != block_hash);
-					let mut vref = v.deref_mut();
-					BlockQueue::drain_verifying(&mut vref.verifying, &mut vref.verified, &mut vref.bad);
+					bad.insert(block_hash.clone());
+					verifying.retain(|e| e.hash != block_hash);
+					BlockQueue::drain_verifying(&mut verifying, &mut verified, &mut bad);
 					ready.set();
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}

-	fn drain_verifying(verifying: &mut VecDeque<VerifyingBlock>, verified: &mut VecDeque<PreVerifiedBlock>, bad: &mut HashSet<H256>) {
+	fn drain_verifying(verifying: &mut VecDeque<VerifyingBlock>, verified: &mut VecDeque<PreverifiedBlock>, bad: &mut HashSet<H256>) {
 		while !verifying.is_empty() && verifying.front().unwrap().block.is_some() {
 			let block = verifying.pop_front().unwrap().block.unwrap();
 			if bad.contains(&block.header.parent_hash) {
@ -223,19 +265,21 @@ impl BlockQueue {
 	}

 	/// Clear the queue and stop verification activity.
-	pub fn clear(&mut self) {
-		let mut verification = self.verification.lock().unwrap();
-		verification.unverified.clear();
-		verification.verifying.clear();
-		verification.verified.clear();
+	pub fn clear(&self) {
+		let mut unverified = self.verification.unverified.lock().unwrap();
+		let mut verifying = self.verification.verifying.lock().unwrap();
+		let mut verified = self.verification.verified.lock().unwrap();
+		unverified.clear();
+		verifying.clear();
+		verified.clear();
 		self.processing.write().unwrap().clear();
 	}

-	/// Wait for queue to be empty
-	pub fn flush(&mut self) {
-		let mut verification = self.verification.lock().unwrap();
-		while !verification.unverified.is_empty() || !verification.verifying.is_empty() {
-			verification = self.empty.wait(verification).unwrap();
+	/// Wait for unverified queue to be empty
+	pub fn flush(&self) {
+		let mut unverified = self.verification.unverified.lock().unwrap();
+		while !unverified.is_empty() || !self.verification.verifying.lock().unwrap().is_empty() {
+			unverified = self.empty.wait(unverified).unwrap();
 		}
 	}

@ -244,84 +288,96 @@ impl BlockQueue {
 		if self.processing.read().unwrap().contains(&hash) {
 			return BlockStatus::Queued;
 		}
-		if self.verification.lock().unwrap().bad.contains(&hash) {
+		if self.verification.bad.lock().unwrap().contains(&hash) {
 			return BlockStatus::Bad;
 		}
 		BlockStatus::Unknown
 	}

 	/// Add a block to the queue.
-	pub fn import_block(&mut self, bytes: Bytes) -> ImportResult {
+	pub fn import_block(&self, bytes: Bytes) -> ImportResult {
 		let header = BlockView::new(&bytes).header();
 		let h = header.hash();
-		if self.processing.read().unwrap().contains(&h) {
-			return Err(ImportError::AlreadyQueued);
-		}
 		{
-			let mut verification = self.verification.lock().unwrap();
-			if verification.bad.contains(&h) {
-				return Err(ImportError::Bad(None));
+			if self.processing.read().unwrap().contains(&h) {
+				return Err(x!(ImportError::AlreadyQueued));
 			}

-			if verification.bad.contains(&header.parent_hash) {
-				verification.bad.insert(h.clone());
-				return Err(ImportError::Bad(None));
+			let mut bad = self.verification.bad.lock().unwrap();
+			if bad.contains(&h) {
+				return Err(x!(ImportError::KnownBad));
+			}
+
+			if bad.contains(&header.parent_hash) {
+				bad.insert(h.clone());
+				return Err(x!(ImportError::KnownBad));
 			}
 		}

 		match verify_block_basic(&header, &bytes, self.engine.deref().deref()) {
 			Ok(()) => {
 				self.processing.write().unwrap().insert(h.clone());
-				self.verification.lock().unwrap().unverified.push_back(UnVerifiedBlock { header: header, bytes: bytes });
+				self.verification.unverified.lock().unwrap().push_back(UnverifiedBlock { header: header, bytes: bytes });
 				self.more_to_verify.notify_all();
 				Ok(h)
 			},
 			Err(err) => {
 				warn!(target: "client", "Stage 1 block verification failed for {}\nError: {:?}", BlockView::new(&bytes).header_view().sha3(), err);
-				self.verification.lock().unwrap().bad.insert(h.clone());
-				Err(From::from(err))
+				self.verification.bad.lock().unwrap().insert(h.clone());
+				Err(err)
 			}
 		}
 	}

 	/// Mark given block and all its children as bad. Stops verification.
-	pub fn mark_as_bad(&mut self, hash: &H256) {
-		let mut verification_lock = self.verification.lock().unwrap();
-		let mut verification = verification_lock.deref_mut();
-		verification.bad.insert(hash.clone());
-		self.processing.write().unwrap().remove(&hash);
+	pub fn mark_as_bad(&self, block_hashes: &[H256]) {
+		if block_hashes.is_empty() {
+			return;
+		}
+		let mut verified_lock = self.verification.verified.lock().unwrap();
+		let mut verified = verified_lock.deref_mut();
+		let mut bad = self.verification.bad.lock().unwrap();
+		let mut processing = self.processing.write().unwrap();
+		bad.reserve(block_hashes.len());
+		for hash in block_hashes {
+			bad.insert(hash.clone());
+			processing.remove(&hash);
+		}
+
 		let mut new_verified = VecDeque::new();
-		for block in verification.verified.drain(..) {
-			if verification.bad.contains(&block.header.parent_hash) {
-				verification.bad.insert(block.header.hash());
-				self.processing.write().unwrap().remove(&block.header.hash());
-			}
-			else {
+		for block in verified.drain(..) {
+			if bad.contains(&block.header.parent_hash) {
+				bad.insert(block.header.hash());
+				processing.remove(&block.header.hash());
+			} else {
 				new_verified.push_back(block);
 			}
 		}
-		verification.verified = new_verified;
+		*verified = new_verified;
 	}

 	/// Mark given block as processed
-	pub fn mark_as_good(&mut self, hashes: &[H256]) {
+	pub fn mark_as_good(&self, block_hashes: &[H256]) {
+		if block_hashes.is_empty() {
+			return;
+		}
 		let mut processing = self.processing.write().unwrap();
-		for h in hashes {
-			processing.remove(&h);
+		for hash in block_hashes {
+			processing.remove(&hash);
 		}
 	}

 	/// Removes up to `max` verified blocks from the queue
-	pub fn drain(&mut self, max: usize) -> Vec<PreVerifiedBlock> {
-		let mut verification = self.verification.lock().unwrap();
-		let count = min(max, verification.verified.len());
+	pub fn drain(&self, max: usize) -> Vec<PreverifiedBlock> {
+		let mut verified = self.verification.verified.lock().unwrap();
+		let count = min(max, verified.len());
 		let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(count);
 		for _ in 0..count {
-			let block = verification.verified.pop_front().unwrap();
+			let block = verified.pop_front().unwrap();
 			result.push(block);
 		}
 		self.ready_signal.reset();
-		if !verification.verified.is_empty() {
+		if !verified.is_empty() {
 			self.ready_signal.set();
 		}
 		result
@ -329,13 +385,42 @@ impl BlockQueue {

 	/// Get queue status.
 	pub fn queue_info(&self) -> BlockQueueInfo {
-		let verification = self.verification.lock().unwrap();
+		let (unverified_len, unverified_bytes) = {
+			let v = self.verification.unverified.lock().unwrap();
+			(v.len(), v.heap_size_of_children())
+		};
+		let (verifying_len, verifying_bytes) = {
+			let v = self.verification.verifying.lock().unwrap();
+			(v.len(), v.heap_size_of_children())
+		};
+		let (verified_len, verified_bytes) = {
+			let v = self.verification.verified.lock().unwrap();
+			(v.len(), v.heap_size_of_children())
+		};
 		BlockQueueInfo {
-			verified_queue_size: verification.verified.len(),
-			unverified_queue_size: verification.unverified.len(),
-			verifying_queue_size: verification.verifying.len(),
+			unverified_queue_size: unverified_len,
+			verifying_queue_size: verifying_len,
+			verified_queue_size: verified_len,
+			max_queue_size: self.max_queue_size,
+			max_mem_use: self.max_mem_use,
+			mem_used:
+				unverified_bytes
+				+ verifying_bytes
+				+ verified_bytes
+				// TODO: https://github.com/servo/heapsize/pull/50
+				//+ self.processing.read().unwrap().heap_size_of_children(),
 		}
 	}
+
+	/// Optimise memory footprint of the heap fields.
+	pub fn collect_garbage(&self) {
+		{
+			self.verification.unverified.lock().unwrap().shrink_to_fit();
+			self.verification.verifying.lock().unwrap().shrink_to_fit();
+			self.verification.verified.lock().unwrap().shrink_to_fit();
+		}
+		self.processing.write().unwrap().shrink_to_fit();
+	}
 }

 impl MayPanic for BlockQueue {
@ -347,7 +432,7 @@ impl MayPanic for BlockQueue {
 impl Drop for BlockQueue {
 	fn drop(&mut self) {
 		self.clear();
-		self.deleting.store(true, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
+		self.deleting.store(true, AtomicOrdering::Release);
 		self.more_to_verify.notify_all();
 		for t in self.verifiers.drain(..) {
 			t.join().unwrap();
@ -367,7 +452,7 @@ mod tests {
 	fn get_test_queue() -> BlockQueue {
 		let spec = get_test_spec();
 		let engine = spec.to_engine().unwrap();
-		BlockQueue::new(Arc::new(engine), IoChannel::disconnected())
+		BlockQueue::new(BlockQueueConfig::default(), Arc::new(engine), IoChannel::disconnected())
 	}

 	#[test]
@ -375,12 +460,12 @@ mod tests {
 		// TODO better test
 		let spec = Spec::new_test();
 		let engine = spec.to_engine().unwrap();
-		let _ = BlockQueue::new(Arc::new(engine), IoChannel::disconnected());
+		let _ = BlockQueue::new(BlockQueueConfig::default(), Arc::new(engine), IoChannel::disconnected());
 	}

 	#[test]
 	fn can_import_blocks() {
-		let mut queue = get_test_queue();
+		let queue = get_test_queue();
 		if let Err(e) = queue.import_block(get_good_dummy_block()) {
 			panic!("error importing block that is valid by definition({:?})", e);
 		}
@ -388,7 +473,7 @@ mod tests {

 	#[test]
 	fn returns_error_for_duplicates() {
-		let mut queue = get_test_queue();
+		let queue = get_test_queue();
 		if let Err(e) = queue.import_block(get_good_dummy_block()) {
 			panic!("error importing block that is valid by definition({:?})", e);
 		}
@ -397,7 +482,7 @@ mod tests {
 		match duplicate_import {
 			Err(e) => {
 				match e {
-					ImportError::AlreadyQueued => {},
+					Error::Import(ImportError::AlreadyQueued) => {},
 					_ => { panic!("must return AlreadyQueued error"); }
 				}
 			}
@ -407,7 +492,7 @@ mod tests {

 	#[test]
 	fn returns_ok_for_drained_duplicates() {
-		let mut queue = get_test_queue();
+		let queue = get_test_queue();
 		let block = get_good_dummy_block();
 		let hash = BlockView::new(&block).header().hash().clone();
 		if let Err(e) = queue.import_block(block) {
@ -424,11 +509,26 @@ mod tests {

 	#[test]
 	fn returns_empty_once_finished() {
-		let mut queue = get_test_queue();
+		let queue = get_test_queue();
 		queue.import_block(get_good_dummy_block()).expect("error importing block that is valid by definition");
 		queue.flush();
 		queue.drain(1);

 		assert!(queue.queue_info().is_empty());
 	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_mem_limit() {
+		let spec = get_test_spec();
+		let engine = spec.to_engine().unwrap();
+		let mut config = BlockQueueConfig::default();
+		config.max_mem_use = super::MIN_MEM_LIMIT;  // empty queue uses about 15000
+		let queue = BlockQueue::new(config, Arc::new(engine), IoChannel::disconnected());
+		assert!(!queue.queue_info().is_full());
+		let mut blocks = get_good_dummy_block_seq(50);
+		for b in blocks.drain(..) {
+			queue.import_block(b).unwrap();
+		}
+		assert!(queue.queue_info().is_full());
+	}
 }
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain.rs
@ -1,865 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
-// This file is part of Parity.
-
-// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-
-// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-// GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-//! Blockchain database.
-
-use util::*;
-use rocksdb::{DB, WriteBatch, Writable};
-use header::*;
-use extras::*;
-use transaction::*;
-use views::*;
-
-/// Represents a tree route between `from` block and `to` block:
-pub struct TreeRoute {
-	/// A vector of hashes of all blocks, ordered from `from` to `to`.
-	pub blocks: Vec<H256>,
-	/// Best common ancestor of these blocks.
-	pub ancestor: H256,
-	/// An index where best common ancestor would be.
-	pub index: usize
-}
-
-/// Represents blockchain's in-memory cache size in bytes.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct CacheSize {
-	/// Blocks cache size.
-	pub blocks: usize,
-	/// BlockDetails cache size.
-	pub block_details: usize,
-	/// Transaction addresses cache size.
-	pub transaction_addresses: usize,
-	/// Logs cache size.
-	pub block_logs: usize,
-	/// Blooms cache size.
-	pub blocks_blooms: usize
-}
-
-impl CacheSize {
-	/// Total amount used by the cache.
-	fn total(&self) -> usize { self.blocks + self.block_details + self.transaction_addresses + self.block_logs + self.blocks_blooms }
-}
-
-/// Information about best block gathered together
-struct BestBlock {
-	pub hash: H256,
-	pub number: BlockNumber,
-	pub total_difficulty: U256
-}
-
-impl BestBlock {
-	fn new() -> BestBlock {
-		BestBlock {
-			hash: H256::new(),
-			number: 0,
-			total_difficulty: U256::from(0)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-/// Interface for querying blocks by hash and by number.
-pub trait BlockProvider {
-	/// Returns true if the given block is known
-	/// (though not necessarily a part of the canon chain).
-	fn is_known(&self, hash: &H256) -> bool;
-
-	/// Get raw block data
-	fn block(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes>;
-
-	/// Get the familial details concerning a block.
-	fn block_details(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<BlockDetails>;
-
-	/// Get the hash of given block's number.
-	fn block_hash(&self, index: BlockNumber) -> Option<H256>;
-
-	/// Get the address of transaction with given hash.
-	fn transaction_address(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<TransactionAddress>;
-
-	/// Get the partial-header of a block.
-	fn block_header(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Header> {
-		self.block(hash).map(|bytes| BlockView::new(&bytes).header())
-	}
-
-	/// Get a list of uncles for a given block.
-	/// Returns None if block deos not exist.
-	fn uncles(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Vec<Header>> {
-		self.block(hash).map(|bytes| BlockView::new(&bytes).uncles())
-	}
-
-	/// Get a list of uncle hashes for a given block.
-	/// Returns None if block does not exist.
-	fn uncle_hashes(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Vec<H256>> {
-		self.block(hash).map(|bytes| BlockView::new(&bytes).uncle_hashes())
-	}
-
-	/// Get the number of given block's hash.
-	fn block_number(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<BlockNumber> {
-		self.block(hash).map(|bytes| BlockView::new(&bytes).header_view().number())
-	}
-
-	/// Get transaction with given transaction hash.
-	fn transaction(&self, address: &TransactionAddress) -> Option<LocalizedTransaction> {
-		self.block(&address.block_hash).and_then(|bytes| BlockView::new(&bytes).localized_transaction_at(address.index))
-	}
-
-	/// Get a list of transactions for a given block.
-	/// Returns None if block does not exist.
-	fn transactions(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Vec<LocalizedTransaction>> {
-		self.block(hash).map(|bytes| BlockView::new(&bytes).localized_transactions())
-	}
-
-	/// Returns reference to genesis hash.
-	fn genesis_hash(&self) -> H256 {
-		self.block_hash(0).expect("Genesis hash should always exist")
-	}
-
-	/// Returns the header of the genesis block.
-	fn genesis_header(&self) -> Header {
-		self.block_header(&self.genesis_hash()).unwrap()
-	}
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Hash, Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
-enum CacheID {
-	Block(H256),
-	Extras(ExtrasIndex, H256),
-}
-
-struct CacheManager {
-	cache_usage: VecDeque<HashSet<CacheID>>,
-	in_use: HashSet<CacheID>,
-}
-
-/// Structure providing fast access to blockchain data.
-///
-/// **Does not do input data verification.**
-pub struct BlockChain {
-	pref_cache_size: usize,
-	max_cache_size: usize,
-
-	best_block: RwLock<BestBlock>,
-
-	// block cache
-	blocks: RwLock<HashMap<H256, Bytes>>,
-
-	// extra caches
-	block_details: RwLock<HashMap<H256, BlockDetails>>,
-	block_hashes: RwLock<HashMap<BlockNumber, H256>>,
-	transaction_addresses: RwLock<HashMap<H256, TransactionAddress>>,
-	block_logs: RwLock<HashMap<H256, BlockLogBlooms>>,
-	blocks_blooms: RwLock<HashMap<H256, BlocksBlooms>>,
-
-	extras_db: DB,
-	blocks_db: DB,
-
-	cache_man: RwLock<CacheManager>,
-}
-
-impl BlockProvider for BlockChain {
-	/// Returns true if the given block is known
-	/// (though not necessarily a part of the canon chain).
-	fn is_known(&self, hash: &H256) -> bool {
-		self.query_extras_exist(hash, &self.block_details)
-	}
-
-	/// Get raw block data
-	fn block(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes> {
-		{
-			let read = self.blocks.read().unwrap();
-			if let Some(v) = read.get(hash) {
-				return Some(v.clone());
-			}
-		}
-
-		let opt = self.blocks_db.get(hash)
-			.expect("Low level database error. Some issue with disk?");
-
-		self.note_used(CacheID::Block(hash.clone()));
-
-		match opt {
-			Some(b) => {
-				let bytes: Bytes = b.to_vec();
-				let mut write = self.blocks.write().unwrap();
-				write.insert(hash.clone(), bytes.clone());
-				Some(bytes)
-			},
-			None => None
-		}
-	}
-
-	/// Get the familial details concerning a block.
-	fn block_details(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<BlockDetails> {
-		self.query_extras(hash, &self.block_details)
-	}
-
-	/// Get the hash of given block's number.
-	fn block_hash(&self, index: BlockNumber) -> Option<H256> {
-		self.query_extras(&index, &self.block_hashes)
-	}
-
-	/// Get the address of transaction with given hash.
-	fn transaction_address(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<TransactionAddress> {
-		self.query_extras(hash, &self.transaction_addresses)
-	}
-}
-
-const COLLECTION_QUEUE_SIZE: usize = 8;
-
-impl BlockChain {
-	/// Create new instance of blockchain from given Genesis
-	///
-	/// ```rust
-	/// extern crate ethcore_util as util;
-	/// extern crate ethcore;
-	/// use std::env;
-	/// use std::str::FromStr;
-	/// use ethcore::spec::*;
-	/// use ethcore::blockchain::*;
-	/// use ethcore::ethereum;
-	/// use util::hash::*;
-	/// use util::uint::*;
-	///
-	/// fn main() {
-	/// 	let spec = ethereum::new_frontier();
-	///
-	/// 	let mut dir = env::temp_dir();
-	/// 	dir.push(H32::random().hex());
-	///
-	/// 	let bc = BlockChain::new(&spec.genesis_block(), &dir);
-	///
-	/// 	let genesis_hash = "d4e56740f876aef8c010b86a40d5f56745a118d0906a34e69aec8c0db1cb8fa3";
-	/// 	assert_eq!(bc.genesis_hash(), H256::from_str(genesis_hash).unwrap());
-	/// 	assert!(bc.is_known(&bc.genesis_hash()));
-	/// 	assert_eq!(bc.genesis_hash(), bc.block_hash(0).unwrap());
-	/// }
-	/// ```
-	pub fn new(genesis: &[u8], path: &Path) -> BlockChain {
-		// open extras db
-		let mut extras_path = path.to_path_buf();
-		extras_path.push("extras");
-		let extras_db = DB::open_default(extras_path.to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
-
-		// open blocks db
-		let mut blocks_path = path.to_path_buf();
-		blocks_path.push("blocks");
-		let blocks_db = DB::open_default(blocks_path.to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
-
-		let mut cache_man = CacheManager{cache_usage: VecDeque::new(), in_use: HashSet::new()};
-		(0..COLLECTION_QUEUE_SIZE).foreach(|_| cache_man.cache_usage.push_back(HashSet::new()));
-
-		let bc = BlockChain {
-			pref_cache_size: 1 << 14,
-			max_cache_size: 1 << 20,
-			best_block: RwLock::new(BestBlock::new()),
-			blocks: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-			block_details: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-			block_hashes: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-			transaction_addresses: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-			block_logs: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-			blocks_blooms: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
-			extras_db: extras_db,
-			blocks_db: blocks_db,
-			cache_man: RwLock::new(cache_man),
-		};
-
-		// load best block
-		let best_block_hash = match bc.extras_db.get(b"best").unwrap() {
-			Some(best) => H256::from_slice(&best),
-			None => {
-				// best block does not exist
-				// we need to insert genesis into the cache
-				let block = BlockView::new(genesis);
-				let header = block.header_view();
-				let hash = block.sha3();
-
-				let details = BlockDetails {
-					number: header.number(),
-					total_difficulty: header.difficulty(),
-					parent: header.parent_hash(),
-					children: vec![]
-				};
-
-				bc.blocks_db.put(&hash, genesis).unwrap();
-
-				let batch = WriteBatch::new();
-				batch.put_extras(&hash, &details);
-				batch.put_extras(&header.number(), &hash);
-				batch.put(b"best", &hash).unwrap();
-				bc.extras_db.write(batch).unwrap();
-
-				hash
-			}
-		};
-
-		{
-			let mut best_block = bc.best_block.write().unwrap();
-			best_block.number = bc.block_number(&best_block_hash).unwrap();
-			best_block.total_difficulty = bc.block_details(&best_block_hash).unwrap().total_difficulty;
-			best_block.hash = best_block_hash;
-		}
-
-		bc
-	}
-
-	/// Set the cache configuration.
-	pub fn configure_cache(&mut self, pref_cache_size: usize, max_cache_size: usize) {
-		self.pref_cache_size = pref_cache_size;
-		self.max_cache_size = max_cache_size;
-	}
-
-	/// Returns a tree route between `from` and `to`, which is a tuple of:
-	///
-	/// - a vector of hashes of all blocks, ordered from `from` to `to`.
-	///
-	/// - common ancestor of these blocks.
-	///
-	/// - an index where best common ancestor would be
-	///
-	/// 1.) from newer to older
-	///
-	/// - bc: `A1 -> A2 -> A3 -> A4 -> A5`
-	/// - from: A5, to: A4
-	/// - route:
-	///
-	///   ```json
-	///   { blocks: [A5], ancestor: A4, index: 1 }
-	///   ```
-	///
-	/// 2.) from older to newer
-	///
-	/// - bc: `A1 -> A2 -> A3 -> A4 -> A5`
-	/// - from: A3, to: A4
-	/// - route:
-	///
-	///   ```json
-	///   { blocks: [A4], ancestor: A3, index: 0 }
-	///   ```
-	///
-	/// 3.) fork:
-	///
-	/// - bc:
-	///
-	///   ```text
-	///   A1 -> A2 -> A3 -> A4
-	///              -> B3 -> B4
-	///   ```
-	/// - from: B4, to: A4
-	/// - route:
-	///
-	///   ```json
-	///   { blocks: [B4, B3, A3, A4], ancestor: A2, index: 2 }
-	///   ```
-	pub fn tree_route(&self, from: H256, to: H256) -> Option<TreeRoute> {
-		let from_details = match self.block_details(&from) {
-			Some(h) => h,
-			None => return None,
-		};
-		let to_details = match self.block_details(&to) {
-			Some(h) => h,
-			None => return None,
-		};
-		Some(self.tree_route_aux((&from_details, &from), (&to_details, &to)))
-	}
-
-	/// Similar to `tree_route` function, but can be used to return a route
-	/// between blocks which may not be in database yet.
-	fn tree_route_aux(&self, from: (&BlockDetails, &H256), to: (&BlockDetails, &H256)) -> TreeRoute {
-		let mut from_branch = vec![];
-		let mut to_branch = vec![];
-
-		let mut from_details = from.0.clone();
-		let mut to_details = to.0.clone();
-		let mut current_from = from.1.clone();
-		let mut current_to = to.1.clone();
-
-		// reset from && to to the same level
-		while from_details.number > to_details.number {
-			from_branch.push(current_from);
-			current_from = from_details.parent.clone();
-			from_details = self.block_details(&from_details.parent).unwrap();
-		}
-
-		while to_details.number > from_details.number {
-			to_branch.push(current_to);
-			current_to = to_details.parent.clone();
-			to_details = self.block_details(&to_details.parent).unwrap();
-		}
-
-		assert_eq!(from_details.number, to_details.number);
-
-		// move to shared parent
-		while current_from != current_to {
-			from_branch.push(current_from);
-			current_from = from_details.parent.clone();
-			from_details = self.block_details(&from_details.parent).unwrap();
-
-			to_branch.push(current_to);
-			current_to = to_details.parent.clone();
-			to_details = self.block_details(&to_details.parent).unwrap();
-		}
-
-		let index = from_branch.len();
-
-		from_branch.extend(to_branch.into_iter().rev());
-
-		TreeRoute {
-			blocks: from_branch,
-			ancestor: current_from,
-			index: index
-		}
-	}
-
-	/// Inserts the block into backing cache database.
-	/// Expects the block to be valid and already verified.
-	/// If the block is already known, does nothing.
-	pub fn insert_block(&self, bytes: &[u8]) {
-		// create views onto rlp
-		let block = BlockView::new(bytes);
-		let header = block.header_view();
-		let hash = header.sha3();
-
-		if self.is_known(&hash) {
-			return;
-		}
-
-		// store block in db
-		self.blocks_db.put(&hash, &bytes).unwrap();
-		let (batch, new_best, details) = self.block_to_extras_insert_batch(bytes);
-
-		// update best block
-		let mut best_block = self.best_block.write().unwrap();
-		if let Some(b) = new_best {
-			*best_block = b;
-		}
-
-		// update caches
-		let mut write = self.block_details.write().unwrap();
-		write.remove(&header.parent_hash());
-		write.insert(hash.clone(), details);
-		self.note_used(CacheID::Block(hash));
-
-		// update extras database
-		self.extras_db.write(batch).unwrap();
-	}
-
-	/// Transforms block into WriteBatch that may be written into database
-	/// Additionally, if it's new best block it returns new best block object.
-	fn block_to_extras_insert_batch(&self, bytes: &[u8]) -> (WriteBatch, Option<BestBlock>, BlockDetails) {
-		// create views onto rlp
-		let block = BlockView::new(bytes);
-		let header = block.header_view();
-
-		// prepare variables
-		let hash = block.sha3();
-		let mut parent_details = self.block_details(&header.parent_hash()).expect("Invalid parent hash.");
-		let total_difficulty = parent_details.total_difficulty + header.difficulty();
-		let is_new_best = total_difficulty > self.best_block_total_difficulty();
-		let parent_hash = header.parent_hash();
-
-		// create current block details
-		let details = BlockDetails {
-			number: header.number(),
-			total_difficulty: total_difficulty,
-			parent: parent_hash.clone(),
-			children: vec![]
-		};
-
-		// prepare the batch
-		let batch = WriteBatch::new();
-
-		// insert new block details
-		batch.put_extras(&hash, &details);
-
-		// update parent details
-		parent_details.children.push(hash.clone());
-		batch.put_extras(&parent_hash, &parent_details);
-
-		// update transaction addresses
-		for (i, tx_hash) in block.transaction_hashes().iter().enumerate() {
-			batch.put_extras(tx_hash, &TransactionAddress {
-				block_hash: hash.clone(),
-				index: i
-			});
-		}
-
-		// if it's not new best block, just return
-		if !is_new_best {
-			return (batch, None, details);
-		}
-
-		// if its new best block we need to make sure that all ancestors
-		// are moved to "canon chain"
-		// find the route between old best block and the new one
-		let best_hash = self.best_block_hash();
-		let best_details = self.block_details(&best_hash).expect("best block hash is invalid!");
-		let route = self.tree_route_aux((&best_details, &best_hash), (&details, &hash));
-
-		match route.blocks.len() {
-			// its our parent
-			1 => batch.put_extras(&header.number(), &hash),
-			// it is a fork
-			i if i > 1 => {
-				let ancestor_number = self.block_number(&route.ancestor).unwrap();
-				let start_number = ancestor_number + 1;
-				for (index, hash) in route.blocks.iter().skip(route.index).enumerate() {
-					batch.put_extras(&(start_number + index as BlockNumber), hash);
-				}
-			},
-			// route.blocks.len() could be 0 only if inserted block is best block,
-			// and this is not possible at this stage
-			_ => { unreachable!(); }
-		};
-
-		// this is new best block
-		batch.put(b"best", &hash).unwrap();
-
-		let best_block = BestBlock {
-			hash: hash,
-			number: header.number(),
-			total_difficulty: total_difficulty
-		};
-
-		(batch, Some(best_block), details)
-	}
-
-	/// Returns true if transaction is known.
-	pub fn is_known_transaction(&self, hash: &H256) -> bool {
-		self.query_extras_exist(hash, &self.transaction_addresses)
-	}
-
-	/// Get best block hash.
-	pub fn best_block_hash(&self) -> H256 {
-		self.best_block.read().unwrap().hash.clone()
-	}
-
-	/// Get best block number.
-	pub fn best_block_number(&self) -> BlockNumber {
-		self.best_block.read().unwrap().number
-	}
-
-	/// Get best block total difficulty.
-	pub fn best_block_total_difficulty(&self) -> U256 {
-		self.best_block.read().unwrap().total_difficulty
-	}
-
-	/// Get the transactions' log blooms of a block.
-	pub fn log_blooms(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<BlockLogBlooms> {
-		self.query_extras(hash, &self.block_logs)
-	}
-
-	fn query_extras<K, T>(&self, hash: &K, cache: &RwLock<HashMap<K, T>>) -> Option<T> where
-		T: Clone + Decodable + ExtrasIndexable,
-		K: ExtrasSliceConvertable + Eq + Hash + Clone {
-		{
-			let read = cache.read().unwrap();
-			if let Some(v) = read.get(hash) {
-				return Some(v.clone());
-			}
-		}
-
-		if let Some(h) = hash.as_h256() {
-			self.note_used(CacheID::Extras(T::extras_index(), h.clone()));
-		}
-
-		self.extras_db.get_extras(hash).map(| t: T | {
-			let mut write = cache.write().unwrap();
-			write.insert(hash.clone(), t.clone());
-			t
-		})
-	}
-
-	fn query_extras_exist<K, T>(&self, hash: &K, cache: &RwLock<HashMap<K, T>>) -> bool where
-		K: ExtrasSliceConvertable + Eq + Hash + Clone,
-		T: ExtrasIndexable {
-		{
-			let read = cache.read().unwrap();
-			if let Some(_) = read.get(hash) {
-				return true;
-			}
-		}
-
-		self.extras_db.extras_exists::<_, T>(hash)
-	}
-
-	/// Get current cache size.
-	pub fn cache_size(&self) -> CacheSize {
-		CacheSize {
-			blocks: self.blocks.read().unwrap().heap_size_of_children(),
-			block_details: self.block_details.read().unwrap().heap_size_of_children(),
-			transaction_addresses: self.transaction_addresses.read().unwrap().heap_size_of_children(),
-			block_logs: self.block_logs.read().unwrap().heap_size_of_children(),
-			blocks_blooms: self.blocks_blooms.read().unwrap().heap_size_of_children()
-		}
-	}
-
-	/// Let the cache system know that a cacheable item has been used.
-	fn note_used(&self, id: CacheID) {
-		let mut cache_man = self.cache_man.write().unwrap();
-		if !cache_man.cache_usage[0].contains(&id) {
-			cache_man.cache_usage[0].insert(id.clone());
-			if cache_man.in_use.contains(&id) {
-				if let Some(c) = cache_man.cache_usage.iter_mut().skip(1).find(|e|e.contains(&id)) {
-					c.remove(&id);
-				}
-			} else {
-				cache_man.in_use.insert(id);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	/// Ticks our cache system and throws out any old data.
-	pub fn collect_garbage(&self) {
-		if self.cache_size().total() < self.pref_cache_size { return; }
-
-		for _ in 0..COLLECTION_QUEUE_SIZE {
-			{
-				let mut cache_man = self.cache_man.write().unwrap();
-				let mut blocks = self.blocks.write().unwrap();
-				let mut block_details = self.block_details.write().unwrap();
-				let mut block_hashes = self.block_hashes.write().unwrap();
-				let mut transaction_addresses = self.transaction_addresses.write().unwrap();
-				let mut block_logs = self.block_logs.write().unwrap();
-				let mut blocks_blooms = self.blocks_blooms.write().unwrap();
-
-				for id in cache_man.cache_usage.pop_back().unwrap().into_iter() {
-					cache_man.in_use.remove(&id);
-					match id {
-						CacheID::Block(h) => { blocks.remove(&h); },
-						CacheID::Extras(ExtrasIndex::BlockDetails, h) => { block_details.remove(&h); },
-						CacheID::Extras(ExtrasIndex::TransactionAddress, h) => { transaction_addresses.remove(&h); },
-						CacheID::Extras(ExtrasIndex::BlockLogBlooms, h) => { block_logs.remove(&h); },
-						CacheID::Extras(ExtrasIndex::BlocksBlooms, h) => { blocks_blooms.remove(&h); },
-						_ => panic!(),
-					}
-				}
-				cache_man.cache_usage.push_front(HashSet::new());
-
-				// TODO: handle block_hashes properly.
-				block_hashes.clear();
-			}
-			if self.cache_size().total() < self.max_cache_size { break; }
-		}
-
-		// TODO: m_lastCollection = chrono::system_clock::now();
-	}
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-	use std::str::FromStr;
-	use rustc_serialize::hex::FromHex;
-	use util::hash::*;
-	use blockchain::*;
-	use tests::helpers::*;
-
-	#[test]
-	fn valid_tests_extra32() {
-		let genesis = "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".from_hex().unwrap();
-
-		let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
-		let bc = BlockChain::new(&genesis, temp.as_path());
-
-		let genesis_hash = H256::from_str("3caa2203f3d7c136c0295ed128a7d31cea520b1ca5e27afe17d0853331798942").unwrap();
-
-		assert_eq!(bc.genesis_hash(), genesis_hash.clone());
-		assert_eq!(bc.best_block_number(), 0);
-		assert_eq!(bc.best_block_hash(), genesis_hash.clone());
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_hash(0), Some(genesis_hash.clone()));
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_hash(1), None);
-		
-		let first = "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".from_hex().unwrap();
-
-		bc.insert_block(&first);
-
-		let first_hash = H256::from_str("a940e5af7d146b3b917c953a82e1966b906dace3a4e355b5b0a4560190357ea1").unwrap();
-
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_hash(0), Some(genesis_hash.clone()));
-		assert_eq!(bc.best_block_number(), 1);
-		assert_eq!(bc.best_block_hash(), first_hash.clone());
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_hash(1), Some(first_hash.clone()));
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_details(&first_hash).unwrap().parent, genesis_hash.clone());
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_details(&genesis_hash).unwrap().children, vec![first_hash.clone()]);
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_hash(2), None);
-	}
-
-	#[test]
-	#[allow(cyclomatic_complexity)]
-	fn test_small_fork() {
-		let genesis = "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".from_hex().unwrap();
-		let b1 = "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".from_hex().unwrap();
-		let b2 = "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".from_hex().unwrap();
-		let b3a = "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".from_hex().unwrap();
-		let b3b = "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".from_hex().unwrap();
-
-		let genesis_hash = H256::from_str("5716670833ec874362d65fea27a7cd35af5897d275b31a44944113111e4e96d2").unwrap();
-		let b1_hash = H256::from_str("437e51676ff10756fcfee5edd9159fa41dbcb1b2c592850450371cbecd54ee4f").unwrap();
-		let b2_hash = H256::from_str("36fde1253128666fcb95a5956da14a73489e988bb72738717ec1d31e1cee781a").unwrap();
-		let b3a_hash = H256::from_str("c208f88c9f5bf7e00840439742c12e5226d9752981f3ec0521bdcb6dd08af277").unwrap();
-		let b3b_hash = H256::from_str("bf72270ae0d95c9ea39a6adab994793fddb8c10fba7391e26279474124605d54").unwrap();
-
-		// b3a is a part of canon chain, whereas b3b is part of sidechain
-		let best_block_hash = H256::from_str("c208f88c9f5bf7e00840439742c12e5226d9752981f3ec0521bdcb6dd08af277").unwrap();
-
-		let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
-		let bc = BlockChain::new(&genesis, temp.as_path());
-		bc.insert_block(&b1);
-		bc.insert_block(&b2);
-		bc.insert_block(&b3a);
-		bc.insert_block(&b3b);
-
-		assert_eq!(bc.best_block_hash(), best_block_hash);
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_number(&genesis_hash).unwrap(), 0);
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_number(&b1_hash).unwrap(), 1);
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_number(&b2_hash).unwrap(), 2);
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_number(&b3a_hash).unwrap(), 3);
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_number(&b3b_hash).unwrap(), 3);
-
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_hash(0).unwrap(), genesis_hash);
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_hash(1).unwrap(), b1_hash);
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_hash(2).unwrap(), b2_hash);
-		assert_eq!(bc.block_hash(3).unwrap(), b3a_hash);
-
-		// test trie route
-		let r0_1 = bc.tree_route(genesis_hash.clone(), b1_hash.clone()).unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(r0_1.ancestor, genesis_hash);
-		assert_eq!(r0_1.blocks, [b1_hash.clone()]);
-		assert_eq!(r0_1.index, 0);
-
-		let r0_2 = bc.tree_route(genesis_hash.clone(), b2_hash.clone()).unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(r0_2.ancestor, genesis_hash);
-		assert_eq!(r0_2.blocks, [b1_hash.clone(), b2_hash.clone()]);
-		assert_eq!(r0_2.index, 0);
-
-		let r1_3a = bc.tree_route(b1_hash.clone(), b3a_hash.clone()).unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(r1_3a.ancestor, b1_hash);
-		assert_eq!(r1_3a.blocks, [b2_hash.clone(), b3a_hash.clone()]);
-		assert_eq!(r1_3a.index, 0);
-
-		let r1_3b = bc.tree_route(b1_hash.clone(), b3b_hash.clone()).unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(r1_3b.ancestor, b1_hash);
-		assert_eq!(r1_3b.blocks, [b2_hash.clone(), b3b_hash.clone()]);
-		assert_eq!(r1_3b.index, 0);
-
-		let r3a_3b = bc.tree_route(b3a_hash.clone(), b3b_hash.clone()).unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(r3a_3b.ancestor, b2_hash);
-		assert_eq!(r3a_3b.blocks, [b3a_hash.clone(), b3b_hash.clone()]);
-		assert_eq!(r3a_3b.index, 1);
-
-		let r1_0 = bc.tree_route(b1_hash.clone(), genesis_hash.clone()).unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(r1_0.ancestor, genesis_hash);
-		assert_eq!(r1_0.blocks, [b1_hash.clone()]);
-		assert_eq!(r1_0.index, 1);
-
-		let r2_0 = bc.tree_route(b2_hash.clone(), genesis_hash.clone()).unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(r2_0.ancestor, genesis_hash);
-		assert_eq!(r2_0.blocks, [b2_hash.clone(), b1_hash.clone()]);
-		assert_eq!(r2_0.index, 2);
-
-		let r3a_1 = bc.tree_route(b3a_hash.clone(), b1_hash.clone()).unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(r3a_1.ancestor, b1_hash);
-		assert_eq!(r3a_1.blocks, [b3a_hash.clone(), b2_hash.clone()]);
-		assert_eq!(r3a_1.index, 2);
-
-		let r3b_1 = bc.tree_route(b3b_hash.clone(), b1_hash.clone()).unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(r3b_1.ancestor, b1_hash);
-		assert_eq!(r3b_1.blocks, [b3b_hash.clone(), b2_hash.clone()]);
-		assert_eq!(r3b_1.index, 2);
-
-		let r3b_3a = bc.tree_route(b3b_hash.clone(), b3a_hash.clone()).unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(r3b_3a.ancestor, b2_hash);
-		assert_eq!(r3b_3a.blocks, [b3b_hash.clone(), b3a_hash.clone()]);
-		assert_eq!(r3b_3a.index, 1);
-	}
-
-	#[test]
-	fn test_reopen_blockchain_db() {
-		let genesis = "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".from_hex().unwrap();
-		let b1 = "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".from_hex().unwrap();
-		let genesis_hash = H256::from_str("5716670833ec874362d65fea27a7cd35af5897d275b31a44944113111e4e96d2").unwrap();
-		let b1_hash = H256::from_str("437e51676ff10756fcfee5edd9159fa41dbcb1b2c592850450371cbecd54ee4f").unwrap();
-
-		let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
-		{
-			let bc = BlockChain::new(&genesis, temp.as_path());
-			assert_eq!(bc.best_block_hash(), genesis_hash);
-			bc.insert_block(&b1);
-			assert_eq!(bc.best_block_hash(), b1_hash);
-		}
-
-		{
-			let bc = BlockChain::new(&genesis, temp.as_path());
-			assert_eq!(bc.best_block_hash(), b1_hash);
-		}
-	}
-
-	#[test]
-	fn can_contain_arbitrary_block_sequence() {
-		let bc_result = generate_dummy_blockchain(50);
-		let bc = bc_result.reference();
-		assert_eq!(bc.best_block_number(), 49);
-	}
-
-	#[test]
-	fn can_collect_garbage() {
-		let bc_result = generate_dummy_blockchain(3000);
-		let bc = bc_result.reference();
-
-		assert_eq!(bc.best_block_number(), 2999);
-		let best_hash = bc.best_block_hash();
-		let mut block_header = bc.block_header(&best_hash);
-
-		while !block_header.is_none() {
-			block_header = bc.block_header(&block_header.unwrap().parent_hash);
-		}
-		assert!(bc.cache_size().blocks > 1024 * 1024);
-
-		for _ in 0..2 {
-			bc.collect_garbage();
-		}
-		assert!(bc.cache_size().blocks < 1024 * 1024);
-	}
-
-	#[test]
-	fn can_contain_arbitrary_block_sequence_with_extra() {
-		let bc_result = generate_dummy_blockchain_with_extra(25);
-		let bc = bc_result.reference();
-		assert_eq!(bc.best_block_number(), 24);
-	}
-
-	#[test]
-	fn can_contain_only_genesis_block() {
-		let bc_result = generate_dummy_empty_blockchain();
-		let bc = bc_result.reference();
-		assert_eq!(bc.best_block_number(), 0);
-	}
-
-	#[test]
-	fn find_transaction_by_hash() {
-		let genesis = "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".from_hex().unwrap();
-		let b1 = "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".from_hex().unwrap();
-		let b1_hash = H256::from_str("f53f268d23a71e85c7d6d83a9504298712b84c1a2ba220441c86eeda0bf0b6e3").unwrap();
-
-		let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
-		let bc = BlockChain::new(&genesis, temp.as_path());
-		bc.insert_block(&b1);
-	
-		let transactions = bc.transactions(&b1_hash).unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(transactions.len(), 7);
-		for t in transactions {
-			assert_eq!(bc.transaction(&bc.transaction_address(&t.hash()).unwrap()).unwrap(), t);
-		}
-	}
-}
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/best_block.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/best_block.rs
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use util::numbers::{U256,H256};
+use header::BlockNumber;
+
+/// Best block info.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct BestBlock {
+	/// Best block hash.
+	pub hash: H256,
+	/// Best block number.
+	pub number: BlockNumber,
+	/// Best block total difficulty.
+	pub total_difficulty: U256
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/block_info.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/block_info.rs
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use util::numbers::{U256,H256};
+use header::BlockNumber;
+
+/// Brief info about inserted block.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct BlockInfo {
+	/// Block hash.
+	pub hash: H256,
+	/// Block number.
+	pub number: BlockNumber,
+	/// Total block difficulty.
+	pub total_difficulty: U256,
+	/// Block location in blockchain.
+	pub location: BlockLocation
+}
+
+/// Describes location of newly inserted block.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum BlockLocation {
+	/// It's part of the canon chain.
+	CanonChain,
+	/// It's not a part of the canon chain.
+	Branch,
+	/// It's part of the fork which should become canon chain,
+	/// because it's total difficulty is higher than current
+	/// canon chain difficulty.
+	BranchBecomingCanonChain {
+		/// Hash of the newest common ancestor with old canon chain.
+		ancestor: H256,
+		/// Hashes of the blocks between ancestor and this block.
+		enacted: Vec<H256>,
+		/// Hashes of the blocks which were invalidated.
+		retracted: Vec<H256>,
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/blockchain.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/blockchain.rs
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/bloom_indexer.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/bloom_indexer.rs
@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use util::numbers::H256;
+use chainfilter::BloomIndex;
+
+/// Represents location of block bloom in extras database.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct BlocksBloomLocation {
+	/// Unique hash of BlocksBloom
+	pub hash: H256,
+	/// Index within BlocksBloom
+	pub index: usize,
+}
+
+/// Should be used to localize blocks blooms in extras database.
+pub struct BloomIndexer {
+	index_size: usize,
+	levels: u8,
+}
+
+impl BloomIndexer {
+	/// Plain constructor.
+	pub fn new(index_size: usize, levels: u8) -> Self {
+		BloomIndexer {
+			index_size: index_size,
+			levels: levels
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// Calculates bloom's position in database.
+	pub fn location(&self, bloom_index: &BloomIndex) -> BlocksBloomLocation {
+		use std::{mem, ptr};
+
+		let hash = unsafe {
+			let mut hash: H256 = mem::zeroed();
+			ptr::copy(&[bloom_index.index / self.index_size] as *const usize as *const u8, hash.as_mut_ptr(), 8);
+			hash[8] = bloom_index.level;
+			hash.reverse();
+			hash
+		};
+
+		BlocksBloomLocation {
+			hash: hash,
+			index: bloom_index.index % self.index_size
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// Returns index size.
+	pub fn index_size(&self) -> usize {
+		self.index_size
+	}
+
+	/// Returns number of cache levels.
+	pub fn levels(&self) -> u8 {
+		self.levels
+	}
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+	use std::str::FromStr;
+	use util::hash::{H256, FixedHash};
+	use chainfilter::BloomIndex;
+	use blockchain::bloom_indexer::{BloomIndexer, BlocksBloomLocation};
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_bloom_indexer() {
+		let bi = BloomIndexer::new(16, 3);
+
+		let index = BloomIndex::new(0, 0);
+		assert_eq!(bi.location(&index), BlocksBloomLocation {
+			hash: H256::new(),
+			index: 0
+		});
+
+		let index = BloomIndex::new(1, 0);
+		assert_eq!(bi.location(&index), BlocksBloomLocation {
+			hash: H256::from_str("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000").unwrap(),
+			index: 0
+		});
+
+		let index = BloomIndex::new(0, 299_999);
+		assert_eq!(bi.location(&index), BlocksBloomLocation {
+			hash: H256::from_str("000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000493d").unwrap(),
+			index: 15
+		});
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/cache.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/cache.rs
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+/// Represents blockchain's in-memory cache size in bytes.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CacheSize {
+	/// Blocks cache size.
+	pub blocks: usize,
+	/// BlockDetails cache size.
+	pub block_details: usize,
+	/// Transaction addresses cache size.
+	pub transaction_addresses: usize,
+	/// Logs cache size.
+	pub block_logs: usize,
+	/// Blooms cache size.
+	pub blocks_blooms: usize,
+	/// Block receipts size.
+	pub block_receipts: usize,
+}
+
+impl CacheSize {
+	/// Total amount used by the cache.
+	pub fn total(&self) -> usize { self.blocks + self.block_details + self.transaction_addresses + self.block_logs + self.blocks_blooms }
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/generator/block.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/generator/block.rs
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use util::rlp::*;
+use util::{H256, H2048};
+use util::U256;
+use util::bytes::Bytes;
+use header::Header;
+use transaction::SignedTransaction;
+
+use super::fork::Forkable;
+use super::bloom::WithBloom;
+use super::complete::CompleteBlock;
+
+/// Helper structure, used for encoding blocks.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Block {
+	pub header: Header,
+	pub transactions: Vec<SignedTransaction>,
+	pub uncles: Vec<Header>
+}
+
+impl Encodable for Block {
+	fn rlp_append(&self, s: &mut RlpStream) {
+		s.begin_list(3);
+		s.append(&self.header);
+		s.append(&self.transactions);
+		s.append(&self.uncles);
+	}
+}
+
+impl Forkable for Block {
+	fn fork(mut self, fork_number: usize) -> Self where Self: Sized {
+		self.header.difficulty = self.header.difficulty - U256::from(fork_number);
+		self
+	}
+}
+
+impl WithBloom for Block {
+	fn with_bloom(mut self, bloom: H2048) -> Self where Self: Sized {
+		self.header.log_bloom = bloom;
+		self
+	}
+}
+
+impl CompleteBlock for Block {
+	fn complete(mut self, parent_hash: H256) -> Bytes {
+		self.header.parent_hash = parent_hash;
+		encode(&self).to_vec()
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/generator/bloom.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/generator/bloom.rs
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use util::hash::H2048;
+
+pub trait WithBloom {
+	fn with_bloom(self, bloom: H2048) -> Self where Self: Sized;
+}
+
+pub struct Bloom<'a, I> where I: 'a {
+	pub iter: &'a mut I,
+	pub bloom: H2048,
+}
+
+impl<'a, I> Iterator for Bloom<'a, I> where I: Iterator, <I as Iterator>::Item: WithBloom {
+	type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+		self.iter.next().map(|item| item.with_bloom(self.bloom.clone()))
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/generator/complete.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/generator/complete.rs
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use util::hash::H256;
+use util::bytes::Bytes;
+use util::sha3::Hashable;
+use views::BlockView;
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+pub struct BlockFinalizer {
+	parent_hash: H256
+}
+
+impl BlockFinalizer {
+	pub fn fork(&self) -> Self {
+		self.clone()
+	}
+}
+
+pub trait CompleteBlock {
+	fn complete(self, parent_hash: H256) -> Bytes;
+}
+
+pub struct Complete<'a, I> where I: 'a {
+	pub iter: &'a mut I,
+	pub finalizer: &'a mut BlockFinalizer,
+}
+
+impl<'a, I> Iterator for Complete<'a, I> where I: Iterator, <I as Iterator>::Item: CompleteBlock {
+	type Item = Bytes;
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+		self.iter.next().map(|item| {
+			let rlp = item.complete(self.finalizer.parent_hash.clone());
+			self.finalizer.parent_hash = BlockView::new(&rlp).header_view().sha3();
+			rlp
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/generator/fork.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/generator/fork.rs
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+pub trait Forkable {
+	fn fork(self, fork_number: usize) -> Self where Self: Sized;
+}
+
+pub struct Fork<I> {
+	pub iter: I,
+	pub fork_number: usize,
+}
+
+impl<I> Clone for Fork<I> where I: Iterator + Clone {
+	fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+		Fork {
+			iter: self.iter.clone(),
+			fork_number: self.fork_number
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl<I> Iterator for Fork<I> where I: Iterator, <I as Iterator>::Item: Forkable {
+	type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+		self.iter.next().map(|item| item.fork(self.fork_number))
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/generator/generator.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/generator/generator.rs
@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use util::hash::H2048;
+use util::numbers::U256;
+use util::bytes::Bytes;
+use header::BlockNumber;
+use super::fork::Fork;
+use super::bloom::Bloom;
+use super::complete::{BlockFinalizer, CompleteBlock, Complete};
+use super::block::Block;
+
+/// Chain iterator interface.
+pub trait ChainIterator: Iterator + Sized {
+	/// Should be called to create a fork of current iterator.
+	/// Blocks generated by fork will have lower difficulty than current chain.
+	fn fork(&self, fork_number: usize) -> Fork<Self> where Self: Clone;
+	/// Should be called to make every consecutive block have given bloom.
+	fn with_bloom(&mut self, bloom: H2048) -> Bloom<Self>;
+	/// Should be called to complete block. Without complete, block may have incorrect hash.
+	fn complete<'a>(&'a mut self, finalizer: &'a mut BlockFinalizer) -> Complete<'a, Self>;
+	/// Completes and generates block.
+	fn generate<'a>(&'a mut self, finalizer: &'a mut BlockFinalizer) -> Option<Bytes> where Self::Item: CompleteBlock;
+}
+
+impl<I> ChainIterator for I where I: Iterator + Sized {
+	fn fork(&self, fork_number: usize) -> Fork<Self> where I: Clone {
+		Fork {
+			iter: self.clone(),
+			fork_number: fork_number
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn with_bloom(&mut self, bloom: H2048) -> Bloom<Self> {
+		Bloom {
+			iter: self,
+			bloom: bloom
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn complete<'a>(&'a mut self, finalizer: &'a mut BlockFinalizer) -> Complete<'a, Self> {
+		Complete {
+			iter: self,
+			finalizer: finalizer
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn generate<'a>(&'a mut self, finalizer: &'a mut BlockFinalizer) -> Option<Bytes> where <I as Iterator>::Item: CompleteBlock {
+		self.complete(finalizer).next()
+	}
+}
+
+/// Blockchain generator.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ChainGenerator {
+	/// Next block number.
+	number: BlockNumber,
+	/// Next block difficulty.
+	difficulty: U256,
+}
+
+impl ChainGenerator {
+	fn prepare_block(&self) -> Block {
+		let mut block = Block::default();
+		block.header.number = self.number;
+		block.header.difficulty = self.difficulty;
+		block
+	}
+}
+
+impl Default for ChainGenerator {
+	fn default() -> Self {
+		ChainGenerator {
+			number: 0,
+			difficulty: U256::from(1000),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Iterator for ChainGenerator {
+	type Item = Block;
+
+	fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+		let block = self.prepare_block();
+		self.number += 1;
+		Some(block)
+	}
+}
+
+mod tests {
+	use util::hash::{H256, H2048};
+	use util::sha3::Hashable;
+	use views::BlockView;
+	use blockchain::generator::{ChainIterator, ChainGenerator, BlockFinalizer};
+
+	#[test]
+	fn canon_chain_generator() {
+		let mut canon_chain = ChainGenerator::default();
+		let mut finalizer = BlockFinalizer::default();
+
+		let genesis_rlp = canon_chain.generate(&mut finalizer).unwrap();
+		let genesis = BlockView::new(&genesis_rlp);
+
+		assert_eq!(genesis.header_view().parent_hash(), H256::default());
+		assert_eq!(genesis.header_view().number(), 0);
+
+		let b1_rlp = canon_chain.generate(&mut finalizer).unwrap();
+		let b1 = BlockView::new(&b1_rlp);
+
+		assert_eq!(b1.header_view().parent_hash(), genesis.header_view().sha3());
+		assert_eq!(b1.header_view().number(), 1);
+
+		let mut fork_chain = canon_chain.fork(1);
+
+		let b2_rlp_fork = fork_chain.generate(&mut finalizer.fork()).unwrap();
+		let b2_fork = BlockView::new(&b2_rlp_fork);
+
+		assert_eq!(b2_fork.header_view().parent_hash(), b1.header_view().sha3());
+		assert_eq!(b2_fork.header_view().number(), 2);
+
+		let b2_rlp = canon_chain.generate(&mut finalizer).unwrap();
+		let b2 = BlockView::new(&b2_rlp);
+
+		assert_eq!(b2.header_view().parent_hash(), b1.header_view().sha3());
+		assert_eq!(b2.header_view().number(), 2);
+		assert!(b2.header_view().difficulty() > b2_fork.header_view().difficulty());
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn with_bloom_generator() {
+		let bloom = H2048([0x1; 256]);
+		let mut gen = ChainGenerator::default();
+		let mut finalizer = BlockFinalizer::default();
+
+		let block0_rlp = gen.with_bloom(bloom).generate(&mut finalizer).unwrap();
+		let block1_rlp = gen.generate(&mut finalizer).unwrap();
+		let block0 = BlockView::new(&block0_rlp);
+		let block1 = BlockView::new(&block1_rlp);
+
+		assert_eq!(block0.header_view().number(), 0);
+		assert_eq!(block0.header_view().parent_hash(), H256::default());
+
+		assert_eq!(block1.header_view().number(), 1);
+		assert_eq!(block1.header_view().parent_hash(), block0.header_view().sha3());
+
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn generate_1000_blocks() {
+		let generator = ChainGenerator::default();
+		let mut finalizer = BlockFinalizer::default();
+		let blocks: Vec<_> = generator.take(1000).complete(&mut finalizer).collect();
+		assert_eq!(blocks.len(), 1000);
+	}
+}
+
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/generator/mod.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/generator/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+mod bloom;
+mod block;
+mod complete;
+mod fork;
+pub mod generator;
+
+pub use self::complete::BlockFinalizer;
+pub use self::generator::{ChainIterator, ChainGenerator};
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/import_route.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/import_route.rs
@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Import route.
+
+use util::hash::H256;
+use blockchain::block_info::{BlockInfo, BlockLocation};
+
+/// Import route for newly inserted block.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ImportRoute {
+	/// Blocks that were invalidated by new block.
+	pub retracted: Vec<H256>,
+	/// Blocks that were validated by new block.
+	pub enacted: Vec<H256>,
+}
+
+impl ImportRoute {
+	pub fn none() -> Self {
+		ImportRoute {
+			retracted: vec![],
+			enacted: vec![],
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<BlockInfo> for ImportRoute {
+	fn from(info: BlockInfo) -> ImportRoute {
+		match info.location {
+			BlockLocation::CanonChain => ImportRoute {
+				retracted: vec![],
+				enacted: vec![info.hash],
+			},
+			BlockLocation::Branch => ImportRoute::none(),
+			BlockLocation::BranchBecomingCanonChain { mut enacted, retracted, .. } => {
+				enacted.push(info.hash);
+				ImportRoute {
+					retracted: retracted,
+					enacted: enacted,
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+	use util::hash::H256;
+	use util::numbers::U256;
+	use blockchain::block_info::{BlockInfo, BlockLocation};
+	use blockchain::ImportRoute;
+
+	#[test]
+	fn import_route_none() {
+		assert_eq!(ImportRoute::none(), ImportRoute {
+			enacted: vec![],
+			retracted: vec![],
+		});
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn import_route_branch() {
+		let info = BlockInfo {
+			hash: H256::from(U256::from(1)),
+			number: 0,
+			total_difficulty: U256::from(0),
+			location: BlockLocation::Branch,
+		};
+
+		assert_eq!(ImportRoute::from(info), ImportRoute::none());
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn import_route_canon_chain() {
+		let info = BlockInfo {
+			hash: H256::from(U256::from(1)),
+			number: 0,
+			total_difficulty: U256::from(0),
+			location: BlockLocation::CanonChain,
+		};
+
+		assert_eq!(ImportRoute::from(info), ImportRoute {
+			retracted: vec![],
+			enacted: vec![H256::from(U256::from(1))],
+		});
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn import_route_branch_becoming_canon_chain() {
+		let info = BlockInfo {
+			hash: H256::from(U256::from(2)),
+			number: 0,
+			total_difficulty: U256::from(0),
+			location: BlockLocation::BranchBecomingCanonChain {
+			ancestor: H256::from(U256::from(0)),
+				enacted: vec![H256::from(U256::from(1))],
+				retracted: vec![H256::from(U256::from(3)), H256::from(U256::from(4))],
+			}
+		};
+
+		assert_eq!(ImportRoute::from(info), ImportRoute {
+			retracted: vec![H256::from(U256::from(3)), H256::from(U256::from(4))],
+			enacted: vec![H256::from(U256::from(1)), H256::from(U256::from(2))],
+		});
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/mod.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Blockchain database.
+
+pub mod blockchain;
+mod best_block;
+mod block_info;
+mod bloom_indexer;
+mod cache;
+mod tree_route;
+mod update;
+mod import_route;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod generator;
+
+pub use self::blockchain::{BlockProvider, BlockChain, BlockChainConfig};
+pub use self::cache::CacheSize;
+pub use self::tree_route::TreeRoute;
+pub use self::import_route::ImportRoute;
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/tree_route.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/tree_route.rs
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use util::numbers::H256;
+
+/// Represents a tree route between `from` block and `to` block:
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TreeRoute {
+	/// A vector of hashes of all blocks, ordered from `from` to `to`.
+	pub blocks: Vec<H256>,
+	/// Best common ancestor of these blocks.
+	pub ancestor: H256,
+	/// An index where best common ancestor would be.
+	pub index: usize,
+}
+
--- a/ethcore/src/blockchain/update.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/blockchain/update.rs
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use util::numbers::H256;
+use header::BlockNumber;
+use blockchain::block_info::BlockInfo;
+use extras::{BlockDetails, BlockReceipts, TransactionAddress, BlocksBlooms};
+
+/// Block extras update info.
+pub struct ExtrasUpdate {
+	/// Block info.
+	pub info: BlockInfo,
+	/// Modified block hashes.
+	pub block_hashes: HashMap<BlockNumber, H256>,
+	/// Modified block details.
+	pub block_details: HashMap<H256, BlockDetails>,
+	/// Modified block receipts.
+	pub block_receipts: HashMap<H256, BlockReceipts>,
+	/// Modified transaction addresses.
+	pub transactions_addresses: HashMap<H256, TransactionAddress>,
+	/// Modified blocks blooms.
+	pub blocks_blooms: HashMap<H256, BlocksBlooms>,
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/builtin.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/builtin.rs
@ -63,14 +63,16 @@ impl Builtin {

 	/// Create a builtin from JSON.
 	///
-	/// JSON must be of the form `{ "name": "identity", "linear": {"base": 10, "word": 20} }`.
+	/// JSON must be of the form `{ "name": "identity", "pricing": {"base": 10, "word": 20} }`.
 	pub fn from_json(json: &Json) -> Option<Builtin> {
 		// NICE: figure out a more convenient means of handing errors here.
 		if let Json::String(ref name) = json["name"] {
-			if let Json::Object(ref o) = json["linear"] {
-				if let Json::U64(ref word) = o["word"] {
-					if let Json::U64(ref base) = o["base"] {
-						return Self::from_named_linear(&name[..], *base as usize, *word as usize);
+			if let Json::Object(ref o) = json["pricing"] {
+				if let Json::Object(ref o) = o["linear"] {
+					if let Json::U64(ref word) = o["word"] {
+						if let Json::U64(ref base) = o["base"] {
+							return Self::from_named_linear(&name[..], *base as usize, *word as usize);
+						}
 					}
 				}
 			}
@ -274,7 +276,7 @@ fn from_named_linear() {

 #[test]
 fn from_json() {
-	let text = "{ \"name\": \"identity\", \"linear\": {\"base\": 10, \"word\": 20} }";
+	let text = r#"{"name": "identity", "pricing": {"linear": {"base": 10, "word": 20}}}"#;
 	let json = Json::from_str(text).unwrap();
 	let b = Builtin::from_json(&json).unwrap();
 	assert_eq!((*b.cost)(0), U256::from(10));
--- a/ethcore/src/chainfilter/bloomindex.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/chainfilter/bloomindex.rs
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Represents bloom index in cache
+
+/// Represents bloom index in cache
+/// 
+/// On cache level 0, every block bloom is represented by different index.
+/// On higher cache levels, multiple block blooms are represented by one
+/// index. Their `BloomIndex` can be created from block number and given level.
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct BloomIndex {
+	/// Bloom level
+	pub level: u8,
+	///  Filter Index
+	pub index: usize,
+}
+
+impl BloomIndex {
+	/// Default constructor for `BloomIndex`
+	pub fn new(level: u8, index: usize) -> BloomIndex {
+		BloomIndex {
+			level: level,
+			index: index,
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/chainfilter/blooms.txt
+++ b/ethcore/src/chainfilter/blooms.txt
@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
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+300059 0x00000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000400000000000000000000002000
+300221 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+301826 0x00000020000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000
+303166 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000001000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800000000000000000000000000808000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000020000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+303345 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+303379 0x00000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000800000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000800000000000000000000000000000080000000006000008000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000008000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000002004000000000000
+303388 0x00000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000800000040000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000006001008000000000000008000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000008000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000800000000000000040000000000000000000002004000000000000
+303621 0x00000000000000000000008000000000200000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000080000000000000000000000080000000001100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000
+303670 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000400200000000000000
+303674 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000200000000000000
+303683 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000400200000000000000
+303689 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000080000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000040200000000000000
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--- a/ethcore/src/chainfilter/chainfilter.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/chainfilter/chainfilter.rs
@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Multilevel blockchain bloom filter.
+//!
+//! ```not_run
+//! extern crate ethcore_util as util;
+//! extern crate ethcore;
+//! use std::str::FromStr;
+//! use util::sha3::*;
+//! use util::hash::*;
+//! use ethcore::chainfilter::*;
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!		let (index_size, bloom_levels) = (16, 3);
+//!		let mut cache = MemoryCache::new();
+//!
+//!		let address = Address::from_str("ef2d6d194084c2de36e0dabfce45d046b37d1106").unwrap();
+//!
+//!		// borrow cache for reading inside the scope
+//!		let modified_blooms = {
+//!			let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+//!			let block_number = 39;
+//!			let mut bloom = H2048::new();
+//!			bloom.shift_bloomed(&address.sha3());
+//!			filter.add_bloom(&bloom, block_number)
+//!		};
+//!
+//!		// number of updated blooms is equal number of levels
+//!		assert_eq!(modified_blooms.len(), bloom_levels as usize);
+//!
+//!		// lets inserts modified blooms into the cache
+//!		cache.insert_blooms(modified_blooms);
+//!
+//!		// borrow cache for another reading operations
+//!		{
+//!			let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+//!			let blocks = filter.blocks_with_address(&address, 10, 40);
+//!			assert_eq!(blocks.len(), 1);
+//!			assert_eq!(blocks[0], 39);
+//!		}
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+use std::collections::{HashMap};
+use util::hash::*;
+use chainfilter::{BloomIndex, FilterDataSource};
+use chainfilter::indexer::Indexer;
+
+/// Should be used for search operations on blockchain.
+pub struct ChainFilter<'a, D>
+	where D: FilterDataSource + 'a
+{
+	data_source: &'a D,
+	indexer: Indexer,
+}
+
+impl<'a, D> ChainFilter<'a, D> where D: FilterDataSource
+{
+	/// Creates new filter instance.
+	///
+	/// Borrows `FilterDataSource` for reading.
+	pub fn new(data_source: &'a D, index_size: usize, levels: u8) -> Self {
+		ChainFilter {
+			data_source: data_source,
+			indexer: Indexer::new(index_size, levels)
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// internal function which does bloom search recursively
+	fn blocks(&self, bloom: &H2048, from_block: usize, to_block: usize, level: u8, offset: usize) -> Option<Vec<usize>> {
+		let index = self.indexer.bloom_index(offset, level);
+
+		match self.data_source.bloom_at_index(&index) {
+			None => return None,
+			Some(level_bloom) => match level {
+				// if we are on the lowest level
+				0 => return match offset <= to_block {
+					// take the value if its smaller than to_block
+					true if level_bloom.contains(bloom) => Some(vec![offset]),
+					// return None if it is is equal to to_block
+					_ => None
+				},
+				// return None if current level doesnt contain given bloom
+				_ if !level_bloom.contains(bloom) => return None,
+				// continue processing && go down
+				_ => ()
+			}
+		};
+
+		let level_size = self.indexer.level_size(level - 1);
+		let from_index = self.indexer.bloom_index(from_block, level - 1);
+		let to_index = self.indexer.bloom_index(to_block, level - 1);
+		let res: Vec<usize> = self.indexer.lower_level_bloom_indexes(&index).into_iter()
+			// chose only blooms in range
+			.filter(|li| li.index >= from_index.index && li.index <= to_index.index)
+			// map them to offsets
+			.map(|li| li.index * level_size)
+			// get all blocks that may contain our bloom
+			// filter existing ones
+			.filter_map(|off| self.blocks(bloom, from_block, to_block, level - 1, off))
+			// flatten nested structures
+			.flat_map(|v| v)
+			.collect();
+		Some(res)
+	}
+
+	/// Adds new bloom to all filter levels
+	pub fn add_bloom(&self, bloom: &H2048, block_number: usize) -> HashMap<BloomIndex, H2048> {
+		let mut result: HashMap<BloomIndex, H2048> = HashMap::new();
+
+		for level in 0..self.indexer.levels() {
+			let bloom_index = self.indexer.bloom_index(block_number, level);
+			let new_bloom = match self.data_source.bloom_at_index(&bloom_index) {
+				Some(old_bloom) => old_bloom | bloom.clone(),
+				None => bloom.clone(),
+			};
+
+			result.insert(bloom_index, new_bloom);
+		}
+
+		result
+	}
+
+	/// Resets blooms at level 0 and forces rebuild on higher levels.
+	pub fn reset_chain_head(&self, blooms: &[H2048], block_number: usize, old_highest_block: usize) -> HashMap<BloomIndex, H2048> {
+		let mut result: HashMap<BloomIndex, H2048> = HashMap::new();
+
+		// insert all new blooms at level 0
+		for (i, bloom) in blooms.iter().enumerate() {
+			result.insert(self.indexer.bloom_index(block_number + i, 0), bloom.clone());
+		}
+
+		// reset the rest of blooms
+		for reset_number in block_number + blooms.len()..(old_highest_block + 1) {
+			result.insert(self.indexer.bloom_index(reset_number, 0), H2048::new());
+		}
+
+		for level in 1..self.indexer.levels() {
+			for i in 0..blooms.len() {
+
+				let index = self.indexer.bloom_index(block_number + i, level);
+				let new_bloom = {
+					// use new blooms before db blooms where necessary
+					let bloom_at = | index | { result.get(&index).cloned().or_else(|| self.data_source.bloom_at_index(&index)) };
+
+					self.indexer.lower_level_bloom_indexes(&index)
+						.into_iter()
+						// get blooms
+						// filter existing ones
+						.filter_map(bloom_at)
+						// BitOr all of them
+						.fold(H2048::new(), |acc, bloom| acc | bloom)
+				};
+
+				result.insert(index, new_bloom);
+			}
+		}
+
+		result
+	}
+
+	/// Returns numbers of blocks that may log bloom.
+	pub fn blocks_with_bloom(&self, bloom: &H2048, from_block: usize, to_block: usize) -> Vec<usize> {
+		let mut result = vec![];
+		// lets start from highest level
+		let max_level = self.indexer.max_level();
+		let level_size = self.indexer.level_size(max_level);
+		let from_index = self.indexer.bloom_index(from_block, max_level);
+		let to_index = self.indexer.bloom_index(to_block, max_level);
+
+		for index in from_index.index..to_index.index + 1 {
+			// offset will be used to calculate where we are right now
+			let offset = level_size * index;
+
+			// go doooown!
+			if let Some(blocks) = self.blocks(bloom, from_block, to_block, max_level, offset) {
+				result.extend(blocks);
+			}
+		}
+
+		result
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/chainfilter/indexer.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/chainfilter/indexer.rs
@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Simplifies working with bloom indexes.
+
+use chainfilter::BloomIndex;
+
+/// Simplifies working with bloom indexes.
+pub struct Indexer {
+	index_size: usize,
+	level_sizes: Vec<usize>,
+}
+
+impl Indexer {
+	/// Creates new indexer.
+	pub fn new(index_size: usize, levels: u8) -> Self {
+		if levels == 0 {
+			panic!("Indexer requires at least 1 level.");
+		}
+
+		let mut level_sizes = vec![1];
+		level_sizes.extend_from_slice(&(1..).into_iter()
+			.scan(1, |acc, _| {
+				*acc = *acc * index_size;
+				Some(*acc)
+			})
+			.take(levels as usize - 1)
+			.collect::<Vec<usize>>());
+
+		Indexer {
+			index_size: index_size,
+			level_sizes: level_sizes,
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// unsafely get level size.
+	pub fn level_size(&self, level: u8) -> usize {
+		self.level_sizes[level as usize]
+	}
+
+	/// Converts block number and level to `BloomIndex`.
+	pub fn bloom_index(&self, block_number: usize, level: u8) -> BloomIndex {
+		BloomIndex {
+			level: level,
+			index: block_number / self.level_size(level),
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// Return bloom which are dependencies for given index.
+	/// 
+	/// Bloom indexes are ordered from lowest to highest.
+	pub fn lower_level_bloom_indexes(&self, index: &BloomIndex) -> Vec<BloomIndex> {
+		// this is the lowest level
+		if index.level == 0 {
+			return vec![];
+		}
+
+		let new_level = index.level - 1;
+		let offset = self.index_size * index.index;
+
+		(0..self.index_size).map(|i| BloomIndex::new(new_level, offset + i)).collect()
+	}
+
+	/// Return number of levels.
+	pub fn levels(&self) -> u8 {
+		self.level_sizes.len() as u8
+	}
+
+	/// Returns max indexer level.
+	pub fn max_level(&self) -> u8 {
+		self.level_sizes.len() as u8 - 1
+	}
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+	use chainfilter::BloomIndex;
+	use chainfilter::indexer::Indexer;
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_level_size() {
+		let indexer = Indexer::new(16, 3);
+		assert_eq!(indexer.level_size(0), 1);
+		assert_eq!(indexer.level_size(1), 16);
+		assert_eq!(indexer.level_size(2), 256);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_bloom_index() {
+		let indexer = Indexer::new(16, 3);
+
+		let bi0 = indexer.bloom_index(0, 0);
+		assert_eq!(bi0.level, 0);
+		assert_eq!(bi0.index, 0);
+
+		let bi1 = indexer.bloom_index(1, 0);
+		assert_eq!(bi1.level, 0);
+		assert_eq!(bi1.index, 1);
+
+		let bi2 = indexer.bloom_index(2, 0);
+		assert_eq!(bi2.level, 0);
+		assert_eq!(bi2.index, 2);
+
+		let bi3 = indexer.bloom_index(3, 1);
+		assert_eq!(bi3.level, 1);
+		assert_eq!(bi3.index, 0);
+
+		let bi4 = indexer.bloom_index(15, 1);
+		assert_eq!(bi4.level, 1);
+		assert_eq!(bi4.index, 0);
+
+		let bi5 = indexer.bloom_index(16, 1);
+		assert_eq!(bi5.level, 1);
+		assert_eq!(bi5.index, 1);
+
+		let bi6 = indexer.bloom_index(255, 2);
+		assert_eq!(bi6.level, 2);
+		assert_eq!(bi6.index, 0);
+
+		let bi7 = indexer.bloom_index(256, 2);
+		assert_eq!(bi7.level, 2);
+		assert_eq!(bi7.index, 1);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_lower_level_bloom_indexes() {
+		let indexer = Indexer::new(16, 3);
+
+		let bi = indexer.bloom_index(256, 2);
+		assert_eq!(bi.level, 2);
+		assert_eq!(bi.index, 1);
+
+		let mut ebis = vec![];
+		for i in 16..32 {
+			ebis.push(BloomIndex::new(1, i));
+		}
+
+		let bis = indexer.lower_level_bloom_indexes(&bi);
+		assert_eq!(ebis, bis);
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/chainfilter/logs.txt
+++ b/ethcore/src/chainfilter/logs.txt
--- a/ethcore/src/chainfilter/mod.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/chainfilter/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Multilevel blockchain bloom filter.
+
+mod bloomindex;
+mod chainfilter;
+mod indexer;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+pub use self::bloomindex::BloomIndex;
+pub use self::chainfilter::ChainFilter;
+use util::hash::H2048;
+
+/// Types implementing this trait provide read access for bloom filters database.
+pub trait FilterDataSource {
+	/// returns reference to log at given position if it exists
+	fn bloom_at_index(&self, index: &BloomIndex) -> Option<H2048>;
+}
+
--- a/ethcore/src/chainfilter/tests.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/chainfilter/tests.rs
@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read};
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use util::hash::*;
+use util::sha3::*;
+use chainfilter::{BloomIndex, FilterDataSource, ChainFilter};
+
+/// In memory cache for blooms.
+///
+/// Stores all blooms in HashMap, which indexes them by `BloomIndex`.
+pub struct MemoryCache {
+	blooms: HashMap<BloomIndex, H2048>,
+}
+
+impl Default for MemoryCache {
+	fn default() -> Self {
+		MemoryCache::new()
+	}
+}
+
+impl MemoryCache {
+	/// Default constructor for MemoryCache
+	pub fn new() -> Self {
+		MemoryCache { blooms: HashMap::new() }
+	}
+
+	/// inserts all blooms into cache
+	///
+	/// if bloom at given index already exists, overwrites it
+	pub fn insert_blooms(&mut self, blooms: HashMap<BloomIndex, H2048>) {
+		self.blooms.extend(blooms);
+	}
+}
+
+impl FilterDataSource for MemoryCache {
+	fn bloom_at_index(&self, index: &BloomIndex) -> Option<H2048> {
+		self.blooms.get(index).cloned()
+	}
+}
+
+fn to_bloom<T>(hashable: &T) -> H2048 where T: Hashable {
+	let mut bloom = H2048::new();
+	bloom.shift_bloomed(&hashable.sha3());
+	bloom
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_topic_basic_search() {
+	let index_size = 16;
+	let bloom_levels = 3;
+
+	let mut cache = MemoryCache::new();
+	let topic = H256::from_str("8d936b1bd3fc635710969ccfba471fb17d598d9d1971b538dd712e1e4b4f4dba").unwrap();
+
+	let modified_blooms = {
+		let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+		let block_number = 23;
+		filter.add_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic), block_number)
+	};
+
+	// number of modified blooms should always be equal number of levels
+	assert_eq!(modified_blooms.len(), bloom_levels as usize);
+	cache.insert_blooms(modified_blooms);
+
+	{
+		let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+		let blocks = filter.blocks_with_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic), 0, 100);
+		assert_eq!(blocks.len(), 1);
+		assert_eq!(blocks[0], 23);
+	}
+
+	{
+		let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+		let blocks = filter.blocks_with_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic), 0, 22);
+		assert_eq!(blocks.len(), 0);
+	}
+
+	{
+		let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+		let blocks = filter.blocks_with_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic), 23, 23);
+		assert_eq!(blocks.len(), 1);
+		assert_eq!(blocks[0], 23);
+	}
+
+	{
+		let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+		let blocks = filter.blocks_with_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic), 24, 100);
+		assert_eq!(blocks.len(), 0);
+	}
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_reset_chain_head_simple() {
+	let index_size = 16;
+	let bloom_levels = 3;
+
+	let mut cache = MemoryCache::new();
+	let topic_0 = H256::from_str("8d936b1bd3fc635710969ccfba471fb17d598d9d1971b538dd712e1e4b4f4dba").unwrap();
+	let topic_1 = H256::from_str("8d936b1bd3fc635710969ccfba471fb17d598d9d1971b538dd712e1e4b4f4dbb").unwrap();
+	let topic_2 = H256::from_str("8d936b1bd3fc635710969ccfba471fb17d598d9d1971b538dd712e1e4b4f4dbc").unwrap();
+	let topic_3 = H256::from_str("8d936b1bd3fc635710969ccfba471fb17d598d9d1971b538dd712e1e4b4f4dbd").unwrap();
+	let topic_4 = H256::from_str("8d936b1bd3fc635710969ccfba471fb17d598d9d1971b538dd712e1e4b4f4dbe").unwrap();
+	let topic_5 = H256::from_str("8d936b1bd3fc635710969ccfba471fb17d598d9d1971b538dd712e1e4b4f4dbf").unwrap();
+
+	let modified_blooms_0 = {
+		let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+		let block_number = 14;
+		filter.add_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic_0), block_number)
+	};
+
+	cache.insert_blooms(modified_blooms_0);
+
+	let modified_blooms_1 = {
+		let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+		let block_number = 15;
+		filter.add_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic_1), block_number)
+	};
+
+	cache.insert_blooms(modified_blooms_1);
+
+	let modified_blooms_2 = {
+		let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+		let block_number = 16;
+		filter.add_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic_2), block_number)
+	};
+
+	cache.insert_blooms(modified_blooms_2);
+
+	let modified_blooms_3 = {
+		let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+		let block_number = 17;
+		filter.add_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic_3), block_number)
+	};
+
+	cache.insert_blooms(modified_blooms_3);
+
+
+	let reset_modified_blooms = {
+		let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+		filter.reset_chain_head(&[to_bloom(&topic_4), to_bloom(&topic_5)], 15, 17)
+	};
+
+	cache.insert_blooms(reset_modified_blooms);
+
+	let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+	assert_eq!(filter.blocks_with_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic_0), 0, 100), vec![14]);
+	assert_eq!(filter.blocks_with_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic_1), 0, 100), vec![]);
+	assert_eq!(filter.blocks_with_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic_2), 0, 100), vec![]);
+	assert_eq!(filter.blocks_with_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic_3), 0, 100), vec![]);
+	assert_eq!(filter.blocks_with_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic_4), 0, 100), vec![15]);
+	assert_eq!(filter.blocks_with_bloom(&to_bloom(&topic_5), 0, 100), vec![16]);
+}
+
+fn for_each_bloom<F>(bytes: &[u8], mut f: F) where F: FnMut(usize, &H2048) {
+	let mut reader = BufReader::new(bytes);
+	let mut line = String::new();
+	while reader.read_line(&mut line).unwrap() > 0 {
+		{
+			let mut number_bytes = vec![];
+			let mut bloom_bytes = [0; 512];
+
+			let mut line_reader = BufReader::new(line.as_ref() as &[u8]);
+			line_reader.read_until(b' ', &mut number_bytes).unwrap();
+			line_reader.consume(2);
+			line_reader.read_exact(&mut bloom_bytes).unwrap();
+
+			let number = String::from_utf8(number_bytes).map(|s| s[..s.len() -1].to_owned()).unwrap().parse::<usize>().unwrap();
+			let bloom = H2048::from_str(&String::from_utf8(bloom_bytes.to_vec()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+			f(number, &bloom);
+		}
+		line.clear();
+	}
+}
+
+fn for_each_log<F>(bytes: &[u8], mut f: F) where F: FnMut(usize, &Address, &[H256]) {
+	let mut reader = BufReader::new(bytes);
+	let mut line = String::new();
+	while reader.read_line(&mut line).unwrap() > 0 {
+		{
+			let mut number_bytes = vec![];
+			let mut address_bytes = [0;42];
+			let mut topic = [0;66];
+			let mut topics_bytes = vec![];
+
+			let mut line_reader = BufReader::new(line.as_ref() as &[u8]);
+			line_reader.read_until(b' ', &mut number_bytes).unwrap();
+			line_reader.read_exact(&mut address_bytes).unwrap();
+			line_reader.consume(1);
+			while let Ok(_) = line_reader.read_exact(&mut topic) {
+				line_reader.consume(1);
+				topics_bytes.push(topic.to_vec());
+			}
+
+			let number = String::from_utf8(number_bytes).map(|s| s[..s.len() -1].to_owned()).unwrap().parse::<usize>().unwrap();
+			let address = Address::from_str(&String::from_utf8(address_bytes.to_vec()).map(|a| a[2..].to_owned()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+			let topics: Vec<H256> = topics_bytes
+				.into_iter()
+				.map(|t| H256::from_str(&String::from_utf8(t).map(|t| t[2..].to_owned()).unwrap()).unwrap())
+				.collect();
+			f(number, &address, &topics);
+		}
+		line.clear();
+	}
+}
+
+// tests chain filter on real data between blocks 300_000 and 400_000
+#[test]
+fn test_chainfilter_real_data_short_searches() {
+	let index_size = 16;
+	let bloom_levels = 3;
+
+	let mut cache = MemoryCache::new();
+
+	for_each_bloom(include_bytes!("blooms.txt"), | block_number, bloom | {
+		let modified_blooms = {
+			let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+			filter.add_bloom(bloom, block_number)
+		};
+
+		// number of modified blooms should always be equal number of levels
+		assert_eq!(modified_blooms.len(), bloom_levels as usize);
+		cache.insert_blooms(modified_blooms);
+	});
+
+	for_each_log(include_bytes!("logs.txt"), | block_number, address, topics | {
+		println!("block_number: {:?}", block_number);
+		let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+		let blocks = filter.blocks_with_bloom(&to_bloom(address), block_number, block_number);
+		assert_eq!(blocks.len(), 1);
+		for (i, topic) in topics.iter().enumerate() {
+			println!("topic: {:?}", i);
+			let blocks = filter.blocks_with_bloom(&to_bloom(topic), block_number, block_number);
+			assert_eq!(blocks.len(), 1);
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+// tests chain filter on real data between blocks 300_000 and 400_000
+#[test]
+fn test_chainfilter_real_data_single_search() {
+	let index_size = 16;
+	let bloom_levels = 3;
+
+	let mut cache = MemoryCache::new();
+
+	for_each_bloom(include_bytes!("blooms.txt"), | block_number, bloom | {
+		let modified_blooms = {
+			let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+			filter.add_bloom(bloom, block_number)
+		};
+
+		// number of modified blooms should always be equal number of levels
+		assert_eq!(modified_blooms.len(), bloom_levels as usize);
+		cache.insert_blooms(modified_blooms);
+	});
+
+	let address = Address::from_str("c4395759e26469baa0e6421bdc1d0232c6f4b6c3").unwrap();
+	let filter = ChainFilter::new(&cache, index_size, bloom_levels);
+	let blocks = filter.blocks_with_bloom(&to_bloom(&address), 300_000, 400_000);
+	// bloom may return more blocks, but our log density is low, so it should be fine
+	assert_eq!(blocks.len(), 3);
+	assert_eq!(blocks[0], 392697);
+	assert_eq!(blocks[1], 396348);
+	assert_eq!(blocks[2], 399804);
+}
+
+
--- a/ethcore/src/client.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/client.rs
@ -1,464 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
-// This file is part of Parity.
-
-// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-
-// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-// GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-//! Blockchain database client.
-
-use util::*;
-use util::panics::*;
-use rocksdb::{Options, DB, DBCompactionStyle};
-use blockchain::{BlockChain, BlockProvider, CacheSize};
-use views::BlockView;
-use error::*;
-use header::BlockNumber;
-use state::State;
-use spec::Spec;
-use engine::Engine;
-use views::HeaderView;
-use block_queue::{BlockQueue, BlockQueueInfo};
-use service::{NetSyncMessage, SyncMessage};
-use env_info::LastHashes;
-use verification::*;
-use block::*;
-use transaction::LocalizedTransaction;
-use extras::TransactionAddress;
-pub use blockchain::TreeRoute;
-
-/// Uniquely identifies block.
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
-pub enum BlockId {
-	/// Block's sha3.
-	/// Querying by hash is always faster.
-	Hash(H256),
-	/// Block number within canon blockchain.
-	Number(BlockNumber),
-	/// Earliest block (genesis).
-	Earliest,
-	/// Latest mined block.
-	Latest
-}
-
-/// Uniquely identifies transaction.
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
-pub enum TransactionId {
-	/// Transaction's sha3.
-	Hash(H256),
-	/// Block id and transaction index within this block.
-	/// Querying by block position is always faster.
-	Location(BlockId, usize)
-}
-
-/// General block status
-#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub enum BlockStatus {
-	/// Part of the blockchain.
-	InChain,
-	/// Queued for import.
-	Queued,
-	/// Known as bad.
-	Bad,
-	/// Unknown.
-	Unknown,
-}
-
-/// Information about the blockchain gthered together.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct BlockChainInfo {
-	/// Blockchain difficulty.
-	pub total_difficulty: U256,
-	/// Block queue difficulty.
-	pub pending_total_difficulty: U256,
-	/// Genesis block hash.
-	pub genesis_hash: H256,
-	/// Best blockchain block hash.
-	pub best_block_hash: H256,
-	/// Best blockchain block number.
-	pub best_block_number: BlockNumber
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for BlockChainInfo {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-		write!(f, "#{}.{}", self.best_block_number, self.best_block_hash)
-	}
-}
-
-/// Blockchain database client. Owns and manages a blockchain and a block queue.
-pub trait BlockChainClient : Sync + Send {
-	/// Get raw block header data by block id.
-	fn block_header(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes>;
-
-	/// Get raw block body data by block id.
-	/// Block body is an RLP list of two items: uncles and transactions.
-	fn block_body(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes>;
-
-	/// Get raw block data by block header hash.
-	fn block(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes>;
-
-	/// Get block status by block header hash.
-	fn block_status(&self, id: BlockId) -> BlockStatus;
-
-	/// Get block total difficulty.
-	fn block_total_difficulty(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<U256>;
-
-	/// Get address code.
-	fn code(&self, address: &Address) -> Option<Bytes>;
-
-	/// Get transaction with given hash.
-	fn transaction(&self, id: TransactionId) -> Option<LocalizedTransaction>;
-
-	/// Get a tree route between `from` and `to`.
-	/// See `BlockChain::tree_route`.
-	fn tree_route(&self, from: &H256, to: &H256) -> Option<TreeRoute>;
-
-	/// Get latest state node
-	fn state_data(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes>;
-
-	/// Get raw block receipts data by block header hash.
-	fn block_receipts(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes>;
-
-	/// Import a block into the blockchain.
-	fn import_block(&self, bytes: Bytes) -> ImportResult;
-
-	/// Get block queue information.
-	fn queue_info(&self) -> BlockQueueInfo;
-
-	/// Clear block queue and abort all import activity.
-	fn clear_queue(&self);
-
-	/// Get blockchain information.
-	fn chain_info(&self) -> BlockChainInfo;
-
-	/// Get the best block header.
-	fn best_block_header(&self) -> Bytes {
-		self.block_header(BlockId::Hash(self.chain_info().best_block_hash)).unwrap()
-	}
-}
-
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
-/// Report on the status of a client.
-pub struct ClientReport {
-	/// How many blocks have been imported so far.
-	pub blocks_imported: usize,
-	/// How many transactions have been applied so far.
-	pub transactions_applied: usize,
-	/// How much gas has been processed so far.
-	pub gas_processed: U256,
-}
-
-impl ClientReport {
-	/// Alter internal reporting to reflect the additional `block` has been processed.
-	pub fn accrue_block(&mut self, block: &PreVerifiedBlock) {
-		self.blocks_imported += 1;
-		self.transactions_applied += block.transactions.len();
-		self.gas_processed += block.header.gas_used;
-	}
-}
-
-/// Blockchain database client backed by a persistent database. Owns and manages a blockchain and a block queue.
-/// Call `import_block()` to import a block asynchronously; `flush_queue()` flushes the queue.
-pub struct Client {
-	chain: Arc<RwLock<BlockChain>>,
-	engine: Arc<Box<Engine>>,
-	state_db: Mutex<JournalDB>,
-	block_queue: RwLock<BlockQueue>,
-	report: RwLock<ClientReport>,
-	import_lock: Mutex<()>,
-	panic_handler: Arc<PanicHandler>,
-}
-
-const HISTORY: u64 = 1000;
-const CLIENT_DB_VER_STR: &'static str = "2.1";
-
-impl Client {
-	/// Create a new client with given spec and DB path.
-	pub fn new(spec: Spec, path: &Path, message_channel: IoChannel<NetSyncMessage> ) -> Result<Arc<Client>, Error> {
-		let mut dir = path.to_path_buf();
-		dir.push(H64::from(spec.genesis_header().hash()).hex());
-		//TODO: sec/fat: pruned/full versioning
-		dir.push(format!("v{}-sec-pruned", CLIENT_DB_VER_STR));
-		let path = dir.as_path();
-		let gb = spec.genesis_block();
-		let chain = Arc::new(RwLock::new(BlockChain::new(&gb, path)));
-		let mut opts = Options::new();
-		opts.set_max_open_files(256);
-		opts.create_if_missing(true);
-		opts.set_use_fsync(false);
-		opts.set_compaction_style(DBCompactionStyle::DBUniversalCompaction);
-		/*
-		opts.set_bytes_per_sync(8388608);
-		opts.set_disable_data_sync(false);
-		opts.set_block_cache_size_mb(1024);
-		opts.set_table_cache_num_shard_bits(6);
-		opts.set_max_write_buffer_number(32);
-		opts.set_write_buffer_size(536870912);
-		opts.set_target_file_size_base(1073741824);
-		opts.set_min_write_buffer_number_to_merge(4);
-		opts.set_level_zero_stop_writes_trigger(2000);
-		opts.set_level_zero_slowdown_writes_trigger(0);
-		opts.set_compaction_style(DBUniversalCompaction);
-		opts.set_max_background_compactions(4);
-		opts.set_max_background_flushes(4);
-		opts.set_filter_deletes(false);
-		opts.set_disable_auto_compactions(false);*/
-
-		let mut state_path = path.to_path_buf();
-		state_path.push("state");
-		let db = Arc::new(DB::open(&opts, state_path.to_str().unwrap()).unwrap());
-
-		let engine = Arc::new(try!(spec.to_engine()));
-		let mut state_db = JournalDB::new_with_arc(db.clone());
-		if state_db.is_empty() && engine.spec().ensure_db_good(&mut state_db) {
-			state_db.commit(0, &engine.spec().genesis_header().hash(), None).expect("Error commiting genesis state to state DB");
-		}
-
-		let block_queue = BlockQueue::new(engine.clone(), message_channel);
-		let panic_handler = PanicHandler::new_in_arc();
-		panic_handler.forward_from(&block_queue);
-
-		Ok(Arc::new(Client {
-			chain: chain,
-			engine: engine,
-			state_db: Mutex::new(state_db),
-			block_queue: RwLock::new(block_queue),
-			report: RwLock::new(Default::default()),
-			import_lock: Mutex::new(()),
-			panic_handler: panic_handler
-		}))
-	}
-
-	/// Flush the block import queue.
-	pub fn flush_queue(&self) {
-		self.block_queue.write().unwrap().flush();
-	}
-
-	/// This is triggered by a message coming from a block queue when the block is ready for insertion
-	pub fn import_verified_blocks(&self, io: &IoChannel<NetSyncMessage>) -> usize {
-		let mut ret = 0;
-		let mut bad = HashSet::new();
-		let _import_lock = self.import_lock.lock();
-		let blocks = self.block_queue.write().unwrap().drain(128);
-		let mut good_blocks = Vec::with_capacity(128);
-		for block in blocks {
-			if bad.contains(&block.header.parent_hash) {
-				self.block_queue.write().unwrap().mark_as_bad(&block.header.hash());
-				bad.insert(block.header.hash());
-				continue;
-			}
-
-			let header = &block.header;
-			if let Err(e) = verify_block_family(&header, &block.bytes, self.engine.deref().deref(), self.chain.read().unwrap().deref()) {
-				warn!(target: "client", "Stage 3 block verification failed for #{} ({})\nError: {:?}", header.number(), header.hash(), e);
-				self.block_queue.write().unwrap().mark_as_bad(&header.hash());
-				bad.insert(block.header.hash());
-				break;
-			};
-			let parent = match self.chain.read().unwrap().block_header(&header.parent_hash) {
-				Some(p) => p,
-				None => {
-					warn!(target: "client", "Block import failed for #{} ({}): Parent not found ({}) ", header.number(), header.hash(), header.parent_hash);
-					self.block_queue.write().unwrap().mark_as_bad(&header.hash());
-					bad.insert(block.header.hash());
-					break;
-				},
-			};
-			// build last hashes
-			let mut last_hashes = LastHashes::new();
-			last_hashes.resize(256, H256::new());
-			last_hashes[0] = header.parent_hash.clone();
-			for i in 0..255 {
-				match self.chain.read().unwrap().block_details(&last_hashes[i]) {
-					Some(details) => {
-						last_hashes[i + 1] = details.parent.clone();
-					},
-					None => break,
-				}
-			}
-
-			let db = self.state_db.lock().unwrap().clone();
-			let result = match enact_verified(&block, self.engine.deref().deref(), db, &parent, &last_hashes) {
-				Ok(b) => b,
-				Err(e) => {
-					warn!(target: "client", "Block import failed for #{} ({})\nError: {:?}", header.number(), header.hash(), e);
-					bad.insert(block.header.hash());
-					self.block_queue.write().unwrap().mark_as_bad(&header.hash());
-					break;
-				}
-			};
-			if let Err(e) = verify_block_final(&header, result.block().header()) {
-				warn!(target: "client", "Stage 4 block verification failed for #{} ({})\nError: {:?}", header.number(), header.hash(), e);
-				self.block_queue.write().unwrap().mark_as_bad(&header.hash());
-				break;
-			}
-
-			good_blocks.push(header.hash().clone());
-
-			self.chain.write().unwrap().insert_block(&block.bytes); //TODO: err here?
-			let ancient = if header.number() >= HISTORY { Some(header.number() - HISTORY) } else { None };
-			match result.drain().commit(header.number(), &header.hash(), ancient.map(|n|(n, self.chain.read().unwrap().block_hash(n).unwrap()))) {
-				Ok(_) => (),
-				Err(e) => {
-					warn!(target: "client", "State DB commit failed: {:?}", e);
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-			self.report.write().unwrap().accrue_block(&block);
-			trace!(target: "client", "Imported #{} ({})", header.number(), header.hash());
-			ret += 1;
-		}
-		self.block_queue.write().unwrap().mark_as_good(&good_blocks);
-		if !good_blocks.is_empty() && self.block_queue.read().unwrap().queue_info().is_empty() {
-			io.send(NetworkIoMessage::User(SyncMessage::BlockVerified)).unwrap();
-		}
-		ret
-	}
-
-	/// Get a copy of the best block's state.
-	pub fn state(&self) -> State {
-		State::from_existing(self.state_db.lock().unwrap().clone(), HeaderView::new(&self.best_block_header()).state_root(), self.engine.account_start_nonce())
-	}
-
-	/// Get info on the cache.
-	pub fn cache_info(&self) -> CacheSize {
-		self.chain.read().unwrap().cache_size()
-	}
-
-	/// Get the report.
-	pub fn report(&self) -> ClientReport {
-		self.report.read().unwrap().clone()
-	}
-
-	/// Tick the client.
-	pub fn tick(&self) {
-		self.chain.read().unwrap().collect_garbage();
-	}
-
-	/// Set up the cache behaviour.
-	pub fn configure_cache(&self, pref_cache_size: usize, max_cache_size: usize) {
-		self.chain.write().unwrap().configure_cache(pref_cache_size, max_cache_size);
-	}
-
-	fn block_hash(chain: &BlockChain, id: BlockId) -> Option<H256> {
-		match id {
-			BlockId::Hash(hash) => Some(hash),
-			BlockId::Number(number) => chain.block_hash(number),
-			BlockId::Earliest => chain.block_hash(0),
-			BlockId::Latest => Some(chain.best_block_hash())
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-impl BlockChainClient for Client {
-	fn block_header(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes> {
-		let chain = self.chain.read().unwrap();
-		Self::block_hash(&chain, id).and_then(|hash| chain.block(&hash).map(|bytes| BlockView::new(&bytes).rlp().at(0).as_raw().to_vec()))
-	}
-
-	fn block_body(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes> {
-		let chain = self.chain.read().unwrap();
-		Self::block_hash(&chain, id).and_then(|hash| {
-			chain.block(&hash).map(|bytes| {
-				let rlp = Rlp::new(&bytes);
-				let mut body = RlpStream::new_list(2);
-				body.append_raw(rlp.at(1).as_raw(), 1);
-				body.append_raw(rlp.at(2).as_raw(), 1);
-				body.out()
-			})
-		})
-	}
-
-	fn block(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes> {
-		let chain = self.chain.read().unwrap();
-		Self::block_hash(&chain, id).and_then(|hash| {
-			chain.block(&hash)
-		})
-	}
-
-	fn block_status(&self, id: BlockId) -> BlockStatus {
-		let chain = self.chain.read().unwrap();
-		match Self::block_hash(&chain, id) {
-			Some(ref hash) if chain.is_known(hash) => BlockStatus::InChain,
-			Some(hash) => self.block_queue.read().unwrap().block_status(&hash),
-			None => BlockStatus::Unknown
-		}
-	}
-	
-	fn block_total_difficulty(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<U256> {
-		let chain = self.chain.read().unwrap();
-		Self::block_hash(&chain, id).and_then(|hash| chain.block_details(&hash)).map(|d| d.total_difficulty)
-	}
-
-	fn code(&self, address: &Address) -> Option<Bytes> {
-		self.state().code(address)
-	}
-
-	fn transaction(&self, id: TransactionId) -> Option<LocalizedTransaction> {
-		let chain = self.chain.read().unwrap();
-		match id {
-			TransactionId::Hash(ref hash) => chain.transaction_address(hash),
-			TransactionId::Location(id, index) => Self::block_hash(&chain, id).map(|hash| TransactionAddress {
-				block_hash: hash,
-				index: index
-			})
-		}.and_then(|address| chain.transaction(&address))
-	}
-
-	fn tree_route(&self, from: &H256, to: &H256) -> Option<TreeRoute> {
-		self.chain.read().unwrap().tree_route(from.clone(), to.clone())
-	}
-
-	fn state_data(&self, _hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes> {
-		unimplemented!();
-	}
-
-	fn block_receipts(&self, _hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes> {
-		unimplemented!();
-	}
-
-	fn import_block(&self, bytes: Bytes) -> ImportResult {
-		let header = BlockView::new(&bytes).header();
-		if self.chain.read().unwrap().is_known(&header.hash()) {
-			return Err(ImportError::AlreadyInChain);
-		}
-		if self.block_status(BlockId::Hash(header.parent_hash)) == BlockStatus::Unknown {
-			return Err(ImportError::UnknownParent);
-		}
-		self.block_queue.write().unwrap().import_block(bytes)
-	}
-
-	fn queue_info(&self) -> BlockQueueInfo {
-		self.block_queue.read().unwrap().queue_info()
-	}
-
-	fn clear_queue(&self) {
-		self.block_queue.write().unwrap().clear();
-	}
-
-	fn chain_info(&self) -> BlockChainInfo {
-		let chain = self.chain.read().unwrap();
-		BlockChainInfo {
-			total_difficulty: chain.best_block_total_difficulty(),
-			pending_total_difficulty: chain.best_block_total_difficulty(),
-			genesis_hash: chain.genesis_hash(),
-			best_block_hash: chain.best_block_hash(),
-			best_block_number: From::from(chain.best_block_number())
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-impl MayPanic for Client {
-	fn on_panic<F>(&self, closure: F) where F: OnPanicListener {
-		self.panic_handler.on_panic(closure);
-	}
-}
--- a/ethcore/src/client/client.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/client/client.rs
@ -0,0 +1,693 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Blockchain database client.
+
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use util::*;
+use util::panics::*;
+use views::BlockView;
+use error::*;
+use header::{BlockNumber, Header};
+use state::State;
+use spec::Spec;
+use engine::Engine;
+use views::HeaderView;
+use service::{NetSyncMessage, SyncMessage};
+use env_info::LastHashes;
+use verification::*;
+use block::*;
+use transaction::{LocalizedTransaction, SignedTransaction};
+use extras::TransactionAddress;
+use filter::Filter;
+use log_entry::LocalizedLogEntry;
+use block_queue::{BlockQueue, BlockQueueInfo};
+use blockchain::{BlockChain, BlockProvider, TreeRoute, ImportRoute};
+use client::{BlockId, TransactionId, UncleId, ClientConfig, BlockChainClient};
+use env_info::EnvInfo;
+use executive::{Executive, Executed};
+use receipt::LocalizedReceipt;
+pub use blockchain::CacheSize as BlockChainCacheSize;
+
+/// General block status
+#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum BlockStatus {
+	/// Part of the blockchain.
+	InChain,
+	/// Queued for import.
+	Queued,
+	/// Known as bad.
+	Bad,
+	/// Unknown.
+	Unknown,
+}
+
+/// Information about the blockchain gathered together.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BlockChainInfo {
+	/// Blockchain difficulty.
+	pub total_difficulty: U256,
+	/// Block queue difficulty.
+	pub pending_total_difficulty: U256,
+	/// Genesis block hash.
+	pub genesis_hash: H256,
+	/// Best blockchain block hash.
+	pub best_block_hash: H256,
+	/// Best blockchain block number.
+	pub best_block_number: BlockNumber
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BlockChainInfo {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+		write!(f, "#{}.{}", self.best_block_number, self.best_block_hash)
+	}
+}
+
+/// Report on the status of a client.
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ClientReport {
+	/// How many blocks have been imported so far.
+	pub blocks_imported: usize,
+	/// How many transactions have been applied so far.
+	pub transactions_applied: usize,
+	/// How much gas has been processed so far.
+	pub gas_processed: U256,
+	/// Memory used by state DB
+	pub state_db_mem: usize,
+}
+
+impl ClientReport {
+	/// Alter internal reporting to reflect the additional `block` has been processed.
+	pub fn accrue_block(&mut self, block: &PreverifiedBlock) {
+		self.blocks_imported += 1;
+		self.transactions_applied += block.transactions.len();
+		self.gas_processed = self.gas_processed + block.header.gas_used;
+	}
+}
+
+/// Blockchain database client backed by a persistent database. Owns and manages a blockchain and a block queue.
+/// Call `import_block()` to import a block asynchronously; `flush_queue()` flushes the queue.
+pub struct Client<V = CanonVerifier> where V: Verifier {
+	chain: Arc<BlockChain>,
+	engine: Arc<Box<Engine>>,
+	state_db: Mutex<Box<JournalDB>>,
+	block_queue: BlockQueue,
+	report: RwLock<ClientReport>,
+	import_lock: Mutex<()>,
+	panic_handler: Arc<PanicHandler>,
+	verifier: PhantomData<V>,
+}
+
+const HISTORY: u64 = 1200;
+// DO NOT TOUCH THIS ANY MORE UNLESS YOU REALLY KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING.
+// Altering it will force a blanket DB update for *all* JournalDB-derived
+//   databases.
+// Instead, add/upgrade the version string of the individual JournalDB-derived database
+// of which you actually want force an upgrade.
+const CLIENT_DB_VER_STR: &'static str = "5.3";
+
+impl Client<CanonVerifier> {
+	/// Create a new client with given spec and DB path.
+	pub fn new(config: ClientConfig, spec: Spec, path: &Path, message_channel: IoChannel<NetSyncMessage> ) -> Result<Arc<Client>, Error> {
+		Client::<CanonVerifier>::new_with_verifier(config, spec, path, message_channel)
+	}
+}
+
+impl<V> Client<V> where V: Verifier {
+	///  Create a new client with given spec and DB path and custom verifier.
+	pub fn new_with_verifier(config: ClientConfig, spec: Spec, path: &Path, message_channel: IoChannel<NetSyncMessage> ) -> Result<Arc<Client<V>>, Error> {
+		let mut dir = path.to_path_buf();
+		dir.push(H64::from(spec.genesis_header().hash()).hex());
+		//TODO: sec/fat: pruned/full versioning
+		// version here is a bit useless now, since it's controlled only be the pruning algo.
+		dir.push(format!("v{}-sec-{}", CLIENT_DB_VER_STR, config.pruning));
+		let path = dir.as_path();
+		let gb = spec.genesis_block();
+		let chain = Arc::new(BlockChain::new(config.blockchain, &gb, path));
+		let mut state_path = path.to_path_buf();
+		state_path.push("state");
+
+		let engine = Arc::new(try!(spec.to_engine()));
+		let state_path_str = state_path.to_str().unwrap();
+		let mut state_db = journaldb::new(state_path_str, config.pruning);
+
+		if state_db.is_empty() && engine.spec().ensure_db_good(state_db.as_hashdb_mut()) {
+			state_db.commit(0, &engine.spec().genesis_header().hash(), None).expect("Error commiting genesis state to state DB");
+		}
+
+		let block_queue = BlockQueue::new(config.queue, engine.clone(), message_channel);
+		let panic_handler = PanicHandler::new_in_arc();
+		panic_handler.forward_from(&block_queue);
+
+		Ok(Arc::new(Client {
+			chain: chain,
+			engine: engine,
+			state_db: Mutex::new(state_db),
+			block_queue: block_queue,
+			report: RwLock::new(Default::default()),
+			import_lock: Mutex::new(()),
+			panic_handler: panic_handler,
+			verifier: PhantomData,
+		}))
+	}
+
+	/// Flush the block import queue.
+	pub fn flush_queue(&self) {
+		self.block_queue.flush();
+	}
+
+	fn build_last_hashes(&self, parent_hash: H256) -> LastHashes {
+		let mut last_hashes = LastHashes::new();
+		last_hashes.resize(256, H256::new());
+		last_hashes[0] = parent_hash;
+		for i in 0..255 {
+			match self.chain.block_details(&last_hashes[i]) {
+				Some(details) => {
+					last_hashes[i + 1] = details.parent.clone();
+				},
+				None => break,
+			}
+		}
+		last_hashes
+	}
+
+	fn check_and_close_block(&self, block: &PreverifiedBlock) -> Result<ClosedBlock, ()> {
+		let engine = self.engine.deref().deref();
+		let header = &block.header;
+
+		// Check the block isn't so old we won't be able to enact it.
+		let best_block_number = self.chain.best_block_number();
+		if best_block_number >= HISTORY && header.number() <= best_block_number - HISTORY {
+			warn!(target: "client", "Block import failed for #{} ({})\nBlock is ancient (current best block: #{}).", header.number(), header.hash(), best_block_number);
+			return Err(());
+		}
+
+		// Verify Block Family
+		let verify_family_result = V::verify_block_family(&header, &block.bytes, engine, self.chain.deref());
+		if let Err(e) = verify_family_result {
+			warn!(target: "client", "Stage 3 block verification failed for #{} ({})\nError: {:?}", header.number(), header.hash(), e);
+			return Err(());
+		};
+
+		// Check if Parent is in chain
+		let chain_has_parent = self.chain.block_header(&header.parent_hash);
+		if let None = chain_has_parent {
+			warn!(target: "client", "Block import failed for #{} ({}): Parent not found ({}) ", header.number(), header.hash(), header.parent_hash);
+			return Err(());
+		};
+
+		// Enact Verified Block
+		let parent = chain_has_parent.unwrap();
+		let last_hashes = self.build_last_hashes(header.parent_hash.clone());
+		let db = self.state_db.lock().unwrap().spawn();
+
+		let enact_result = enact_verified(&block, engine, self.chain.have_tracing(), db, &parent, last_hashes);
+		if let Err(e) = enact_result {
+			warn!(target: "client", "Block import failed for #{} ({})\nError: {:?}", header.number(), header.hash(), e);
+			return Err(());
+		};
+
+		// Final Verification
+		let closed_block = enact_result.unwrap();
+		if let Err(e) = V::verify_block_final(&header, closed_block.block().header()) {
+			warn!(target: "client", "Stage 4 block verification failed for #{} ({})\nError: {:?}", header.number(), header.hash(), e);
+			return Err(());
+		}
+
+		Ok(closed_block)
+	}
+
+	fn calculate_enacted_retracted(&self, import_results: Vec<ImportRoute>) -> (Vec<H256>, Vec<H256>) {
+		fn map_to_vec(map: Vec<(H256, bool)>) -> Vec<H256> {
+			map.into_iter().map(|(k, _v)| k).collect()
+		}
+
+		// In ImportRoute we get all the blocks that have been enacted and retracted by single insert.
+		// Because we are doing multiple inserts some of the blocks that were enacted in import `k`
+		// could be retracted in import `k+1`. This is why to understand if after all inserts
+		// the block is enacted or retracted we iterate over all routes and at the end final state
+		// will be in the hashmap
+		let map = import_results.into_iter().fold(HashMap::new(), |mut map, route| {
+			for hash in route.enacted {
+				map.insert(hash, true);
+			}
+			for hash in route.retracted {
+				map.insert(hash, false);
+			}
+			map
+		});
+
+		// Split to enacted retracted (using hashmap value)
+		let (enacted, retracted) = map.into_iter().partition(|&(_k, v)| v);
+		// And convert tuples to keys
+		(map_to_vec(enacted), map_to_vec(retracted))
+	}
+
+	/// This is triggered by a message coming from a block queue when the block is ready for insertion
+	pub fn import_verified_blocks(&self, io: &IoChannel<NetSyncMessage>) -> usize {
+		let max_blocks_to_import = 128;
+
+		let mut imported_blocks = Vec::with_capacity(max_blocks_to_import);
+		let mut invalid_blocks = HashSet::new();
+		let mut import_results = Vec::with_capacity(max_blocks_to_import);
+
+		let _import_lock = self.import_lock.lock();
+		let blocks = self.block_queue.drain(max_blocks_to_import);
+
+		let original_best = self.chain_info().best_block_hash;
+
+		for block in blocks {
+			let header = &block.header;
+
+			if invalid_blocks.contains(&header.parent_hash) {
+				invalid_blocks.insert(header.hash());
+				continue;
+			}
+			let closed_block = self.check_and_close_block(&block);
+			if let Err(_) = closed_block {
+				invalid_blocks.insert(header.hash());
+				break;
+			}
+			imported_blocks.push(header.hash());
+
+			// Are we committing an era?
+			let ancient = if header.number() >= HISTORY {
+				let n = header.number() - HISTORY;
+				Some((n, self.chain.block_hash(n).unwrap()))
+			} else {
+				None
+			};
+
+			// Commit results
+			let closed_block = closed_block.unwrap();
+			let receipts = closed_block.block().receipts().clone();
+			closed_block.drain()
+				.commit(header.number(), &header.hash(), ancient)
+				.expect("State DB commit failed.");
+
+			// And update the chain after commit to prevent race conditions
+			// (when something is in chain but you are not able to fetch details)
+			let route = self.chain.insert_block(&block.bytes, receipts);
+			import_results.push(route);
+
+			self.report.write().unwrap().accrue_block(&block);
+			trace!(target: "client", "Imported #{} ({})", header.number(), header.hash());
+		}
+
+		let imported = imported_blocks.len();
+		let invalid_blocks = invalid_blocks.into_iter().collect::<Vec<H256>>();
+
+		{
+			if !invalid_blocks.is_empty() {
+				self.block_queue.mark_as_bad(&invalid_blocks);
+			}
+			if !imported_blocks.is_empty() {
+				self.block_queue.mark_as_good(&imported_blocks);
+			}
+		}
+
+		{
+			if !imported_blocks.is_empty() && self.block_queue.queue_info().is_empty() {
+				let (enacted, retracted) = self.calculate_enacted_retracted(import_results);
+				io.send(NetworkIoMessage::User(SyncMessage::NewChainBlocks {
+					imported: imported_blocks,
+					invalid: invalid_blocks,
+					enacted: enacted,
+					retracted: retracted,
+				})).unwrap();
+			}
+		}
+
+		{
+			if self.chain_info().best_block_hash != original_best {
+				io.send(NetworkIoMessage::User(SyncMessage::NewChainHead)).unwrap();
+			}
+		}
+
+		imported
+	}
+
+	/// Get a copy of the best block's state.
+	pub fn state(&self) -> State {
+		State::from_existing(self.state_db.lock().unwrap().spawn(), HeaderView::new(&self.best_block_header()).state_root(), self.engine.account_start_nonce())
+	}
+
+	/// Get info on the cache.
+	pub fn blockchain_cache_info(&self) -> BlockChainCacheSize {
+		self.chain.cache_size()
+	}
+
+	/// Get the report.
+	pub fn report(&self) -> ClientReport {
+		let mut report = self.report.read().unwrap().clone();
+		report.state_db_mem = self.state_db.lock().unwrap().mem_used();
+		report
+	}
+
+	/// Tick the client.
+	pub fn tick(&self) {
+		self.chain.collect_garbage();
+		self.block_queue.collect_garbage();
+	}
+
+	/// Set up the cache behaviour.
+	pub fn configure_cache(&self, pref_cache_size: usize, max_cache_size: usize) {
+		self.chain.configure_cache(pref_cache_size, max_cache_size);
+	}
+
+	fn block_hash(chain: &BlockChain, id: BlockId) -> Option<H256> {
+		match id {
+			BlockId::Hash(hash) => Some(hash),
+			BlockId::Number(number) => chain.block_hash(number),
+			BlockId::Earliest => chain.block_hash(0),
+			BlockId::Latest => Some(chain.best_block_hash())
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn block_number(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<BlockNumber> {
+		match id {
+			BlockId::Number(number) => Some(number),
+			BlockId::Hash(ref hash) => self.chain.block_number(hash),
+			BlockId::Earliest => Some(0),
+			BlockId::Latest => Some(self.chain.best_block_number())
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn transaction_address(&self, id: TransactionId) -> Option<TransactionAddress> {
+		match id {
+			TransactionId::Hash(ref hash) => self.chain.transaction_address(hash),
+			TransactionId::Location(id, index) => Self::block_hash(&self.chain, id).map(|hash| TransactionAddress {
+				block_hash: hash,
+				index: index
+			})
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl<V> BlockChainClient for Client<V> where V: Verifier {
+	fn call(&self, t: &SignedTransaction) -> Result<Executed, Error> {
+		let header = self.block_header(BlockId::Latest).unwrap();
+		let view = HeaderView::new(&header);
+		let last_hashes = self.build_last_hashes(view.hash());
+		let env_info = EnvInfo {
+			number: view.number(),
+			author: view.author(),
+			timestamp: view.timestamp(),
+			difficulty: view.difficulty(),
+			last_hashes: last_hashes,
+			gas_used: U256::zero(),
+			gas_limit: U256::max_value(),
+		};
+		// that's just a copy of the state.
+		let mut state = self.state();
+		let sender = try!(t.sender());
+		let balance = state.balance(&sender);
+		// give the sender max balance
+		state.sub_balance(&sender, &balance);
+		state.add_balance(&sender, &U256::max_value());
+		Executive::new(&mut state, &env_info, self.engine.deref().deref()).transact(t, false)
+	}
+
+	// TODO [todr] Should be moved to miner crate eventually.
+	fn try_seal(&self, block: ClosedBlock, seal: Vec<Bytes>) -> Result<SealedBlock, ClosedBlock> {
+		block.try_seal(self.engine.deref().deref(), seal)
+	}
+
+	// TODO [todr] Should be moved to miner crate eventually.
+	fn prepare_sealing(&self, author: Address, gas_floor_target: U256, extra_data: Bytes, transactions: Vec<SignedTransaction>)
+		-> Option<(ClosedBlock, HashSet<H256>)> {
+		let engine = self.engine.deref().deref();
+		let h = self.chain.best_block_hash();
+
+		let mut b = OpenBlock::new(
+			engine,
+			false,	// TODO: this will need to be parameterised once we want to do immediate mining insertion.
+			self.state_db.lock().unwrap().spawn(),
+			match self.chain.block_header(&h) { Some(ref x) => x, None => {return None} },
+			self.build_last_hashes(h.clone()),
+			author,
+			gas_floor_target,
+			extra_data,
+		);
+
+		// Add uncles
+		self.chain
+			.find_uncle_headers(&h, engine.maximum_uncle_age())
+			.unwrap()
+			.into_iter()
+			.take(engine.maximum_uncle_count())
+			.foreach(|h| {
+				b.push_uncle(h).unwrap();
+			});
+
+		// Add transactions
+		let block_number = b.block().header().number();
+		let min_tx_gas = U256::from(self.engine.schedule(&b.env_info()).tx_gas);
+		let mut invalid_transactions = HashSet::new();
+
+		for tx in transactions {
+			// Push transaction to block
+			let hash = tx.hash();
+			let import = b.push_transaction(tx, None);
+
+			match import {
+				Err(Error::Execution(ExecutionError::BlockGasLimitReached { gas_limit, gas_used, .. })) => {
+					trace!(target: "miner", "Skipping adding transaction to block because of gas limit: {:?}", hash);
+					// Exit early if gas left is smaller then min_tx_gas
+					if gas_limit - gas_used < min_tx_gas {
+						break;
+					}
+				},
+				Err(e) => {
+					invalid_transactions.insert(hash);
+					trace!(target: "miner",
+						   "Error adding transaction to block: number={}. transaction_hash={:?}, Error: {:?}",
+						   block_number, hash, e);
+				},
+				_ => {}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// And close
+		let b = b.close();
+		trace!(target: "miner", "Sealing: number={}, hash={}, diff={}",
+			   b.block().header().number(),
+			   b.hash(),
+			   b.block().header().difficulty()
+		);
+		Some((b, invalid_transactions))
+	}
+
+	fn block_header(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes> {
+		Self::block_hash(&self.chain, id).and_then(|hash| self.chain.block(&hash).map(|bytes| BlockView::new(&bytes).rlp().at(0).as_raw().to_vec()))
+	}
+
+	fn block_body(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes> {
+		Self::block_hash(&self.chain, id).and_then(|hash| {
+			self.chain.block(&hash).map(|bytes| {
+				let rlp = Rlp::new(&bytes);
+				let mut body = RlpStream::new_list(2);
+				body.append_raw(rlp.at(1).as_raw(), 1);
+				body.append_raw(rlp.at(2).as_raw(), 1);
+				body.out()
+			})
+		})
+	}
+
+	fn block(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes> {
+		Self::block_hash(&self.chain, id).and_then(|hash| {
+			self.chain.block(&hash)
+		})
+	}
+
+	fn block_status(&self, id: BlockId) -> BlockStatus {
+		match Self::block_hash(&self.chain, id) {
+			Some(ref hash) if self.chain.is_known(hash) => BlockStatus::InChain,
+			Some(hash) => self.block_queue.block_status(&hash),
+			None => BlockStatus::Unknown
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn block_total_difficulty(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<U256> {
+		Self::block_hash(&self.chain, id).and_then(|hash| self.chain.block_details(&hash)).map(|d| d.total_difficulty)
+	}
+
+	fn nonce(&self, address: &Address) -> U256 {
+		self.state().nonce(address)
+	}
+
+	fn block_hash(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<H256> {
+		Self::block_hash(&self.chain, id)
+	}
+
+	fn code(&self, address: &Address) -> Option<Bytes> {
+		self.state().code(address)
+	}
+
+	fn balance(&self, address: &Address) -> U256 {
+		self.state().balance(address)
+	}
+
+	fn storage_at(&self, address: &Address, position: &H256) -> H256 {
+		self.state().storage_at(address, position)
+	}
+
+	fn transaction(&self, id: TransactionId) -> Option<LocalizedTransaction> {
+		self.transaction_address(id).and_then(|address| self.chain.transaction(&address))
+	}
+
+	fn uncle(&self, id: UncleId) -> Option<Header> {
+		let index = id.1;
+		self.block(id.0).and_then(|block| BlockView::new(&block).uncle_at(index))
+	}
+
+	fn transaction_receipt(&self, id: TransactionId) -> Option<LocalizedReceipt> {
+		self.transaction_address(id).and_then(|address| {
+			let t = self.chain.block(&address.block_hash)
+				.and_then(|block| BlockView::new(&block).localized_transaction_at(address.index));
+
+			match (t, self.chain.transaction_receipt(&address)) {
+				(Some(tx), Some(receipt)) => {
+					let block_hash = tx.block_hash.clone();
+					let block_number = tx.block_number.clone();
+					let transaction_hash = tx.hash();
+					let transaction_index = tx.transaction_index;
+					Some(LocalizedReceipt {
+						transaction_hash: tx.hash(),
+						transaction_index: tx.transaction_index,
+						block_hash: tx.block_hash,
+						block_number: tx.block_number,
+						// TODO: to fix this, query all previous transaction receipts and retrieve their gas usage
+						cumulative_gas_used: receipt.gas_used,
+						gas_used: receipt.gas_used,
+						// TODO: to fix this, store created contract address in db
+						contract_address: None,
+						logs: receipt.logs.into_iter().enumerate().map(|(i, log)| LocalizedLogEntry {
+							entry: log,
+							block_hash: block_hash.clone(),
+							block_number: block_number,
+							transaction_hash: transaction_hash.clone(),
+							transaction_index: transaction_index,
+							log_index: i
+						}).collect()
+					})
+				},
+				_ => None
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	fn tree_route(&self, from: &H256, to: &H256) -> Option<TreeRoute> {
+		match self.chain.is_known(from) && self.chain.is_known(to) {
+			true => Some(self.chain.tree_route(from.clone(), to.clone())),
+			false => None
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn state_data(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes> {
+		self.state_db.lock().unwrap().state(hash)
+	}
+
+	fn block_receipts(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes> {
+		self.chain.block_receipts(hash).map(|receipts| rlp::encode(&receipts).to_vec())
+	}
+
+	fn import_block(&self, bytes: Bytes) -> ImportResult {
+		{
+			let header = BlockView::new(&bytes).header_view();
+			if self.chain.is_known(&header.sha3()) {
+				return Err(x!(ImportError::AlreadyInChain));
+			}
+			if self.block_status(BlockId::Hash(header.parent_hash())) == BlockStatus::Unknown {
+				return Err(x!(BlockError::UnknownParent(header.parent_hash())));
+			}
+		}
+		self.block_queue.import_block(bytes)
+	}
+
+	fn queue_info(&self) -> BlockQueueInfo {
+		self.block_queue.queue_info()
+	}
+
+	fn clear_queue(&self) {
+		self.block_queue.clear();
+	}
+
+	fn chain_info(&self) -> BlockChainInfo {
+		BlockChainInfo {
+			total_difficulty: self.chain.best_block_total_difficulty(),
+			pending_total_difficulty: self.chain.best_block_total_difficulty(),
+			genesis_hash: self.chain.genesis_hash(),
+			best_block_hash: self.chain.best_block_hash(),
+			best_block_number: From::from(self.chain.best_block_number())
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn blocks_with_bloom(&self, bloom: &H2048, from_block: BlockId, to_block: BlockId) -> Option<Vec<BlockNumber>> {
+		match (self.block_number(from_block), self.block_number(to_block)) {
+			(Some(from), Some(to)) => Some(self.chain.blocks_with_bloom(bloom, from, to)),
+			_ => None
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn logs(&self, filter: Filter) -> Vec<LocalizedLogEntry> {
+		// TODO: lock blockchain only once
+
+		let mut blocks = filter.bloom_possibilities().iter()
+			.filter_map(|bloom| self.blocks_with_bloom(bloom, filter.from_block.clone(), filter.to_block.clone()))
+			.flat_map(|m| m)
+			// remove duplicate elements
+			.collect::<HashSet<u64>>()
+			.into_iter()
+			.collect::<Vec<u64>>();
+
+		blocks.sort();
+
+		blocks.into_iter()
+			.filter_map(|number| self.chain.block_hash(number).map(|hash| (number, hash)))
+			.filter_map(|(number, hash)| self.chain.block_receipts(&hash).map(|r| (number, hash, r.receipts)))
+			.filter_map(|(number, hash, receipts)| self.chain.block(&hash).map(|ref b| (number, hash, receipts, BlockView::new(b).transaction_hashes())))
+			.flat_map(|(number, hash, receipts, hashes)| {
+				let mut log_index = 0;
+				receipts.into_iter()
+					.enumerate()
+					.flat_map(|(index, receipt)| {
+						log_index += receipt.logs.len();
+						receipt.logs.into_iter()
+							.enumerate()
+							.filter(|tuple| filter.matches(&tuple.1))
+						 	.map(|(i, log)| LocalizedLogEntry {
+							 	entry: log,
+								block_hash: hash.clone(),
+								block_number: number,
+								transaction_hash: hashes.get(index).cloned().unwrap_or_else(H256::new),
+								transaction_index: index,
+								log_index: log_index + i
+							})
+							.collect::<Vec<LocalizedLogEntry>>()
+					})
+					.collect::<Vec<LocalizedLogEntry>>()
+
+			})
+			.collect()
+	}
+}
+
+impl MayPanic for Client {
+	fn on_panic<F>(&self, closure: F) where F: OnPanicListener {
+		self.panic_handler.on_panic(closure);
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/client/config.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/client/config.rs
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+pub use block_queue::BlockQueueConfig;
+pub use blockchain::BlockChainConfig;
+use util::journaldb;
+
+/// Client configuration. Includes configs for all sub-systems.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct ClientConfig {
+	/// Block queue configuration.
+	pub queue: BlockQueueConfig,
+	/// Blockchain configuration.
+	pub blockchain: BlockChainConfig,
+	/// The JournalDB ("pruning") algorithm to use.
+	pub pruning: journaldb::Algorithm,
+	/// The name of the client instance.
+	pub name: String,
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/client/ids.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/client/ids.rs
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Unique identifiers.
+
+use util::hash::H256;
+use header::BlockNumber;
+
+/// Uniquely identifies block.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Hash, Eq)]
+pub enum BlockId {
+	/// Block's sha3.
+	/// Querying by hash is always faster.
+	Hash(H256),
+	/// Block number within canon blockchain.
+	Number(BlockNumber),
+	/// Earliest block (genesis).
+	Earliest,
+	/// Latest mined block.
+	Latest
+}
+
+/// Uniquely identifies transaction.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Hash, Eq)]
+pub enum TransactionId {
+	/// Transaction's sha3.
+	Hash(H256),
+	/// Block id and transaction index within this block.
+	/// Querying by block position is always faster.
+	Location(BlockId, usize)
+}
+
+/// Uniquely identifies Uncle.
+pub struct UncleId (
+	/// Block id.
+	pub BlockId,
+	/// Position in block.
+	pub usize
+);
--- a/ethcore/src/client/mod.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/client/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Blockchain database client.
+
+mod client;
+mod config;
+mod ids;
+mod test_client;
+
+pub use self::client::*;
+pub use self::config::{ClientConfig, BlockQueueConfig, BlockChainConfig};
+pub use self::ids::{BlockId, TransactionId, UncleId};
+pub use self::test_client::{TestBlockChainClient, EachBlockWith};
+pub use executive::Executed;
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use util::bytes::Bytes;
+use util::hash::{Address, H256, H2048};
+use util::numbers::U256;
+use blockchain::TreeRoute;
+use block_queue::BlockQueueInfo;
+use block::{ClosedBlock, SealedBlock};
+use header::{BlockNumber, Header};
+use transaction::{LocalizedTransaction, SignedTransaction};
+use log_entry::LocalizedLogEntry;
+use filter::Filter;
+use error::{ImportResult, Error};
+use receipt::LocalizedReceipt;
+
+/// Blockchain database client. Owns and manages a blockchain and a block queue.
+pub trait BlockChainClient : Sync + Send {
+	/// Get raw block header data by block id.
+	fn block_header(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes>;
+
+	/// Get raw block body data by block id.
+	/// Block body is an RLP list of two items: uncles and transactions.
+	fn block_body(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes>;
+
+	/// Get raw block data by block header hash.
+	fn block(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes>;
+
+	/// Get block status by block header hash.
+	fn block_status(&self, id: BlockId) -> BlockStatus;
+
+	/// Get block total difficulty.
+	fn block_total_difficulty(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<U256>;
+
+	/// Get address nonce.
+	fn nonce(&self, address: &Address) -> U256;
+
+	/// Get block hash.
+	fn block_hash(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<H256>;
+
+	/// Get address code.
+	fn code(&self, address: &Address) -> Option<Bytes>;
+
+	/// Get address balance.
+	fn balance(&self, address: &Address) -> U256;
+
+	/// Get value of the storage at given position.
+	fn storage_at(&self, address: &Address, position: &H256) -> H256;
+
+	/// Get transaction with given hash.
+	fn transaction(&self, id: TransactionId) -> Option<LocalizedTransaction>;
+
+	/// Get uncle with given id.
+	fn uncle(&self, id: UncleId) -> Option<Header>;
+
+	/// Get transaction receipt with given hash.
+	fn transaction_receipt(&self, id: TransactionId) -> Option<LocalizedReceipt>;
+
+	/// Get a tree route between `from` and `to`.
+	/// See `BlockChain::tree_route`.
+	fn tree_route(&self, from: &H256, to: &H256) -> Option<TreeRoute>;
+
+	/// Get latest state node
+	fn state_data(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes>;
+
+	/// Get raw block receipts data by block header hash.
+	fn block_receipts(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes>;
+
+	/// Import a block into the blockchain.
+	fn import_block(&self, bytes: Bytes) -> ImportResult;
+
+	/// Get block queue information.
+	fn queue_info(&self) -> BlockQueueInfo;
+
+	/// Clear block queue and abort all import activity.
+	fn clear_queue(&self);
+
+	/// Get blockchain information.
+	fn chain_info(&self) -> BlockChainInfo;
+
+	/// Get the best block header.
+	fn best_block_header(&self) -> Bytes {
+		// TODO: lock blockchain only once
+		self.block_header(BlockId::Hash(self.chain_info().best_block_hash)).unwrap()
+	}
+
+	/// Returns numbers of blocks containing given bloom.
+	fn blocks_with_bloom(&self, bloom: &H2048, from_block: BlockId, to_block: BlockId) -> Option<Vec<BlockNumber>>;
+
+	/// Returns logs matching given filter.
+	fn logs(&self, filter: Filter) -> Vec<LocalizedLogEntry>;
+
+	// TODO [todr] Should be moved to miner crate eventually.
+	/// Returns ClosedBlock prepared for sealing.
+	fn prepare_sealing(&self, author: Address, gas_floor_target: U256, extra_data: Bytes, transactions: Vec<SignedTransaction>)
+		-> Option<(ClosedBlock, HashSet<H256>)>;
+
+	// TODO [todr] Should be moved to miner crate eventually.
+	/// Attempts to seal given block. Returns `SealedBlock` on success and the same block in case of error.
+	fn try_seal(&self, block: ClosedBlock, seal: Vec<Bytes>) -> Result<SealedBlock, ClosedBlock>;
+
+	/// Makes a non-persistent transaction call.
+	fn call(&self, t: &SignedTransaction) -> Result<Executed, Error>;
+}
+
--- a/ethcore/src/client/test_client.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/client/test_client.rs
@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Test client.
+
+use util::*;
+use transaction::{Transaction, LocalizedTransaction, SignedTransaction, Action};
+use blockchain::TreeRoute;
+use client::{BlockChainClient, BlockChainInfo, BlockStatus, BlockId, TransactionId, UncleId};
+use header::{Header as BlockHeader, BlockNumber};
+use filter::Filter;
+use log_entry::LocalizedLogEntry;
+use receipt::{Receipt, LocalizedReceipt};
+use extras::BlockReceipts;
+use error::{ImportResult};
+
+use block_queue::BlockQueueInfo;
+use block::{SealedBlock, ClosedBlock};
+use executive::Executed;
+use error::Error;
+
+/// Test client.
+pub struct TestBlockChainClient {
+	/// Blocks.
+	pub blocks: RwLock<HashMap<H256, Bytes>>,
+	/// Mapping of numbers to hashes.
+ 	pub numbers: RwLock<HashMap<usize, H256>>,
+	/// Genesis block hash.
+	pub genesis_hash: H256,
+	/// Last block hash.
+	pub last_hash: RwLock<H256>,
+	/// Difficulty.
+	pub difficulty: RwLock<U256>,
+	/// Balances.
+	pub balances: RwLock<HashMap<Address, U256>>,
+	/// Storage.
+	pub storage: RwLock<HashMap<(Address, H256), H256>>,
+	/// Code.
+	pub code: RwLock<HashMap<Address, Bytes>>,
+	/// Execution result.
+	pub execution_result: RwLock<Option<Executed>>,
+	/// Transaction receipts.
+	pub receipts: RwLock<HashMap<TransactionId, LocalizedReceipt>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+/// Used for generating test client blocks.
+pub enum EachBlockWith {
+	/// Plain block.
+	Nothing,
+	/// Block with an uncle.
+	Uncle,
+	/// Block with a transaction.
+	Transaction,
+	/// Block with an uncle and transaction.
+	UncleAndTransaction
+}
+
+impl Default for TestBlockChainClient {
+	fn default() -> Self {
+		TestBlockChainClient::new()
+	}
+}
+
+impl TestBlockChainClient {
+	/// Creates new test client.
+	pub fn new() -> Self {
+
+		let mut client = TestBlockChainClient {
+			blocks: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
+			numbers: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
+			genesis_hash: H256::new(),
+			last_hash: RwLock::new(H256::new()),
+			difficulty: RwLock::new(From::from(0)),
+			balances: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
+			storage: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
+			code: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
+			execution_result: RwLock::new(None),
+			receipts: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
+		};
+		client.add_blocks(1, EachBlockWith::Nothing); // add genesis block
+		client.genesis_hash = client.last_hash.read().unwrap().clone();
+		client
+	}
+
+	/// Set the transaction receipt result
+	pub fn set_transaction_receipt(&self, id: TransactionId, receipt: LocalizedReceipt) {
+		self.receipts.write().unwrap().insert(id, receipt);
+	}
+
+	/// Set the execution result.
+	pub fn set_execution_result(&self, result: Executed) {
+		*self.execution_result.write().unwrap() = Some(result);
+	}
+
+	/// Set the balance of account `address` to `balance`.
+	pub fn set_balance(&self, address: Address, balance: U256) {
+		self.balances.write().unwrap().insert(address, balance);
+	}
+
+	/// Set `code` at `address`.
+	pub fn set_code(&self, address: Address, code: Bytes) {
+		self.code.write().unwrap().insert(address, code);
+	}
+
+	/// Set storage `position` to `value` for account `address`.
+	pub fn set_storage(&self, address: Address, position: H256, value: H256) {
+		self.storage.write().unwrap().insert((address, position), value);
+	}
+
+	/// Add blocks to test client.
+	pub fn add_blocks(&self, count: usize, with: EachBlockWith) {
+		let len = self.numbers.read().unwrap().len();
+		for n in len..(len + count) {
+			let mut header = BlockHeader::new();
+			header.difficulty = From::from(n);
+			header.parent_hash = self.last_hash.read().unwrap().clone();
+			header.number = n as BlockNumber;
+			header.gas_limit = U256::from(1_000_000);
+			let uncles = match with {
+				EachBlockWith::Uncle | EachBlockWith::UncleAndTransaction => {
+					let mut uncles = RlpStream::new_list(1);
+					let mut uncle_header = BlockHeader::new();
+					uncle_header.difficulty = From::from(n);
+					uncle_header.parent_hash = self.last_hash.read().unwrap().clone();
+					uncle_header.number = n as BlockNumber;
+					uncles.append(&uncle_header);
+					header.uncles_hash = uncles.as_raw().sha3();
+					uncles
+				},
+				_ => RlpStream::new_list(0)
+			};
+			let txs = match with {
+				EachBlockWith::Transaction | EachBlockWith::UncleAndTransaction => {
+					let mut txs = RlpStream::new_list(1);
+					let keypair = KeyPair::create().unwrap();
+					let tx = Transaction {
+						action: Action::Create,
+						value: U256::from(100),
+						data: "3331600055".from_hex().unwrap(),
+						gas: U256::from(100_000),
+						gas_price: U256::one(),
+						nonce: U256::zero()
+					};
+					let signed_tx = tx.sign(&keypair.secret());
+					txs.append(&signed_tx);
+					txs.out()
+				},
+				_ => rlp::NULL_RLP.to_vec()
+			};
+
+			let mut rlp = RlpStream::new_list(3);
+			rlp.append(&header);
+			rlp.append_raw(&txs, 1);
+			rlp.append_raw(uncles.as_raw(), 1);
+			self.import_block(rlp.as_raw().to_vec()).unwrap();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// TODO:
+	pub fn corrupt_block(&mut self, n: BlockNumber) {
+		let hash = self.block_hash(BlockId::Number(n)).unwrap();
+		let mut header: BlockHeader = decode(&self.block_header(BlockId::Number(n)).unwrap());
+		header.parent_hash = H256::new();
+		let mut rlp = RlpStream::new_list(3);
+		rlp.append(&header);
+		rlp.append_raw(&rlp::NULL_RLP, 1);
+		rlp.append_raw(&rlp::NULL_RLP, 1);
+		self.blocks.write().unwrap().insert(hash, rlp.out());
+	}
+
+	/// TODO:
+	pub fn block_hash_delta_minus(&mut self, delta: usize) -> H256 {
+		let blocks_read = self.numbers.read().unwrap();
+		let index = blocks_read.len() - delta;
+		blocks_read[&index].clone()
+	}
+
+	fn block_hash(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<H256> {
+		match id {
+			BlockId::Hash(hash) => Some(hash),
+			BlockId::Number(n) => self.numbers.read().unwrap().get(&(n as usize)).cloned(),
+			BlockId::Earliest => self.numbers.read().unwrap().get(&0).cloned(),
+			BlockId::Latest => self.numbers.read().unwrap().get(&(self.numbers.read().unwrap().len() - 1)).cloned()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl BlockChainClient for TestBlockChainClient {
+	fn call(&self, _t: &SignedTransaction) -> Result<Executed, Error> {
+		Ok(self.execution_result.read().unwrap().clone().unwrap())
+	}
+
+	fn block_total_difficulty(&self, _id: BlockId) -> Option<U256> {
+		Some(U256::zero())
+	}
+
+	fn block_hash(&self, _id: BlockId) -> Option<H256> {
+		unimplemented!();
+	}
+
+	fn nonce(&self, _address: &Address) -> U256 {
+		U256::zero()
+	}
+
+	fn code(&self, address: &Address) -> Option<Bytes> {
+		self.code.read().unwrap().get(address).cloned()
+	}
+
+	fn balance(&self, address: &Address) -> U256 {
+		self.balances.read().unwrap().get(address).cloned().unwrap_or_else(U256::zero)
+	}
+
+	fn storage_at(&self, address: &Address, position: &H256) -> H256 {
+		self.storage.read().unwrap().get(&(address.clone(), position.clone())).cloned().unwrap_or_else(H256::new)
+	}
+
+	fn transaction(&self, _id: TransactionId) -> Option<LocalizedTransaction> {
+		unimplemented!();
+	}
+
+	fn uncle(&self, _id: UncleId) -> Option<BlockHeader> {
+		unimplemented!();
+	}
+
+	fn transaction_receipt(&self, id: TransactionId) -> Option<LocalizedReceipt> {
+		self.receipts.read().unwrap().get(&id).cloned()
+	}
+
+	fn blocks_with_bloom(&self, _bloom: &H2048, _from_block: BlockId, _to_block: BlockId) -> Option<Vec<BlockNumber>> {
+		unimplemented!();
+	}
+
+	fn logs(&self, _filter: Filter) -> Vec<LocalizedLogEntry> {
+		unimplemented!();
+	}
+
+	fn prepare_sealing(&self, _author: Address, _gas_floor_target: U256, _extra_data: Bytes, _transactions: Vec<SignedTransaction>) -> Option<(ClosedBlock, HashSet<H256>)> {
+		None
+	}
+
+	fn try_seal(&self, block: ClosedBlock, _seal: Vec<Bytes>) -> Result<SealedBlock, ClosedBlock> {
+		Err(block)
+	}
+
+	fn block_header(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes> {
+		self.block_hash(id).and_then(|hash| self.blocks.read().unwrap().get(&hash).map(|r| Rlp::new(r).at(0).as_raw().to_vec()))
+	}
+
+	fn block_body(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes> {
+		self.block_hash(id).and_then(|hash| self.blocks.read().unwrap().get(&hash).map(|r| {
+			let mut stream = RlpStream::new_list(2);
+			stream.append_raw(Rlp::new(&r).at(1).as_raw(), 1);
+			stream.append_raw(Rlp::new(&r).at(2).as_raw(), 1);
+			stream.out()
+		}))
+	}
+
+	fn block(&self, id: BlockId) -> Option<Bytes> {
+		self.block_hash(id).and_then(|hash| self.blocks.read().unwrap().get(&hash).cloned())
+	}
+
+	fn block_status(&self, id: BlockId) -> BlockStatus {
+		match id {
+			BlockId::Number(number) if (number as usize) < self.blocks.read().unwrap().len() => BlockStatus::InChain,
+			BlockId::Hash(ref hash) if self.blocks.read().unwrap().get(hash).is_some() => BlockStatus::InChain,
+			_ => BlockStatus::Unknown
+		}
+	}
+
+	// works only if blocks are one after another 1 -> 2 -> 3
+	fn tree_route(&self, from: &H256, to: &H256) -> Option<TreeRoute> {
+		Some(TreeRoute {
+			ancestor: H256::new(),
+			index: 0,
+			blocks: {
+				let numbers_read = self.numbers.read().unwrap();
+				let mut adding = false;
+
+				let mut blocks = Vec::new();
+				for (_, hash) in numbers_read.iter().sort_by(|tuple1, tuple2| tuple1.0.cmp(tuple2.0)) {
+					if hash == to {
+						if adding {
+							blocks.push(hash.clone());
+						}
+						adding = false;
+						break;
+					}
+					if hash == from {
+						adding = true;
+					}
+					if adding {
+						blocks.push(hash.clone());
+					}
+				}
+				if adding { Vec::new() } else { blocks }
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	// TODO: returns just hashes instead of node state rlp(?)
+	fn state_data(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes> {
+		// starts with 'f' ?
+		if *hash > H256::from("f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000") {
+			let mut rlp = RlpStream::new();
+			rlp.append(&hash.clone());
+			return Some(rlp.out());
+		}
+		None
+	}
+
+	fn block_receipts(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes> {
+		// starts with 'f' ?
+		if *hash > H256::from("f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000") {
+			let receipt = BlockReceipts::new(vec![Receipt::new(
+				H256::zero(),
+				U256::zero(),
+				vec![])]);
+			let mut rlp = RlpStream::new();
+			rlp.append(&receipt);
+			return Some(rlp.out());
+		}
+		None
+	}
+
+	fn import_block(&self, b: Bytes) -> ImportResult {
+		let header = Rlp::new(&b).val_at::<BlockHeader>(0);
+		let h = header.hash();
+		let number: usize = header.number as usize;
+		if number > self.blocks.read().unwrap().len() {
+			panic!("Unexpected block number. Expected {}, got {}", self.blocks.read().unwrap().len(), number);
+		}
+		if number > 0 {
+			match self.blocks.read().unwrap().get(&header.parent_hash) {
+				Some(parent) => {
+					let parent = Rlp::new(parent).val_at::<BlockHeader>(0);
+					if parent.number != (header.number - 1) {
+						panic!("Unexpected block parent");
+					}
+				},
+				None => {
+					panic!("Unknown block parent {:?} for block {}", header.parent_hash, number);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		let len = self.numbers.read().unwrap().len();
+		if number == len {
+			{
+				let mut difficulty = self.difficulty.write().unwrap();
+				*difficulty.deref_mut() = *difficulty.deref() + header.difficulty;
+			}
+			mem::replace(self.last_hash.write().unwrap().deref_mut(), h.clone());
+			self.blocks.write().unwrap().insert(h.clone(), b);
+			self.numbers.write().unwrap().insert(number, h.clone());
+			let mut parent_hash = header.parent_hash;
+			if number > 0 {
+				let mut n = number - 1;
+				while n > 0 && self.numbers.read().unwrap()[&n] != parent_hash {
+					*self.numbers.write().unwrap().get_mut(&n).unwrap() = parent_hash.clone();
+					n -= 1;
+					parent_hash = Rlp::new(&self.blocks.read().unwrap()[&parent_hash]).val_at::<BlockHeader>(0).parent_hash;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		else {
+			self.blocks.write().unwrap().insert(h.clone(), b.to_vec());
+		}
+		Ok(h)
+	}
+
+	fn queue_info(&self) -> BlockQueueInfo {
+		BlockQueueInfo {
+			verified_queue_size: 0,
+			unverified_queue_size: 0,
+			verifying_queue_size: 0,
+			max_queue_size: 0,
+			max_mem_use: 0,
+			mem_used: 0,
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn clear_queue(&self) {
+	}
+
+	fn chain_info(&self) -> BlockChainInfo {
+		BlockChainInfo {
+			total_difficulty: *self.difficulty.read().unwrap(),
+			pending_total_difficulty: *self.difficulty.read().unwrap(),
+			genesis_hash: self.genesis_hash.clone(),
+			best_block_hash: self.last_hash.read().unwrap().clone(),
+			best_block_number: self.blocks.read().unwrap().len() as BlockNumber - 1,
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/common.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/common.rs
@ -26,3 +26,4 @@ pub use transaction::*;
 pub use log_entry::*;
 pub use receipt::*;
 pub use action_params::*;
+pub use trace::*;
--- a/ethcore/src/engine.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/engine.rs
@ -30,8 +30,6 @@ pub trait Engine : Sync + Send {

 	/// The number of additional header fields required for this engine.
 	fn seal_fields(&self) -> usize { 0 }
-	/// Default values of the additional fields RLP-encoded in a raw (non-list) harness.
-	fn seal_rlp(&self) -> Bytes { vec![] }

 	/// Additional engine-specific information for the user/developer concerning `header`.
 	fn extra_info(&self, _header: &Header) -> HashMap<String, String> { HashMap::new() }
@ -49,6 +47,8 @@ pub trait Engine : Sync + Send {
 	fn maximum_extra_data_size(&self) -> usize { decode(&self.spec().engine_params.get("maximumExtraDataSize").unwrap()) }
 	/// Maximum number of uncles a block is allowed to declare.
 	fn maximum_uncle_count(&self) -> usize { 2 }
+	/// The number of generations back that uncles can be.
+	fn maximum_uncle_age(&self) -> usize { 6 }
 	/// The nonce with which accounts begin.
 	fn account_start_nonce(&self) -> U256 { decode(&self.spec().engine_params.get("accountStartNonce").unwrap()) }

@ -76,9 +76,20 @@ pub trait Engine : Sync + Send {
 	/// Verify a particular transaction is valid.
 	fn verify_transaction(&self, _t: &SignedTransaction, _header: &Header) -> Result<(), Error> { Ok(()) }

-	/// Don't forget to call Super::populateFromParent when subclassing & overriding.
+	/// Verify the seal of a block. This is an auxilliary method that actually just calls other `verify_` methods
+	/// to get the job done. By default it must pass `verify_basic` and `verify_block_unordered`. If more or fewer
+	/// methods are needed for an Engine, this may be overridden.
+	fn verify_block_seal(&self, header: &Header) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		self.verify_block_basic(header, None).and_then(|_| self.verify_block_unordered(header, None))
+	}
+
+	/// Don't forget to call Super::populate_from_parent when subclassing & overriding.
 	// TODO: consider including State in the params.
-	fn populate_from_parent(&self, _header: &mut Header, _parent: &Header) {}
+	fn populate_from_parent(&self, header: &mut Header, parent: &Header, _gas_floor_target: U256) {
+		header.difficulty = parent.difficulty;
+		header.gas_limit = parent.gas_limit;
+		header.note_dirty();
+	}

 	// TODO: builtin contract routing - to do this properly, it will require removing the built-in configuration-reading logic
 	// from Spec into here and removing the Spec::builtins field.
@ -92,4 +103,14 @@ pub trait Engine : Sync + Send {
 	fn execute_builtin(&self, a: &Address, input: &[u8], output: &mut [u8]) { self.spec().builtins.get(a).unwrap().execute(input, output); }

 	// TODO: sealing stuff - though might want to leave this for later.
+
+	/// Get a named parameter from the `spec()`'s `engine_params` item and convert to u64, or 0 if that fails.
+	fn u64_param(&self, name: &str) -> u64 {
+		self.spec().engine_params.get(name).map_or(0u64, |a| decode(&a))
+	}
+
+	/// Get a named parameter from the `spec()`'s `engine_params` item and convert to U256, or 0 if that fails.
+	fn u256_param(&self, name: &str) -> U256 {
+		self.spec().engine_params.get(name).map_or(x!(0), |a| decode(&a))
+	}
 }
--- a/ethcore/src/error.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/error.rs
@ -63,8 +63,33 @@ pub enum ExecutionError {
 }

 #[derive(Debug)]
-/// Errors concerning transaction proessing.
+/// Errors concerning transaction processing.
 pub enum TransactionError {
+	/// Transaction is already imported to the queue
+	AlreadyImported,
+	/// Transaction is not valid anymore (state already has higher nonce)
+	Old,
+	/// Transaction's gas price is below threshold.
+	InsufficientGasPrice {
+		/// Minimal expected gas price
+		minimal: U256,
+		/// Transaction gas price
+		got: U256,
+	},
+	/// Sender doesn't have enough funds to pay for this transaction
+	InsufficientBalance {
+		/// Senders balance
+		balance: U256,
+		/// Transaction cost
+		cost: U256,
+	},
+	/// Transactions gas is higher then current gas limit
+	GasLimitExceeded {
+		/// Current gas limit
+		limit: U256,
+		/// Declared transaction gas
+		got: U256,
+	},
 	/// Transaction's gas limit (aka gas) is invalid.
 	InvalidGasLimit(OutOfBounds<U256>),
 }
@ -131,25 +156,14 @@ pub enum BlockError {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 /// Import to the block queue result
 pub enum ImportError {
-	/// Bad block detected
-	Bad(Option<Error>),
-	/// Already in the block chain
+	/// Already in the block chain.
 	AlreadyInChain,
-	/// Already in the block queue
+	/// Already in the block queue.
 	AlreadyQueued,
-	/// Unknown parent
-	UnknownParent,
+	/// Already marked as bad from a previous import (could mean parent is bad).
+	KnownBad,
 }

-impl From<Error> for ImportError {
-	fn from(err: Error) -> ImportError {
-		ImportError::Bad(Some(err))
-	}
-}
-
-/// Result of import block operation.
-pub type ImportResult = Result<H256, ImportError>;
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 /// General error type which should be capable of representing all errors in ethcore.
 pub enum Error {
@ -163,14 +177,29 @@ pub enum Error {
 	Execution(ExecutionError),
 	/// Error concerning transaction processing.
 	Transaction(TransactionError),
+	/// Error concerning block import.
+	Import(ImportError),
+	/// PoW hash is invalid or out of date.
+	PowHashInvalid,
+	/// The value of the nonce or mishash is invalid.
+	PowInvalid,
 }

+/// Result of import block operation.
+pub type ImportResult = Result<H256, Error>;
+
 impl From<TransactionError> for Error {
 	fn from(err: TransactionError) -> Error {
 		Error::Transaction(err)
 	}
 }

+impl From<ImportError> for Error {
+	fn from(err: ImportError) -> Error {
+		Error::Import(err)
+	}
+}
+
 impl From<BlockError> for Error {
 	fn from(err: BlockError) -> Error {
 		Error::Block(err)
--- a/ethcore/src/ethereum/ethash.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/ethereum/ethash.rs
@ -57,16 +57,6 @@ impl Ethash {
 			u256_params: RwLock::new(HashMap::new())
 		}
 	}
-
-	fn u64_param(&self, name: &str) -> u64 {
-		*self.u64_params.write().unwrap().entry(name.to_owned()).or_insert_with(||
-			self.spec().engine_params.get(name).map_or(0u64, |a| decode(&a)))
-	}
-
-	fn u256_param(&self, name: &str) -> U256 {
-		*self.u256_params.write().unwrap().entry(name.to_owned()).or_insert_with(||
-			self.spec().engine_params.get(name).map_or(x!(0), |a| decode(&a)))
-	}
 }

 impl Engine for Ethash {
@ -74,8 +64,6 @@ impl Engine for Ethash {
 	fn version(&self) -> SemanticVersion { SemanticVersion::new(1, 0, 0) }
 	// Two fields - mix
 	fn seal_fields(&self) -> usize { 2 }
-	// Two empty data items in RLP.
-	fn seal_rlp(&self) -> Bytes { encode(&H64::new()).to_vec() }

 	/// Additional engine-specific information for the user/developer concerning `header`.
 	fn extra_info(&self, _header: &Header) -> HashMap<String, String> { HashMap::new() }
@ -87,20 +75,16 @@ impl Engine for Ethash {

 	fn schedule(&self, env_info: &EnvInfo) -> Schedule {
 		trace!(target: "client", "Creating schedule. param={:?}, fCML={}", self.spec().engine_params.get("frontierCompatibilityModeLimit"), self.u64_param("frontierCompatibilityModeLimit"));
-		match env_info.number < self.u64_param("frontierCompatibilityModeLimit") {
-			true => {
-				Schedule::new_frontier()
-			},
-			_ => {
-				Schedule::new_homestead()
-			},
+		if env_info.number < self.u64_param("frontierCompatibilityModeLimit") {
+			Schedule::new_frontier()
+		} else {
+			Schedule::new_homestead()
 		}
 	}

-	fn populate_from_parent(&self, header: &mut Header, parent: &Header) {
+	fn populate_from_parent(&self, header: &mut Header, parent: &Header, gas_floor_target: U256) {
 		header.difficulty = self.calculate_difficuty(header, parent);
 		header.gas_limit = {
-			let gas_floor_target: U256 = x!(3141562);
 			let gas_limit = parent.gas_limit;
 			let bound_divisor = self.u256_param("gasLimitBoundDivisor");
 			if gas_limit < gas_floor_target {
@ -109,7 +93,7 @@ impl Engine for Ethash {
 				max(gas_floor_target, gas_limit - gas_limit / bound_divisor + x!(1) + (header.gas_used * x!(6) / x!(5)) / bound_divisor)
 			}
 		};
-
+		header.note_dirty();
 //		info!("ethash: populate_from_parent #{}: difficulty={} and gas_limit={}", header.number, header.difficulty, header.gas_limit);
 	}

@ -147,9 +131,10 @@ impl Engine for Ethash {
 		}

 		let difficulty = Ethash::boundary_to_difficulty(&Ethash::from_ethash(quick_get_difficulty(
-				&Ethash::to_ethash(header.bare_hash()), 
-				header.nonce().low_u64(),
-				&Ethash::to_ethash(header.mix_hash()))));
+			&Ethash::to_ethash(header.bare_hash()),
+			header.nonce().low_u64(),
+			&Ethash::to_ethash(header.mix_hash())
+		)));
 		if difficulty < header.difficulty {
 			return Err(From::from(BlockError::InvalidProofOfWork(OutOfBounds { min: Some(header.difficulty), max: None, found: difficulty })));
 		}
@ -204,9 +189,19 @@ impl Engine for Ethash {
 	fn verify_transaction(&self, t: &SignedTransaction, _header: &Header) -> Result<(), Error> {
 		t.sender().map(|_|()) // Perform EC recovery and cache sender
 	}
+
+	fn u64_param(&self, name: &str) -> u64 {
+		*self.u64_params.write().unwrap().entry(name.to_owned()).or_insert_with(||
+			self.spec().engine_params.get(name).map_or(0u64, |a| decode(&a)))
+	}
+
+	fn u256_param(&self, name: &str) -> U256 {
+		*self.u256_params.write().unwrap().entry(name.to_owned()).or_insert_with(||
+			self.spec().engine_params.get(name).map_or(x!(0), |a| decode(&a)))
+	}
 }

-#[allow(wrong_self_convention)] // to_ethash should take self
+#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(wrong_self_convention))] // to_ethash should take self
 impl Ethash {
 	fn calculate_difficuty(&self, header: &Header, parent: &Header) -> U256 {
 		const EXP_DIFF_PERIOD: u64 = 100000;
@ -244,10 +239,21 @@ impl Ethash {
 		target
 	}

-	fn boundary_to_difficulty(boundary: &H256) -> U256 {
+	/// Convert an Ethash boundary to its original difficulty. Basically just `f(x) = 2^256 / x`.
+	pub fn boundary_to_difficulty(boundary: &H256) -> U256 {
 		U256::from((U512::one() << 256) / x!(U256::from(boundary.as_slice())))
 	}

+	/// Convert an Ethash difficulty to the target boundary. Basically just `f(x) = 2^256 / x`.
+	pub fn difficulty_to_boundary(difficulty: &U256) -> H256 {
+		x!(U256::from((U512::one() << 256) / x!(difficulty)))
+	}
+
+	/// Given the `block_number`, determine the seed hash for Ethash.
+	pub fn get_seedhash(number: BlockNumber) -> H256 {
+		Self::from_ethash(ethash::get_seedhash(number))
+	}
+
 	fn to_ethash(hash: H256) -> EH256 {
 		unsafe { mem::transmute(hash) }
 	}
@ -258,12 +264,20 @@ impl Ethash {
 }

 impl Header {
-	fn nonce(&self) -> H64 {
+	/// Get the none field of the header.
+	pub fn nonce(&self) -> H64 {
 		decode(&self.seal()[1])
 	}
-	fn mix_hash(&self) -> H256 {
+
+	/// Get the mix hash field of the header.
+	pub fn mix_hash(&self) -> H256 {
 		decode(&self.seal()[0])
 	}
+
+	/// Set the nonce and mix hash fields of the header.
+	pub fn set_nonce_and_mix_hash(&mut self, nonce: &H64, mix_hash: &H256) {
+		self.seal = vec![encode(mix_hash).to_vec(), encode(nonce).to_vec()];
+	}
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
@ -283,9 +297,9 @@ mod tests {
 		let genesis_header = engine.spec().genesis_header();
 		let mut db_result = get_temp_journal_db();
 		let mut db = db_result.take();
-		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(&mut db);
+		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(db.as_hashdb_mut());
 		let last_hashes = vec![genesis_header.hash()];
-		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine.deref(), db, &genesis_header, &last_hashes, Address::zero(), vec![]);
+		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine.deref(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, Address::zero(), x!(3141562), vec![]);
 		let b = b.close();
 		assert_eq!(b.state().balance(&Address::zero()), U256::from_str("4563918244f40000").unwrap());
 	}
@ -296,9 +310,9 @@ mod tests {
 		let genesis_header = engine.spec().genesis_header();
 		let mut db_result = get_temp_journal_db();
 		let mut db = db_result.take();
-		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(&mut db);
+		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(db.as_hashdb_mut());
 		let last_hashes = vec![genesis_header.hash()];
-		let mut b = OpenBlock::new(engine.deref(), db, &genesis_header, &last_hashes, Address::zero(), vec![]);
+		let mut b = OpenBlock::new(engine.deref(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, Address::zero(), x!(3141562), vec![]);
 		let mut uncle = Header::new();
 		let uncle_author = address_from_hex("ef2d6d194084c2de36e0dabfce45d046b37d1106");
 		uncle.author = uncle_author.clone();
--- a/ethcore/src/ethereum/mod.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/ethereum/mod.rs
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ mod tests {
 		let genesis_header = engine.spec().genesis_header();
 		let mut db_result = get_temp_journal_db();
 		let mut db = db_result.take();
-		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(&mut db);
+		engine.spec().ensure_db_good(db.as_hashdb_mut());
 		let s = State::from_existing(db, genesis_header.state_root.clone(), engine.account_start_nonce());
 		assert_eq!(s.balance(&address_from_hex("0000000000000000000000000000000000000001")), U256::from(1u64));
 		assert_eq!(s.balance(&address_from_hex("0000000000000000000000000000000000000002")), U256::from(1u64));
--- a/ethcore/src/evm/evm.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/evm/evm.rs
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pub enum Error {

 /// Evm result.
 /// 
-/// Returns gas_left if execution is successfull, otherwise error.
+/// Returns gas_left if execution is successful, otherwise error.
 pub type Result = result::Result<U256, Error>;

 /// Evm interface.
--- a/ethcore/src/evm/ext.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/evm/ext.rs
@ -16,9 +16,7 @@

 //! Interface for Evm externalities.

-use common::Bytes;
-use util::hash::*;
-use util::uint::*;
+use util::common::*;
 use evm::{Schedule, Error};
 use env_info::*;

@ -69,6 +67,7 @@ pub trait Ext {
 	/// Returns Err, if we run out of gas.
 	/// Otherwise returns call_result which contains gas left
 	/// and true if subcall was successfull.
+	#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(too_many_arguments))]
 	fn call(&mut self,
 			gas: &U256,
 			sender_address: &Address,
--- a/ethcore/src/evm/factory.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/evm/factory.rs
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use evm::Evm;
 /// Type of EVM to use.
 pub enum VMType {
 	/// JIT EVM
-	#[cfg(feature="jit")]
+	#[cfg(feature = "jit")]
 	Jit,
 	/// RUST EVM
 	Interpreter
@ -52,13 +52,13 @@ impl fmt::Display for VMType {
 #[cfg(feature = "json-tests")]
 impl VMType {
 	/// Return all possible VMs (JIT, Interpreter)
-	#[cfg(feature="jit")]
+	#[cfg(feature = "jit")]
 	pub fn all() -> Vec<VMType> {
 		vec![VMType::Jit, VMType::Interpreter]
 	}

 	/// Return all possible VMs (Interpreter)
-	#[cfg(not(feature="jit"))]
+	#[cfg(not(feature = "jit"))]
 	pub fn all() -> Vec<VMType> {
 		vec![VMType::Interpreter]
 	}
@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ impl VMType {

 /// Evm factory. Creates appropriate Evm.
 pub struct Factory {
-	evm : VMType
+	evm: VMType
 }

 impl Factory {
 	/// Create fresh instance of VM
-	#[cfg(feature="jit")]
+	#[cfg(feature = "jit")]
 	pub fn create(&self) -> Box<Evm> {
 		match self.evm {
 			VMType::Jit => {
@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ impl Factory {
 	}

 	/// Create fresh instance of VM
-	#[cfg(not(feature="jit"))]
+	#[cfg(not(feature = "jit"))]
 	pub fn create(&self) -> Box<Evm> {
 		match self.evm {
 			VMType::Interpreter => {
--- a/ethcore/src/evm/interpreter.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/evm/interpreter.rs
@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ struct CodeReader<'a> {
 	code: &'a Bytes
 }

-#[allow(len_without_is_empty)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(len_without_is_empty))]
 impl<'a> CodeReader<'a> {
 	/// Get `no_of_bytes` from code and convert to U256. Move PC
 	fn read(&mut self, no_of_bytes: usize) -> U256 {
@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ impl<'a> CodeReader<'a> {
 	}
 }

-#[allow(enum_variant_names)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(enum_variant_names))]
 enum InstructionCost {
 	Gas(U256),
 	GasMem(U256, U256),
@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ impl evm::Evm for Interpreter {
 			let (gas_cost, mem_size) = try!(self.get_gas_cost_mem(ext, instruction, &mut mem, &stack));
 			try!(self.verify_gas(&current_gas, &gas_cost));
 			mem.expand(mem_size);
-			current_gas -= gas_cost;
+			current_gas = current_gas - gas_cost; //TODO: use operator -=

 			evm_debug!({
 				println!("[0x{:x}][{}(0x{:x}) Gas: {:x}\n  Gas Before: {:x}",
@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ impl evm::Evm for Interpreter {
 			match result {
 				InstructionResult::Ok => {},
 				InstructionResult::UnusedGas(gas) => {
-					current_gas += gas;
+					current_gas = current_gas + gas; //TODO: use operator +=
 				},
 				InstructionResult::UseAllGas => {
 					current_gas = U256::zero();
@ -347,13 +347,14 @@ impl evm::Evm for Interpreter {
 }

 impl Interpreter {
-	#[allow(cyclomatic_complexity)]
-	fn get_gas_cost_mem(&self,
-						ext: &evm::Ext,
-						instruction: Instruction,
-						mem: &mut Memory,
-						stack: &Stack<U256>
-					   ) -> Result<(U256, usize), evm::Error> {
+	#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(cyclomatic_complexity))]
+	fn get_gas_cost_mem(
+		&self,
+		ext: &evm::Ext,
+		instruction: Instruction,
+		mem: &mut Memory,
+		stack: &Stack<U256>
+	) -> Result<(U256, usize), evm::Error> {
 		let schedule = ext.schedule();
 		let info = instructions::get_info(instruction);

@ -521,15 +522,17 @@ impl Interpreter {
 		Ok(overflowing!(offset.overflowing_add(size.clone())))
 	}

-	fn exec_instruction(&self,
-						gas: Gas,
-						params: &ActionParams,
-						ext: &mut evm::Ext,
-						instruction: Instruction,
-						code: &mut CodeReader,
-						mem: &mut Memory,
-						stack: &mut Stack<U256>
-					   ) -> Result<InstructionResult, evm::Error> {
+	#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(too_many_arguments))]
+	fn exec_instruction(
+		&self,
+		gas: Gas,
+		params: &ActionParams,
+		ext: &mut evm::Ext,
+		instruction: Instruction,
+		code: &mut CodeReader,
+		mem: &mut Memory,
+		stack: &mut Stack<U256>
+	) -> Result<InstructionResult, evm::Error> {
 		match instruction {
 			instructions::JUMP => {
 				let jump = stack.pop_back();
@ -581,9 +584,10 @@ impl Interpreter {
 				let code_address = stack.pop_back();
 				let code_address = u256_to_address(&code_address);

-				let value = match instruction == instructions::DELEGATECALL {
-					true => None,
-					false => Some(stack.pop_back())
+				let value = if instruction == instructions::DELEGATECALL {
+					None
+				} else {
+					Some(stack.pop_back())
 				};

 				let in_off = stack.pop_back();
--- a/ethcore/src/evm/tests.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/evm/tests.rs
@ -25,9 +25,8 @@ struct FakeLogEntry {
 }

 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
-#[allow(enum_variant_names)] // Common prefix is C ;)
 enum FakeCallType {
-	CALL, CREATE
+	Call, Create
 }

 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ struct FakeExt {
 	info: EnvInfo,
 	schedule: Schedule,
 	balances: HashMap<Address, U256>,
-	calls: HashSet<FakeCall>
+	calls: HashSet<FakeCall>,
 }

 impl FakeExt {
@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ impl Ext for FakeExt {

 	fn create(&mut self, gas: &U256, value: &U256, code: &[u8]) -> ContractCreateResult {
 		self.calls.insert(FakeCall {
-			call_type: FakeCallType::CREATE,
+			call_type: FakeCallType::Create,
 			gas: *gas,
 			sender_address: None,
 			receive_address: None,
@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ impl Ext for FakeExt {
 			_output: &mut [u8]) -> MessageCallResult {

 		self.calls.insert(FakeCall {
-			call_type: FakeCallType::CALL,
+			call_type: FakeCallType::Call,
 			gas: *gas,
 			sender_address: Some(sender_address.clone()),
 			receive_address: Some(receive_address.clone()),
@ -347,7 +346,7 @@ fn test_log_empty(factory: super::Factory) {
 	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99_619));
 	assert_eq!(ext.logs.len(), 1);
 	assert_eq!(ext.logs[0].topics.len(), 0);
-	assert_eq!(ext.logs[0].data, vec![]);
+	assert!(ext.logs[0].data.is_empty());
 }

 evm_test!{test_log_sender: test_log_sender_jit, test_log_sender_int}
@ -909,7 +908,7 @@ fn test_calls(factory: super::Factory) {
 	};

 	assert_set_contains(&ext.calls, &FakeCall {
-		call_type: FakeCallType::CALL,
+		call_type: FakeCallType::Call,
 		gas: U256::from(2556),
 		sender_address: Some(address.clone()),
 		receive_address: Some(code_address.clone()),
@ -918,7 +917,7 @@ fn test_calls(factory: super::Factory) {
 		code_address: Some(code_address.clone())
 	});
 	assert_set_contains(&ext.calls, &FakeCall {
-		call_type: FakeCallType::CALL,
+		call_type: FakeCallType::Call,
 		gas: U256::from(2556),
 		sender_address: Some(address.clone()),
 		receive_address: Some(address.clone()),
--- a/ethcore/src/executive.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/executive.rs
@ -37,30 +37,39 @@ pub fn contract_address(address: &Address, nonce: &U256) -> Address {
 }

 /// Transaction execution receipt.
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
 pub struct Executed {
 	/// Gas paid up front for execution of transaction.
 	pub gas: U256,
+
 	/// Gas used during execution of transaction.
 	pub gas_used: U256,
+
 	/// Gas refunded after the execution of transaction.
 	/// To get gas that was required up front, add `refunded` and `gas_used`.
 	pub refunded: U256,
+
 	/// Cumulative gas used in current block so far.
 	///
 	/// `cumulative_gas_used = gas_used(t0) + gas_used(t1) + ... gas_used(tn)`
 	///
 	/// where `tn` is current transaction.
 	pub cumulative_gas_used: U256,
+
 	/// Vector of logs generated by transaction.
 	pub logs: Vec<LogEntry>,
+
 	/// Addresses of contracts created during execution of transaction.
 	/// Ordered from earliest creation.
 	///
 	/// eg. sender creates contract A and A in constructor creates contract B
 	///
 	/// B creation ends first, and it will be the first element of the vector.
-	pub contracts_created: Vec<Address>
+	pub contracts_created: Vec<Address>,
+	/// Transaction output.
+	pub output: Bytes,
+	/// The trace of this transaction.
+	pub trace: Option<Trace>,
 }

 /// Transaction execution result.
@ -71,38 +80,37 @@ pub struct Executive<'a> {
 	state: &'a mut State,
 	info: &'a EnvInfo,
 	engine: &'a Engine,
-	depth: usize
+	depth: usize,
 }

 impl<'a> Executive<'a> {
 	/// Basic constructor.
 	pub fn new(state: &'a mut State, info: &'a EnvInfo, engine: &'a Engine) -> Self {
-		Executive::new_with_depth(state, info, engine, 0)
-	}
-
-	/// Populates executive from parent properties. Increments executive depth.
-	pub fn from_parent(state: &'a mut State, info: &'a EnvInfo, engine: &'a Engine, depth: usize) -> Self {
-		Executive::new_with_depth(state, info, engine, depth + 1)
-	}
-
-	/// Helper constructor. Should be used to create `Executive` with desired depth.
-	/// Private.
-	fn new_with_depth(state: &'a mut State, info: &'a EnvInfo, engine: &'a Engine, depth: usize) -> Self {
 		Executive {
 			state: state,
 			info: info,
 			engine: engine,
-			depth: depth
+			depth: 0,
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// Populates executive from parent properties. Increments executive depth.
+	pub fn from_parent(state: &'a mut State, info: &'a EnvInfo, engine: &'a Engine, parent_depth: usize) -> Self {
+		Executive {
+			state: state,
+			info: info,
+			engine: engine,
+			depth: parent_depth + 1,
 		}
 	}

 	/// Creates `Externalities` from `Executive`.
-	pub fn as_externalities<'_>(&'_ mut self, origin_info: OriginInfo, substate: &'_ mut Substate, output: OutputPolicy<'_>) -> Externalities {
+	pub fn as_externalities<'_>(&'_ mut self, origin_info: OriginInfo, substate: &'_ mut Substate, output: OutputPolicy<'_, '_>) -> Externalities {
 		Externalities::new(self.state, self.info, self.engine, self.depth, origin_info, substate, output)
 	}

 	/// This funtion should be used to execute transaction.
-	pub fn transact(&'a mut self, t: &SignedTransaction) -> Result<Executed, Error> {
+	pub fn transact(&'a mut self, t: &SignedTransaction, tracing: bool) -> Result<Executed, Error> {
 		let sender = try!(t.sender());
 		let nonce = self.state.nonce(&sender);

@ -143,9 +151,9 @@ impl<'a> Executive<'a> {
 		self.state.inc_nonce(&sender);
 		self.state.sub_balance(&sender, &U256::from(gas_cost));

-		let mut substate = Substate::new();
+		let mut substate = Substate::new(tracing);

-		let res = match t.action {
+		let (gas_left, output) = match t.action {
 			Action::Create => {
 				let new_address = contract_address(&sender, &nonce);
 				let params = ActionParams {
@ -159,7 +167,7 @@ impl<'a> Executive<'a> {
 					code: Some(t.data.clone()),
 					data: None,
 				};
-				self.create(params, &mut substate)
+				(self.create(params, &mut substate), vec![])
 			},
 			Action::Call(ref address) => {
 				let params = ActionParams {
@ -175,12 +183,12 @@ impl<'a> Executive<'a> {
 				};
 				// TODO: move output upstream
 				let mut out = vec![];
-				self.call(params, &mut substate, BytesRef::Flexible(&mut out))
+				(self.call(params, &mut substate, BytesRef::Flexible(&mut out)), out)
 			}
 		};

 		// finalize here!
-		Ok(try!(self.finalize(t, substate, res)))
+		Ok(try!(self.finalize(t, substate, gas_left, output)))
 	}

 	fn exec_vm(&mut self, params: ActionParams, unconfirmed_substate: &mut Substate, output_policy: OutputPolicy) -> evm::Result {
@ -188,6 +196,7 @@ impl<'a> Executive<'a> {
 		if (self.depth + 1) % MAX_VM_DEPTH_FOR_THREAD != 0 {
 			let mut ext = self.as_externalities(OriginInfo::from(&params), unconfirmed_substate, output_policy);
 			let vm_factory = self.engine.vm_factory();
+			trace!(target: "executive", "ext.schedule.have_delegate_call: {}", ext.schedule().have_delegate_call);
 			return vm_factory.create().exec(params, &mut ext);
 		}

@ -237,25 +246,49 @@ impl<'a> Executive<'a> {
 					Err(evm::Error::OutOfGas)
 				}
 			}
-		} else if params.code.is_some() {
+		} else {
 			// if destination is a contract, do normal message call
 			
-			// part of substate that may be reverted
-			let mut unconfirmed_substate = Substate::new();
+			// don't trace if it's DELEGATECALL or CALLCODE.
+			let should_trace = if let ActionValue::Transfer(_) = params.value {
+				params.code_address == params.address && substate.subtraces.is_some()
+			} else { false };

-			let res = {
-				self.exec_vm(params, &mut unconfirmed_substate, OutputPolicy::Return(output))
-			};
+			// transaction tracing stuff. None if there's no tracing.
+			let (mut trace_info, mut trace_output) = if should_trace {
+				(Some((TraceAction::from_call(&params), self.depth)), Some(vec![]))
+			} else { (None, None) };

-			trace!("exec: sstore-clears={}\n", unconfirmed_substate.sstore_clears_count);
-			trace!("exec: substate={:?}; unconfirmed_substate={:?}\n", substate, unconfirmed_substate);
-			self.enact_result(&res, substate, unconfirmed_substate);
-			trace!("exec: new substate={:?}\n", substate);
-			res
-		} else {
-			// otherwise, nothing
-			self.state.clear_snapshot();
-			Ok(params.gas)
+			if params.code.is_some() {
+				// part of substate that may be reverted
+				let mut unconfirmed_substate = Substate::new(should_trace);
+
+				let res = {
+					self.exec_vm(params, &mut unconfirmed_substate, OutputPolicy::Return(output, trace_output.as_mut()))
+				};
+
+				trace!(target: "executive", "res={:?}", res);
+
+				// if there's tracing, make up trace_info's result with trace_output and some arithmetic.
+				if let Some((TraceAction::Call(ref mut c), _)) = trace_info {
+					c.result = res.as_ref().ok().map(|gas_left| (c.gas - *gas_left, trace_output.expect("trace_info is Some: so should_trace: qed")));
+				}
+
+				trace!(target: "executive", "substate={:?}; unconfirmed_substate={:?}\n", substate, unconfirmed_substate);
+
+				self.enact_result(&res, substate, unconfirmed_substate, trace_info);
+				trace!(target: "executive", "enacted: substate={:?}\n", substate);
+				res
+			} else {
+				// otherwise it's just a basic transaction, only do tracing, if necessary.
+				trace!(target: "executive", "Basic message (send funds) should_trace={}", should_trace);
+				self.state.clear_snapshot();
+				if let Some((TraceAction::Call(ref mut c), _)) = trace_info {
+					c.result = Some((x!(0), vec![]));
+				}
+				substate.accrue_trace(if should_trace {Some(vec![])} else {None}, trace_info);
+				Ok(params.gas)
+			}
 		}
 	}

@ -267,7 +300,7 @@ impl<'a> Executive<'a> {
 		self.state.snapshot();

 		// part of substate that may be reverted
-		let mut unconfirmed_substate = Substate::new();
+		let mut unconfirmed_substate = Substate::new(substate.subtraces.is_some());

 		// create contract and transfer value to it if necessary
 		let prev_bal = self.state.balance(&params.address);
@ -278,15 +311,26 @@ impl<'a> Executive<'a> {
 			self.state.new_contract(&params.address, prev_bal);
 		}

+		let mut trace_info = substate.subtraces.as_ref().map(|_| (TraceAction::from_create(&params), self.depth));
+		let mut trace_output = trace_info.as_ref().map(|_| vec![]);
+		let created = params.address.clone();
+
 		let res = {
-			self.exec_vm(params, &mut unconfirmed_substate, OutputPolicy::InitContract)
+			self.exec_vm(params, &mut unconfirmed_substate, OutputPolicy::InitContract(trace_output.as_mut()))
 		};
-		self.enact_result(&res, substate, unconfirmed_substate);
+
+		if let Some((TraceAction::Create(ref mut c), _)) = trace_info {
+			c.result = res.as_ref().ok().map(|gas_left| (c.gas - *gas_left, created, trace_output.expect("trace_info is Some: qed")));
+		}
+
+		trace!(target: "executive", "trace_info={:?}", trace_info);
+
+		self.enact_result(&res, substate, unconfirmed_substate, trace_info);
 		res
 	}

 	/// Finalizes the transaction (does refunds and suicides).
-	fn finalize(&mut self, t: &SignedTransaction, substate: Substate, result: evm::Result) -> ExecutionResult {
+	fn finalize(&mut self, t: &SignedTransaction, substate: Substate, result: evm::Result, output: Bytes) -> ExecutionResult {
 		let schedule = self.engine.schedule(self.info);

 		// refunds from SSTORE nonzero -> zero
@ -317,6 +361,8 @@ impl<'a> Executive<'a> {
 			self.state.kill_account(address);
 		}

+		let trace = substate.subtraces.and_then(|mut v| v.pop());
+
 		match result {
 			Err(evm::Error::Internal) => Err(ExecutionError::Internal),
 			Err(_) => {
@ -326,7 +372,9 @@ impl<'a> Executive<'a> {
 					refunded: U256::zero(),
 					cumulative_gas_used: self.info.gas_used + t.gas,
 					logs: vec![],
-					contracts_created: vec![]
+					contracts_created: vec![],
+					output: output,
+					trace: trace,
 				})
 			},
 			_ => {
@ -337,12 +385,14 @@ impl<'a> Executive<'a> {
 					cumulative_gas_used: self.info.gas_used + gas_used,
 					logs: substate.logs,
 					contracts_created: substate.contracts_created,
+					output: output,
+					trace: trace,
 				})
 			},
 		}
 	}

-	fn enact_result(&mut self, result: &evm::Result, substate: &mut Substate, un_substate: Substate) {
+	fn enact_result(&mut self, result: &evm::Result, substate: &mut Substate, un_substate: Substate, maybe_info: Option<(TraceAction, usize)>) {
 		match *result {
 			Err(evm::Error::OutOfGas)
 				| Err(evm::Error::BadJumpDestination {..})
@ -350,10 +400,11 @@ impl<'a> Executive<'a> {
 				| Err(evm::Error::StackUnderflow {..})
 				| Err(evm::Error::OutOfStack {..}) => {
 				self.state.revert_snapshot();
+				substate.accrue_trace(un_substate.subtraces, maybe_info)
 			},
 			Ok(_) | Err(evm::Error::Internal) => {
 				self.state.clear_snapshot();
-				substate.accrue(un_substate)
+				substate.accrue(un_substate, maybe_info)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@ -391,7 +442,7 @@ mod tests {
 		state.add_balance(&sender, &U256::from(0x100u64));
 		let info = EnvInfo::default();
 		let engine = TestEngine::new(0, factory);
-		let mut substate = Substate::new();
+		let mut substate = Substate::new(false);

 		let gas_left = {
 			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
@ -408,8 +459,8 @@ mod tests {
 		// TODO: just test state root.
 	}

-	evm_test!{test_create_contract: test_create_contract_jit, test_create_contract_int}
-	fn test_create_contract(factory: Factory) {
+	evm_test!{test_create_contract_out_of_depth: test_create_contract_out_of_depth_jit, test_create_contract_out_of_depth_int}
+	fn test_create_contract_out_of_depth(factory: Factory) {
 		// code:
 		//
 		// 7c 601080600c6000396000f3006000355415600957005b60203560003555 - push 29 bytes?
@ -450,7 +501,7 @@ mod tests {
 		state.add_balance(&sender, &U256::from(100));
 		let info = EnvInfo::default();
 		let engine = TestEngine::new(0, factory);
-		let mut substate = Substate::new();
+		let mut substate = Substate::new(false);

 		let gas_left = {
 			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
@ -462,6 +513,137 @@ mod tests {
 		assert_eq!(substate.contracts_created.len(), 0);
 	}

+	evm_test!{test_call_to_create: test_call_to_create_jit, test_call_to_create_int}
+	fn test_call_to_create(factory: Factory) {
+		// code:
+		//
+		// 7c 601080600c6000396000f3006000355415600957005b60203560003555 - push 29 bytes?
+		// 60 00 - push 0
+		// 52
+		// 60 1d - push 29
+		// 60 03 - push 3
+		// 60 17 - push 17
+		// f0 - create
+		// 60 00 - push 0
+		// 55 sstore
+		//
+		// other code:
+		//
+		// 60 10 - push 16
+		// 80 - duplicate first stack item
+		// 60 0c - push 12
+		// 60 00 - push 0
+		// 39 - copy current code to memory
+		// 60 00 - push 0
+		// f3 - return
+
+		let code = "7c601080600c6000396000f3006000355415600957005b60203560003555600052601d60036017f0600055".from_hex().unwrap();
+
+		let sender = Address::from_str("cd1722f3947def4cf144679da39c4c32bdc35681").unwrap();
+		let address = contract_address(&sender, &U256::zero());
+		// TODO: add tests for 'callcreate'
+		//let next_address = contract_address(&address, &U256::zero());
+		let mut params = ActionParams::default();
+		params.address = address.clone();
+		params.code_address = address.clone();
+		params.sender = sender.clone();
+		params.origin = sender.clone();
+		params.gas = U256::from(100_000);
+		params.code = Some(code.clone());
+		params.value = ActionValue::Transfer(U256::from(100));
+		let mut state_result = get_temp_state();
+		let mut state = state_result.reference_mut();
+		state.add_balance(&sender, &U256::from(100));
+		let info = EnvInfo::default();
+		let engine = TestEngine::new(5, factory);
+		let mut substate = Substate::new(true);
+
+		let gas_left = {
+			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
+			let output = BytesRef::Fixed(&mut[0u8;0]);
+			ex.call(params, &mut substate, output).unwrap()
+		};
+
+		println!("trace: {:?}", substate.subtraces);
+		let expected_trace = Some(vec![ Trace {
+			depth: 0,
+			action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+				from: x!("cd1722f3947def4cf144679da39c4c32bdc35681"),
+				to: x!("b010143a42d5980c7e5ef0e4a4416dc098a4fed3"),
+				value: x!(100),
+				gas: x!(100000),
+				input: vec![],
+				result: Some((x!(55248), vec![]))
+			}),
+			subs: vec![Trace {
+				depth: 1,
+				action: TraceAction::Create(TraceCreate {
+					from: x!("b010143a42d5980c7e5ef0e4a4416dc098a4fed3"),
+					value: x!(23),
+					gas: x!(67979),
+					init: vec![96, 16, 128, 96, 12, 96, 0, 57, 96, 0, 243, 0, 96, 0, 53, 84, 21, 96, 9, 87, 0, 91, 96, 32, 53, 96, 0, 53, 85],
+					result: Some((x!(3224), x!("c6d80f262ae5e0f164e5fde365044d7ada2bfa34"), vec![96, 0, 53, 84, 21, 96, 9, 87, 0, 91, 96, 32, 53, 96, 0, 53])),
+				}),
+				subs: vec![]
+			}]
+		} ]);
+		assert_eq!(substate.subtraces, expected_trace);
+		assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(44_752));
+	}
+
+	evm_test!{test_create_contract: test_create_contract_jit, test_create_contract_int}
+	fn test_create_contract(factory: Factory) {
+		// code:
+		//
+		// 60 10 - push 16
+		// 80 - duplicate first stack item
+		// 60 0c - push 12
+		// 60 00 - push 0
+		// 39 - copy current code to memory
+		// 60 00 - push 0
+		// f3 - return
+
+		let code = "601080600c6000396000f3006000355415600957005b60203560003555".from_hex().unwrap();
+
+		let sender = Address::from_str("cd1722f3947def4cf144679da39c4c32bdc35681").unwrap();
+		let address = contract_address(&sender, &U256::zero());
+		// TODO: add tests for 'callcreate'
+		//let next_address = contract_address(&address, &U256::zero());
+		let mut params = ActionParams::default();
+		params.address = address.clone();
+		params.sender = sender.clone();
+		params.origin = sender.clone();
+		params.gas = U256::from(100_000);
+		params.code = Some(code.clone());
+		params.value = ActionValue::Transfer(x!(100));
+		let mut state_result = get_temp_state();
+		let mut state = state_result.reference_mut();
+		state.add_balance(&sender, &U256::from(100));
+		let info = EnvInfo::default();
+		let engine = TestEngine::new(5, factory);
+		let mut substate = Substate::new(true);
+
+		let gas_left = {
+			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
+			ex.create(params.clone(), &mut substate).unwrap()
+		};
+
+		println!("trace: {:?}", substate.subtraces);
+		let expected_trace = Some(vec![Trace {
+			depth: 0,
+			action: TraceAction::Create(TraceCreate {
+				from: params.sender,
+				value: x!(100),
+				gas: params.gas,
+				init: vec![96, 16, 128, 96, 12, 96, 0, 57, 96, 0, 243, 0, 96, 0, 53, 84, 21, 96, 9, 87, 0, 91, 96, 32, 53, 96, 0, 53, 85],
+				result: Some((x!(3224), params.address, vec![96, 0, 53, 84, 21, 96, 9, 87, 0, 91, 96, 32, 53, 96, 0, 53])),
+			}),
+			subs: vec![]
+		} ]);
+		assert_eq!(substate.subtraces, expected_trace);
+		assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(96_776));
+	}
+
 	evm_test!{test_create_contract_value_too_high: test_create_contract_value_too_high_jit, test_create_contract_value_too_high_int}
 	fn test_create_contract_value_too_high(factory: Factory) {
 		// code:
@ -504,7 +686,7 @@ mod tests {
 		state.add_balance(&sender, &U256::from(100));
 		let info = EnvInfo::default();
 		let engine = TestEngine::new(0, factory);
-		let mut substate = Substate::new();
+		let mut substate = Substate::new(false);

 		let gas_left = {
 			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
@ -556,7 +738,7 @@ mod tests {
 		state.add_balance(&sender, &U256::from(100));
 		let info = EnvInfo::default();
 		let engine = TestEngine::new(1024, factory);
-		let mut substate = Substate::new();
+		let mut substate = Substate::new(false);

 		{
 			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
@ -617,7 +799,7 @@ mod tests {

 		let info = EnvInfo::default();
 		let engine = TestEngine::new(0, factory);
-		let mut substate = Substate::new();
+		let mut substate = Substate::new(false);

 		let gas_left = {
 			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
@ -662,7 +844,7 @@ mod tests {
 		state.init_code(&address, code.clone());
 		let info = EnvInfo::default();
 		let engine = TestEngine::new(0, factory);
-		let mut substate = Substate::new();
+		let mut substate = Substate::new(false);

 		let gas_left = {
 			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
@ -699,7 +881,7 @@ mod tests {

 		let executed = {
 			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
-			ex.transact(&t).unwrap()
+			ex.transact(&t, false).unwrap()
 		};

 		assert_eq!(executed.gas, U256::from(100_000));
@ -732,7 +914,7 @@ mod tests {

 		let res = {
 			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
-			ex.transact(&t)
+			ex.transact(&t, false)
 		};

 		match res {
@ -763,7 +945,7 @@ mod tests {

 		let res = {
 			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
-			ex.transact(&t)
+			ex.transact(&t, false)
 		};

 		match res {
@ -796,7 +978,7 @@ mod tests {

 		let res = {
 			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
-			ex.transact(&t)
+			ex.transact(&t, false)
 		};

 		match res {
@ -829,7 +1011,7 @@ mod tests {

 		let res = {
 			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
-			ex.transact(&t)
+			ex.transact(&t, false)
 		};

 		match res {
@ -859,7 +1041,7 @@ mod tests {
 		state.add_balance(&sender, &U256::from_str("152d02c7e14af6800000").unwrap());
 		let info = EnvInfo::default();
 		let engine = TestEngine::new(0, factory);
-		let mut substate = Substate::new();
+		let mut substate = Substate::new(false);

 		let result = {
 			let mut ex = Executive::new(&mut state, &info, &engine);
--- a/ethcore/src/externalities.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/externalities.rs
@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ use evm::{self, Schedule, Ext, ContractCreateResult, MessageCallResult};
 use substate::*;

 /// Policy for handling output data on `RETURN` opcode.
-pub enum OutputPolicy<'a> {
+pub enum OutputPolicy<'a, 'b> {
 	/// Return reference to fixed sized output.
 	/// Used for message calls.
-	Return(BytesRef<'a>),
+	Return(BytesRef<'a>, Option<&'b mut Bytes>),
 	/// Init new contract as soon as `RETURN` is called.
-	InitContract
+	InitContract(Option<&'b mut Bytes>),
 }

 /// Transaction properties that externalities need to know about.
@ -62,18 +62,19 @@ pub struct Externalities<'a> {
 	origin_info: OriginInfo,
 	substate: &'a mut Substate,
 	schedule: Schedule,
-	output: OutputPolicy<'a>
+	output: OutputPolicy<'a, 'a>
 }

 impl<'a> Externalities<'a> {
 	/// Basic `Externalities` constructor.
 	pub fn new(state: &'a mut State,
-			   env_info: &'a EnvInfo,
-			   engine: &'a Engine,
-			   depth: usize,
-			   origin_info: OriginInfo,
-			   substate: &'a mut Substate,
-			   output: OutputPolicy<'a>) -> Self {
+		env_info: &'a EnvInfo,
+		engine: &'a Engine,
+		depth: usize,
+		origin_info: OriginInfo,
+		substate: &'a mut Substate,
+		output: OutputPolicy<'a, 'a>
+	) -> Self {
 		Externalities {
 			state: state,
 			env_info: env_info,
@ -152,13 +153,15 @@ impl<'a> Ext for Externalities<'a> {
 	}

 	fn call(&mut self,
-			gas: &U256,
-			sender_address: &Address,
-			receive_address: &Address,
-			value: Option<U256>,
-			data: &[u8],
-			code_address: &Address,
-			output: &mut [u8]) -> MessageCallResult {
+		gas: &U256,
+		sender_address: &Address,
+		receive_address: &Address,
+		value: Option<U256>,
+		data: &[u8],
+		code_address: &Address,
+		output: &mut [u8]
+	) -> MessageCallResult {
+		trace!(target: "externalities", "call");

 		let mut params = ActionParams {
 			sender: sender_address.clone(),
@ -188,22 +191,33 @@ impl<'a> Ext for Externalities<'a> {
 		self.state.code(address).unwrap_or_else(|| vec![])
 	}

-	#[allow(match_ref_pats)]
+	#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(match_ref_pats))]
 	fn ret(&mut self, gas: &U256, data: &[u8]) -> Result<U256, evm::Error> {
-		match &mut self.output {
-			&mut OutputPolicy::Return(BytesRef::Fixed(ref mut slice)) => unsafe {
+		let handle_copy = |to: &mut Option<&mut Bytes>| {
+			to.as_mut().map(|b| **b = data.to_owned());
+		};
+		match self.output {
+			OutputPolicy::Return(BytesRef::Fixed(ref mut slice), ref mut copy) => {
+				handle_copy(copy);
+
 				let len = cmp::min(slice.len(), data.len());
-				ptr::copy(data.as_ptr(), slice.as_mut_ptr(), len);
+				unsafe {
+					ptr::copy(data.as_ptr(), slice.as_mut_ptr(), len);
+				}
 				Ok(*gas)
 			},
-			&mut OutputPolicy::Return(BytesRef::Flexible(ref mut vec)) => unsafe {
+			OutputPolicy::Return(BytesRef::Flexible(ref mut vec), ref mut copy) => {
+				handle_copy(copy);
+				
 				vec.clear();
 				vec.reserve(data.len());
-				ptr::copy(data.as_ptr(), vec.as_mut_ptr(), data.len());
-				vec.set_len(data.len());
+				unsafe {
+					ptr::copy(data.as_ptr(), vec.as_mut_ptr(), data.len());
+					vec.set_len(data.len());
+				}
 				Ok(*gas)
 			},
-			&mut OutputPolicy::InitContract => {
+			OutputPolicy::InitContract(ref mut copy) => {
 				let return_cost = U256::from(data.len()) * U256::from(self.schedule.create_data_gas);
 				if return_cost > *gas {
 					return match self.schedule.exceptional_failed_code_deposit {
@ -211,14 +225,16 @@ impl<'a> Ext for Externalities<'a> {
 						false => Ok(*gas)
 					}
 				}
+				
+				handle_copy(copy);
+
 				let mut code = vec![];
 				code.reserve(data.len());
 				unsafe {
 					ptr::copy(data.as_ptr(), code.as_mut_ptr(), data.len());
 					code.set_len(data.len());
 				}
-				let address = &self.origin_info.address;
-				self.state.init_code(address, code);
+				self.state.init_code(&self.origin_info.address, code);
 				Ok(*gas - return_cost)
 			}
 		}
@ -226,7 +242,11 @@ impl<'a> Ext for Externalities<'a> {

 	fn log(&mut self, topics: Vec<H256>, data: &[u8]) {
 		let address = self.origin_info.address.clone();
-		self.substate.logs.push(LogEntry::new(address, topics, data.to_vec()));
+		self.substate.logs.push(LogEntry {
+			address: address,
+			topics: topics,
+			data: data.to_vec()
+		});
 	}

 	fn suicide(&mut self, refund_address: &Address) {
@ -297,12 +317,18 @@ mod tests {
 		env_info: EnvInfo
 	}

+	impl Default for TestSetup {
+		fn default() -> Self {
+			TestSetup::new()
+		}
+	}
+
 	impl TestSetup {
-		fn new() -> TestSetup {
+		fn new() -> Self {
 			TestSetup {
 				state: get_temp_state(),
 				engine: get_test_spec().to_engine().unwrap(),
-				sub_state: Substate::new(),
+				sub_state: Substate::new(false),
 				env_info: get_test_env_info()
 			}
 		}
@ -313,7 +339,7 @@ mod tests {
 		let mut setup = TestSetup::new();
 		let state = setup.state.reference_mut();

-		let ext = Externalities::new(state, &setup.env_info, &*setup.engine, 0, get_test_origin(), &mut setup.sub_state, OutputPolicy::InitContract);
+		let ext = Externalities::new(state, &setup.env_info, &*setup.engine, 0, get_test_origin(), &mut setup.sub_state, OutputPolicy::InitContract(None));

 		assert_eq!(ext.env_info().number, 100);
 	}
@ -322,7 +348,7 @@ mod tests {
 	fn can_return_block_hash_no_env() {
 		let mut setup = TestSetup::new();
 		let state = setup.state.reference_mut();
-		let ext = Externalities::new(state, &setup.env_info, &*setup.engine, 0, get_test_origin(), &mut setup.sub_state, OutputPolicy::InitContract);
+		let ext = Externalities::new(state, &setup.env_info, &*setup.engine, 0, get_test_origin(), &mut setup.sub_state, OutputPolicy::InitContract(None));

 		let hash = ext.blockhash(&U256::from_str("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000120000").unwrap());

@ -341,7 +367,7 @@ mod tests {
 			env_info.last_hashes.push(test_hash.clone());
 		}
 		let state = setup.state.reference_mut();
-		let ext = Externalities::new(state, &setup.env_info, &*setup.engine, 0, get_test_origin(), &mut setup.sub_state, OutputPolicy::InitContract);
+		let ext = Externalities::new(state, &setup.env_info, &*setup.engine, 0, get_test_origin(), &mut setup.sub_state, OutputPolicy::InitContract(None));

 		let hash = ext.blockhash(&U256::from_str("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000120000").unwrap());

@ -353,7 +379,7 @@ mod tests {
 	fn can_call_fail_empty() {
 		let mut setup = TestSetup::new();
 		let state = setup.state.reference_mut();
-		let mut ext = Externalities::new(state, &setup.env_info, &*setup.engine, 0, get_test_origin(), &mut setup.sub_state, OutputPolicy::InitContract);
+		let mut ext = Externalities::new(state, &setup.env_info, &*setup.engine, 0, get_test_origin(), &mut setup.sub_state, OutputPolicy::InitContract(None));

 		let mut output = vec![];

@ -377,7 +403,7 @@ mod tests {
 		let state = setup.state.reference_mut();

 		{
-			let mut ext = Externalities::new(state, &setup.env_info, &*setup.engine, 0, get_test_origin(), &mut setup.sub_state, OutputPolicy::InitContract);
+			let mut ext = Externalities::new(state, &setup.env_info, &*setup.engine, 0, get_test_origin(), &mut setup.sub_state, OutputPolicy::InitContract(None));
 			ext.log(log_topics, &log_data);
 		}

@ -392,7 +418,7 @@ mod tests {
 		let state = setup.state.reference_mut();

 		{
-			let mut ext = Externalities::new(state, &setup.env_info, &*setup.engine, 0, get_test_origin(), &mut setup.sub_state, OutputPolicy::InitContract);
+			let mut ext = Externalities::new(state, &setup.env_info, &*setup.engine, 0, get_test_origin(), &mut setup.sub_state, OutputPolicy::InitContract(None));
 			ext.suicide(&refund_account);
 		}

--- a/ethcore/src/extras.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/extras.rs
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@

 use util::*;
 use header::BlockNumber;
-use rocksdb::{DB, Writable};
+use receipt::Receipt;

 /// Represents index of extra data in database
 #[derive(Copy, Debug, Hash, Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ pub enum ExtrasIndex {
 	/// Block log blooms index
 	BlockLogBlooms = 3,
 	/// Block blooms index
-	BlocksBlooms = 4
+	BlocksBlooms = 4,
+	/// Block receipts index
+	BlockReceipts = 5,
 }

 /// trait used to write Extras data to db
@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ pub trait ExtrasReadable {
 		K: ExtrasSliceConvertable;
 }

-impl<W> ExtrasWritable for W where W: Writable {
+impl ExtrasWritable for DBTransaction {
 	fn put_extras<K, T>(&self, hash: &K, value: &T) where
 		T: ExtrasIndexable + Encodable,
 		K: ExtrasSliceConvertable {
@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ impl<W> ExtrasWritable for W where W: Writable {
 	}
 }

-impl ExtrasReadable for DB {
+impl ExtrasReadable for Database {
 	fn get_extras<K, T>(&self, hash: &K) -> Option<T> where
 		T: ExtrasIndexable + Decodable,
 		K: ExtrasSliceConvertable {
@ -210,7 +212,19 @@ impl Encodable for BlockLogBlooms {
 /// Neighboring log blooms on certain level
 pub struct BlocksBlooms {
 	/// List of block blooms.
-	pub blooms: [H2048; 16]
+	pub blooms: [H2048; 16],
+}
+
+impl Default for BlocksBlooms {
+	fn default() -> Self {
+		BlocksBlooms::new()
+	}
+}
+
+impl BlocksBlooms {
+	pub fn new() -> Self {
+		BlocksBlooms { blooms: unsafe { ::std::mem::zeroed() }}
+	}
 }

 impl ExtrasIndexable for BlocksBlooms {
@ -292,3 +306,43 @@ impl Encodable for TransactionAddress {
 		s.append(&self.index);
 	}
 }
+
+/// Contains all block receipts.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct BlockReceipts {
+	pub receipts: Vec<Receipt>,
+}
+
+impl BlockReceipts {
+	pub fn new(receipts: Vec<Receipt>) -> Self {
+		BlockReceipts {
+			receipts: receipts
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Decodable for BlockReceipts {
+	fn decode<D>(decoder: &D) -> Result<Self, DecoderError> where D: Decoder {
+		Ok(BlockReceipts {
+			receipts: try!(Decodable::decode(decoder))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+impl Encodable for BlockReceipts {
+	fn rlp_append(&self, s: &mut RlpStream) {
+		s.append(&self.receipts);
+	}
+}
+
+impl HeapSizeOf for BlockReceipts {
+	fn heap_size_of_children(&self) -> usize {
+		self.receipts.heap_size_of_children()
+	}
+}
+
+impl ExtrasIndexable for BlockReceipts {
+	fn extras_index() -> ExtrasIndex {
+		ExtrasIndex::BlockReceipts
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/filter.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/filter.rs
@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Blockchain filter
+
+use util::hash::*;
+use util::sha3::*;
+use client::BlockId;
+use log_entry::LogEntry;
+
+/// Blockchain Filter.
+pub struct Filter {
+	/// Blockchain will be searched from this block.
+	pub from_block: BlockId,
+
+	/// Till this block.
+	pub to_block: BlockId,
+
+	/// Search addresses. 
+	/// 
+	/// If None, match all.
+	/// If specified, log must be produced by one of these addresses.
+	pub address: Option<Vec<Address>>,
+
+	/// Search topics.
+	/// 
+	/// If None, match all.
+	/// If specified, log must contain one of these topics.
+	pub topics: [Option<Vec<H256>>; 4],
+}
+
+impl Clone for Filter {
+	fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+		let mut topics = [None, None, None, None];
+		for i in 0..4 {
+			topics[i] = self.topics[i].clone();
+		}
+
+		Filter {
+			from_block: self.from_block.clone(),
+			to_block: self.to_block.clone(),
+			address: self.address.clone(),
+			topics: topics
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Filter {
+	/// Returns combinations of each address and topic.	
+	pub fn bloom_possibilities(&self) -> Vec<H2048> {
+		let blooms = match self.address {
+			Some(ref addresses) if !addresses.is_empty() =>
+				addresses.iter().map(|ref address| {
+					let mut bloom = H2048::new();
+					bloom.shift_bloomed(&address.sha3());
+					bloom
+				}).collect(),
+			_ => vec![H2048::new()]
+		};
+
+		self.topics.iter().fold(blooms, | bs, topic | match *topic {
+			None => bs,
+			Some(ref topics) => bs.into_iter().flat_map(|bloom| {
+				topics.into_iter().map(|topic| {
+					let mut b = bloom.clone();
+					b.shift_bloomed(&topic.sha3());
+					b
+				}).collect::<Vec<H2048>>()
+			}).collect()
+		})
+	}
+
+	/// Returns true if given log entry matches filter.
+	pub fn matches(&self, log: &LogEntry) -> bool {
+		let matches = match self.address {
+			Some(ref addresses) if !addresses.is_empty() =>	addresses.iter().any(|address| &log.address == address),
+			_ => true
+		};
+
+		matches && self.topics.iter().enumerate().all(|(i, topic)| match *topic {
+			Some(ref topics) if !topics.is_empty() => topics.iter().any(|topic| log.topics.get(i) == Some(topic)),
+			_ => true
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+	use std::str::FromStr;
+	use util::hash::*;
+	use filter::Filter;
+	use client::BlockId;
+	use log_entry::LogEntry;
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_bloom_possibilities_none() {
+		let none_filter = Filter {
+			from_block: BlockId::Earliest,
+			to_block: BlockId::Latest,
+			address: None,
+			topics: [None, None, None, None]
+		};
+
+		let possibilities = none_filter.bloom_possibilities();
+		assert_eq!(possibilities.len(), 1);
+		assert!(possibilities[0].is_zero())
+	}
+
+	// block 399849
+	#[test]
+	fn test_bloom_possibilities_single_address_and_topic() {
+		let filter = Filter {
+			from_block: BlockId::Earliest,
+			to_block: BlockId::Latest,
+			address: Some(vec![Address::from_str("b372018f3be9e171df0581136b59d2faf73a7d5d").unwrap()]),
+			topics: [
+				Some(vec![H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap()]),
+				None, None, None
+			]
+		};
+
+		let possibilities = filter.bloom_possibilities();
+		assert_eq!(possibilities, vec![H2048::from_str("00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000").unwrap()]);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_bloom_possibilities_single_address_and_many_topics() {
+		let filter = Filter {
+			from_block: BlockId::Earliest,
+			to_block: BlockId::Latest,
+			address: Some(vec![Address::from_str("b372018f3be9e171df0581136b59d2faf73a7d5d").unwrap()]),
+			topics: [
+				Some(vec![H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap()]),
+				Some(vec![H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap()]),
+				None, None
+			]
+		};
+
+		let possibilities = filter.bloom_possibilities();
+		assert_eq!(possibilities, vec![H2048::from_str("00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000").unwrap()]);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_bloom_possibilites_multiple_addresses_and_topics() {
+		let filter = Filter {
+			from_block: BlockId::Earliest,
+			to_block: BlockId::Latest,
+			address: Some(vec![
+						  Address::from_str("b372018f3be9e171df0581136b59d2faf73a7d5d").unwrap(),
+						  Address::from_str("b372018f3be9e171df0581136b59d2faf73a7d5d").unwrap(),
+			]),
+			topics: [
+				Some(vec![
+					 H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap(),
+					 H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap()
+				]),
+				Some(vec![
+					 H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap(),
+					 H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap()
+				]),
+				Some(vec![H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap()]),
+				None
+			]
+		};
+
+		// number of possibilites should be equal 2 * 2 * 2 * 1 = 8
+		let possibilities = filter.bloom_possibilities();
+		assert_eq!(possibilities.len(), 8);
+		assert_eq!(possibilities[0], H2048::from_str("00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000").unwrap());
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_filter_matches() {
+		let filter = Filter {
+			from_block: BlockId::Earliest,
+			to_block: BlockId::Latest,
+			address: Some(vec![Address::from_str("b372018f3be9e171df0581136b59d2faf73a7d5d").unwrap()]),
+			topics: [
+				Some(vec![H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap()]),
+				Some(vec![H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23fa").unwrap()]),
+				None, None
+			]
+		};
+
+		let entry0 = LogEntry {
+			address: Address::from_str("b372018f3be9e171df0581136b59d2faf73a7d5d").unwrap(),
+			topics: vec![
+				H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap(),
+				H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23fa").unwrap(),
+				H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap(),
+			],
+			data: vec![]
+		};
+
+		let entry1 = LogEntry {
+			address: Address::from_str("b372018f3be9e171df0581136b59d2faf73a7d5e").unwrap(),
+			topics: vec![
+				H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap(),
+				H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23fa").unwrap(),
+				H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap(),
+			],
+			data: vec![]
+		};
+
+		let entry2 = LogEntry {
+			address: Address::from_str("b372018f3be9e171df0581136b59d2faf73a7d5d").unwrap(),
+			topics: vec![
+				H256::from_str("ff74e91598aed6ae5d2fdcf8b24cd2c7be49a0808112a305069355b7160f23f9").unwrap(),
+			],
+			data: vec![]
+		};
+
+		assert_eq!(filter.matches(&entry0), true);
+		assert_eq!(filter.matches(&entry1), false);
+		assert_eq!(filter.matches(&entry2), false);
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/header.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/header.rs
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub type BlockNumber = u64;
 /// which is non-specific.
 ///
 /// Doesn't do all that much on its own.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq)]
 pub struct Header {
 	// TODO: make all private.
 	/// Parent hash.
@ -70,6 +70,25 @@ pub struct Header {
 	pub bare_hash: RefCell<Option<H256>>,
 }

+impl PartialEq for Header {
+	fn eq(&self, c: &Header) -> bool {
+		self.parent_hash == c.parent_hash &&
+		self.timestamp == c.timestamp &&
+		self.number == c.number &&
+		self.author == c.author &&
+		self.transactions_root == c.transactions_root &&
+		self.uncles_hash == c.uncles_hash &&
+		self.extra_data == c.extra_data &&
+		self.state_root == c.state_root &&
+		self.receipts_root == c.receipts_root &&
+		self.log_bloom == c.log_bloom &&
+		self.gas_used == c.gas_used &&
+		self.gas_limit == c.gas_limit &&
+		self.difficulty == c.difficulty &&
+		self.seal == c.seal
+	}
+}
+
 impl Default for Header {
 	fn default() -> Self {
 		Header {
@ -102,10 +121,12 @@ impl Header {
 		Self::default()
 	}

-	/// Get the number field of the header.
-	pub fn number(&self) -> BlockNumber { self.number }
+	/// Get the parent_hash field of the header.
+	pub fn parent_hash(&self) -> &H256 { &self.parent_hash }
 	/// Get the timestamp field of the header.
 	pub fn timestamp(&self) -> u64 { self.timestamp }
+	/// Get the number field of the header.
+	pub fn number(&self) -> BlockNumber { self.number }
 	/// Get the author field of the header.
 	pub fn author(&self) -> &Address { &self.author }

@ -127,11 +148,13 @@ impl Header {
 	// TODO: seal_at, set_seal_at &c.

 	/// Set the number field of the header.
-	pub fn set_number(&mut self, a: BlockNumber) { self.number = a; self.note_dirty(); }
+	pub fn set_parent_hash(&mut self, a: H256) { self.parent_hash = a; self.note_dirty(); }
 	/// Set the timestamp field of the header.
 	pub fn set_timestamp(&mut self, a: u64) { self.timestamp = a; self.note_dirty(); }
 	/// Set the timestamp field of the header to the current time.
-	pub fn set_timestamp_now(&mut self) { self.timestamp = now_utc().to_timespec().sec as u64; self.note_dirty(); }
+	pub fn set_timestamp_now(&mut self, but_later_than: u64) { self.timestamp = max(now_utc().to_timespec().sec as u64, but_later_than + 1); self.note_dirty(); }
+	/// Set the number field of the header.
+	pub fn set_number(&mut self, a: BlockNumber) { self.number = a; self.note_dirty(); }
 	/// Set the author field of the header.
 	pub fn set_author(&mut self, a: Address) { if a != self.author { self.author = a; self.note_dirty(); } }

--- a/ethcore/src/json_tests/chain.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/json_tests/chain.rs
@ -15,18 +15,20 @@
 // along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

 use super::test_common::*;
-use client::{BlockChainClient,Client};
-use pod_state::*;
+use client::{BlockChainClient, Client, ClientConfig};
 use block::Block;
 use ethereum;
 use tests::helpers::*;
+use devtools::*;
+use spec::Genesis;
+use ethjson;

 pub fn json_chain_test(json_data: &[u8], era: ChainEra) -> Vec<String> {
 	init_log();
-	let json = Json::from_str(::std::str::from_utf8(json_data).unwrap()).expect("Json is invalid");
+	let tests = ethjson::blockchain::Test::load(json_data).unwrap();
 	let mut failed = Vec::new();

-	for (name, test) in json.as_object().unwrap() {
+	for (name, blockchain) in tests.deref() {
 		let mut fail = false;
 		{
 			let mut fail_unless = |cond: bool| if !cond && !fail {
@ -38,37 +40,36 @@ pub fn json_chain_test(json_data: &[u8], era: ChainEra) -> Vec<String> {

 			flush!("   - {}...", name);

-			let blocks: Vec<(Bytes, bool)> = test["blocks"].as_array().unwrap().iter().map(|e| (xjson!(&e["rlp"]), e.find("blockHeader").is_some())).collect();
 			let mut spec = match era {
 				ChainEra::Frontier => ethereum::new_frontier_test(),
 				ChainEra::Homestead => ethereum::new_homestead_test(),
 			};
-			let s = PodState::from_json(test.find("pre").unwrap());
-			spec.set_genesis_state(s);
-			spec.overwrite_genesis(test.find("genesisBlockHeader").unwrap());
+
+			let genesis = Genesis::from(blockchain.genesis());
+			let state = From::from(blockchain.pre_state.clone());
+			spec.set_genesis_state(state);
+			spec.overwrite_genesis_params(genesis);
 			assert!(spec.is_state_root_valid());
-			let genesis_hash = spec.genesis_header().hash();
-			assert_eq!(genesis_hash, H256::from_json(&test.find("genesisBlockHeader").unwrap()["hash"]));

 			let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
 			{
-				let client = Client::new(spec, temp.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected()).unwrap();
-				assert_eq!(client.chain_info().best_block_hash, genesis_hash);
-				for (b, is_valid) in blocks.into_iter() {
+				let client = Client::new(ClientConfig::default(), spec, temp.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected()).unwrap();
+				for b in &blockchain.blocks_rlp() {
 					if Block::is_good(&b) {
 						let _ = client.import_block(b.clone());
+						client.flush_queue();
+						client.import_verified_blocks(&IoChannel::disconnected());
 					}
-					client.flush_queue();
-					let imported_ok = client.import_verified_blocks(&IoChannel::disconnected()) > 0;
-					assert_eq!(imported_ok, is_valid);
 				}
-				fail_unless(client.chain_info().best_block_hash == H256::from_json(&test["lastblockhash"]));
+				fail_unless(client.chain_info().best_block_hash == blockchain.best_block.clone().into());
 			}
 		}
+
 		if !fail {
 			flushln!("ok");
 		}
 	}
+
 	println!("!!! {:?} tests from failed.", failed.len());
 	failed
 }
--- a/ethcore/src/json_tests/executive.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/json_tests/executive.rs
@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl<'a> TestExt<'a> {
 			   depth: usize,
 			   origin_info: OriginInfo,
 			   substate: &'a mut Substate,
-			   output: OutputPolicy<'a>,
+			   output: OutputPolicy<'a, 'a>,
 			   address: Address) -> Self {
 		TestExt {
 			contract_address: contract_address(&address, &state.nonce(&address)),
@ -227,19 +227,21 @@ fn do_json_test_for(vm: &VMType, json_data: &[u8]) -> Vec<String> {
 		let out_of_gas = test.find("callcreates").map(|_calls| {
 		}).is_none();

-		let mut substate = Substate::new();
+		let mut substate = Substate::new(false);
 		let mut output = vec![];

 		// execute
 		let (res, callcreates) = {
-			let mut ex = TestExt::new(&mut state,
-									  &info,
-									  &engine,
-									  0,
-									  OriginInfo::from(&params),
-									  &mut substate,
-									  OutputPolicy::Return(BytesRef::Flexible(&mut output)),
-									  params.address.clone());
+			let mut ex = TestExt::new(
+				&mut state,
+				&info,
+				&engine,
+				0,
+				OriginInfo::from(&params),
+				&mut substate,
+				OutputPolicy::Return(BytesRef::Flexible(&mut output), None),
+				params.address.clone()
+			);
 			let evm = engine.vm_factory().create();
 			let res = evm.exec(params, &mut ex);
 			(res, ex.callcreates)
--- a/ethcore/src/json_tests/state.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/json_tests/state.rs
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ pub fn json_chain_test(json_data: &[u8], era: ChainEra) -> Vec<String> {
 				let mut state = state_result.reference_mut();
 				state.populate_from(pre);
 				state.commit();
-				let res = state.apply(&env, engine.deref(), &t);
+				let res = state.apply(&env, engine.deref(), &t, false);

 				if fail_unless(state.root() == &post_state_root) {
 					println!("!!! {}: State mismatch (got: {}, expect: {}):", name, state.root(), post_state_root);
@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ pub fn json_chain_test(json_data: &[u8], era: ChainEra) -> Vec<String> {
 				}

 				if let Ok(r) = res {
-					if fail_unless(logs == r.logs) {
+					if fail_unless(logs == r.receipt.logs) {
 						println!("!!! {}: Logs mismatch:", name);
-						println!("Got:\n{:?}", r.logs);
+						println!("Got:\n{:?}", r.receipt.logs);
 						println!("Expect:\n{:?}", logs);
 					}
 				}
@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ declare_test!{StateTests_stSolidityTest, "StateTests/stSolidityTest"}
 declare_test!{StateTests_stSpecialTest, "StateTests/stSpecialTest"}
 declare_test!{StateTests_stSystemOperationsTest, "StateTests/stSystemOperationsTest"}
 declare_test!{StateTests_stTransactionTest, "StateTests/stTransactionTest"}
-//declare_test!{StateTests_stTransitionTest, "StateTests/stTransitionTest"}
+declare_test!{StateTests_stTransitionTest, "StateTests/stTransitionTest"}
 declare_test!{StateTests_stWalletTest, "StateTests/stWalletTest"}


--- a/ethcore/src/lib.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/lib.rs
@ -15,18 +15,18 @@
 // along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

 #![warn(missing_docs)]
-#![feature(cell_extras)]
-#![feature(augmented_assignments)]
-#![feature(plugin)]
-// Clippy
-#![plugin(clippy)]
-// TODO [todr] not really sure
-#![allow(needless_range_loop)]
-// Shorter than if-else
-#![allow(match_bool)]
-// Keeps consistency (all lines with `.clone()`) and helpful when changing ref to non-ref.
-#![allow(clone_on_copy)]
+#![cfg_attr(feature="dev", feature(plugin))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature="dev", plugin(clippy))]

+// Clippy config
+// TODO [todr] not really sure
+#![cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(needless_range_loop))]
+// Shorter than if-else
+#![cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(match_bool))]
+// Keeps consistency (all lines with `.clone()`) and helpful when changing ref to non-ref.
+#![cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(clone_on_copy))]
+// In most cases it expresses function flow better
+#![cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(if_not_else))]

 //! Ethcore library
 //!
@ -42,23 +42,17 @@
 //! - Ubuntu 14.04 and later:
 //!
 //!   ```bash
-//!   # install rocksdb
-//!   add-apt-repository "deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/giskou/librocksdb/ubuntu trusty main"
-//!   apt-get update
-//!   apt-get install -y --force-yes librocksdb
 //!
 //!   # install multirust
 //!   curl -sf https://raw.githubusercontent.com/brson/multirust/master/blastoff.sh | sh -s -- --yes
 //!
-//!   # install nightly and make it default
-//!   multirust update nightly && multirust default nightly
-//!
 //!   # export rust LIBRARY_PATH
 //!   export LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib
 //!
 //!   # download and build parity
 //!   git clone https://github.com/ethcore/parity
 //!   cd parity
+//!   multirust override beta
 //!   cargo build --release
 //!   ```
 //!
@ -67,18 +61,15 @@
 //!   ```bash
 //!   # install rocksdb && multirust
 //!   brew update
-//!   brew install rocksdb
 //!   brew install multirust
 //!
-//!   # install nightly and make it default
-//!   multirust update nightly && multirust default nightly
-//!
 //!   # export rust LIBRARY_PATH
 //!   export LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib
 //!
 //!   # download and build parity
 //!   git clone https://github.com/ethcore/parity
 //!   cd parity
+//!   multirust override beta
 //!   cargo build --release
 //!   ```

@ -86,36 +77,38 @@
 #[macro_use] extern crate ethcore_util as util;
 #[macro_use] extern crate lazy_static;
 extern crate rustc_serialize;
-extern crate rocksdb;
-extern crate heapsize;
+#[macro_use] extern crate heapsize;
 extern crate crypto;
 extern crate time;
 extern crate env_logger;
 extern crate num_cpus;
 extern crate crossbeam;
+extern crate ethjson;

+#[cfg(test)] extern crate ethcore_devtools as devtools;
 #[cfg(feature = "jit" )] extern crate evmjit;

 pub mod block;
-pub mod blockchain;
 pub mod block_queue;
 pub mod client;
 pub mod error;
 pub mod ethereum;
+pub mod filter;
 pub mod header;
 pub mod service;
+pub mod log_entry;
+pub mod trace;
 pub mod spec;
 pub mod transaction;
 pub mod views;
 pub mod receipt;
+pub mod pod_state;

 mod common;
 mod basic_types;
 #[macro_use] mod evm;
-mod log_entry;
 mod env_info;
 mod pod_account;
-mod pod_state;
 mod account_diff;
 mod state_diff;
 mod engine;
@ -125,11 +118,13 @@ mod account_db;
 mod action_params;
 mod null_engine;
 mod builtin;
+mod chainfilter;
 mod extras;
 mod substate;
 mod executive;
 mod externalities;
 mod verification;
+mod blockchain;

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
--- a/ethcore/src/log_entry.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/log_entry.rs
@ -14,8 +14,11 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 // along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

+//! Block log.
+
 use util::*;
 use basic_types::LogBloom;
+use header::BlockNumber;

 /// A record of execution for a `LOG` operation.
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
@ -37,16 +40,25 @@ impl Encodable for LogEntry {
 	}
 }

-impl LogEntry {
-	/// Create a new log entry.
-	pub fn new(address: Address, topics: Vec<H256>, data: Bytes) -> LogEntry {
-		LogEntry {
-			address: address,
-			topics: topics,
-			data: data
-		}
+impl Decodable for LogEntry {
+	fn decode<D>(decoder: &D) -> Result<Self, DecoderError> where D: Decoder {
+		let d = decoder.as_rlp();
+		let entry = LogEntry {
+			address: try!(d.val_at(0)),
+			topics: try!(d.val_at(1)),
+			data: try!(d.val_at(2)),
+		};
+		Ok(entry)
 	}
+}

+impl HeapSizeOf for LogEntry {
+	fn heap_size_of_children(&self) -> usize {
+		self.topics.heap_size_of_children() + self.data.heap_size_of_children()
+	}
+}
+
+impl LogEntry {
 	/// Calculates the bloom of this log entry.
 	pub fn bloom(&self) -> LogBloom {
 		self.topics.iter().fold(LogBloom::from_bloomed(&self.address.sha3()), |b, t| b.with_bloomed(&t.sha3()))
@ -65,6 +77,31 @@ impl FromJson for LogEntry {
 	}
 }

+/// Log localized in a blockchain.
+#[derive(Default, Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct LocalizedLogEntry {
+	/// Plain log entry.
+	pub entry: LogEntry,
+	/// Block in which this log was created.
+	pub block_hash: H256,
+	/// Block number.
+	pub block_number: BlockNumber,
+	/// Hash of transaction in which this log was created.
+	pub transaction_hash: H256,
+	/// Index of transaction within block.
+	pub transaction_index: usize,
+	/// Log position in the block.
+	pub log_index: usize,
+}
+
+impl Deref for LocalizedLogEntry {
+	type Target = LogEntry;
+
+	fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+		&self.entry
+	}
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
 	use util::*;
@ -74,7 +111,11 @@ mod tests {
 	fn test_empty_log_bloom() {
 		let bloom = H2048::from_str("00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000").unwrap();
 		let address = Address::from_str("0f572e5295c57f15886f9b263e2f6d2d6c7b5ec6").unwrap();
-		let log = LogEntry::new(address, vec![], vec![]);
+		let log = LogEntry {
+			address: address,
+			topics: vec![],
+			data: vec![]
+		};
 		assert_eq!(log.bloom(), bloom);
 	}
 }
--- a/ethcore/src/null_engine.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/null_engine.rs
@ -41,7 +41,16 @@ impl Engine for NullEngine {
 	fn vm_factory(&self) -> &Factory {
 		&self.factory
 	}
+	
 	fn name(&self) -> &str { "NullEngine" }
+
 	fn spec(&self) -> &Spec { &self.spec }
-	fn schedule(&self, _env_info: &EnvInfo) -> Schedule { Schedule::new_frontier() }
+
+	fn schedule(&self, env_info: &EnvInfo) -> Schedule {
+		if env_info.number < self.u64_param("frontierCompatibilityModeLimit") {
+			Schedule::new_frontier()
+		} else {
+			Schedule::new_homestead()
+		}
+	}
 }
--- a/ethcore/src/pod_account.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/pod_account.rs
@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 use util::*;
 use account::*;
 use account_db::*;
+use ethjson;

 #[derive(Debug,Clone,PartialEq,Eq)]
 /// An account, expressed as Plain-Old-Data (hence the name).
@ -73,6 +74,22 @@ impl PodAccount {
 	}
 }

+impl From<ethjson::blockchain::Account> for PodAccount {
+	fn from(a: ethjson::blockchain::Account) -> Self {
+		PodAccount {
+			balance: a.balance.into(),
+			nonce: a.nonce.into(),
+			code: a.code.into(),
+			storage: a.storage.into_iter().fold(BTreeMap::new(), |mut acc, (key, value)| {
+				let key: U256 = key.into();
+				let value: U256 = value.into();
+				acc.insert(H256::from(key), H256::from(value));
+				acc
+			})
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 impl fmt::Display for PodAccount {
 	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
 		write!(f, "(bal={}; nonce={}; code={} bytes, #{}; storage={} items)", self.balance, self.nonce, self.code.len(), self.code.sha3(), self.storage.len())
--- a/ethcore/src/pod_state.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/pod_state.rs
@ -14,11 +14,14 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 // along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

+//! State of all accounts in the system expressed in Plain Old Data.
+
 use util::*;
 use pod_account::*;
+use ethjson;

-#[derive(Debug,Clone,PartialEq,Eq,Default)]
 /// State of all accounts in the system expressed in Plain Old Data.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 pub struct PodState (BTreeMap<Address, PodAccount>);

 impl PodState {
@ -64,6 +67,15 @@ impl FromJson for PodState {
 	}
 }

+impl From<ethjson::blockchain::State> for PodState {
+	fn from(s: ethjson::blockchain::State) -> PodState {
+		PodState(s.0.into_iter().fold(BTreeMap::new(), |mut acc, (key, value)| {
+			acc.insert(key.into(), PodAccount::from(value));
+			acc
+		}))
+	}
+}
+
 impl fmt::Display for PodState {
 	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
 		for (add, acc) in &self.0 {
--- a/ethcore/src/receipt.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/receipt.rs
@ -18,7 +18,8 @@

 use util::*;
 use basic_types::LogBloom;
-use log_entry::LogEntry;
+use header::BlockNumber;
+use log_entry::{LogEntry, LocalizedLogEntry};

 /// Information describing execution of a transaction.
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ impl Receipt {
 		Receipt {
 			state_root: state_root,
 			gas_used: gas_used,
-			log_bloom: logs.iter().fold(LogBloom::new(), |mut b, l| { b |= &l.bloom(); b }),
+			log_bloom: logs.iter().fold(LogBloom::new(), |mut b, l| { b = &b | &l.bloom(); b }), //TODO: use |= operator
 			logs: logs,
 		}
 	}
@ -55,6 +56,45 @@ impl Encodable for Receipt {
 	}
 }

+impl Decodable for Receipt {
+	fn decode<D>(decoder: &D) -> Result<Self, DecoderError> where D: Decoder {
+		let d = decoder.as_rlp();
+		let receipt = Receipt {
+			state_root: try!(d.val_at(0)),
+			gas_used: try!(d.val_at(1)),
+			log_bloom: try!(d.val_at(2)),
+			logs: try!(d.val_at(3)),
+		};
+		Ok(receipt)
+	}
+}
+
+impl HeapSizeOf for Receipt {
+	fn heap_size_of_children(&self) -> usize {
+		self.logs.heap_size_of_children()
+	}
+}
+
+/// Receipt with additional info.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct LocalizedReceipt {
+	/// Transaction hash.
+	pub transaction_hash: H256,
+	/// Transaction index.
+	pub transaction_index: usize,
+	/// Block hash.
+	pub block_hash: H256,
+	/// Block number.
+	pub block_number: BlockNumber,
+	/// Cumulative gas used.
+	pub cumulative_gas_used: U256,
+	/// Gas used.
+	pub gas_used: U256,
+	/// Contract address.
+	pub contract_address: Option<Address>,
+	/// Logs
+	pub logs: Vec<LocalizedLogEntry>,
+}

 #[test]
 fn test_basic() {
@ -62,11 +102,11 @@ fn test_basic() {
 	let r = Receipt::new(
 		x!("2f697d671e9ae4ee24a43c4b0d7e15f1cb4ba6de1561120d43b9a4e8c4a8a6ee"),
 		x!(0x40cae),
-		vec![LogEntry::new(
-			x!("dcf421d093428b096ca501a7cd1a740855a7976f"),
-			vec![],
-			vec![0u8; 32]
-		)]
+		vec![LogEntry {
+			address: x!("dcf421d093428b096ca501a7cd1a740855a7976f"),
+			topics: vec![],
+			data: vec![0u8; 32]
+		}]
 	);
 	assert_eq!(&encode(&r)[..], &expected[..]);
 }
--- a/ethcore/src/service.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/service.rs
@ -20,13 +20,24 @@ use util::*;
 use util::panics::*;
 use spec::Spec;
 use error::*;
-use client::Client;
+use client::{Client, ClientConfig};

 /// Message type for external and internal events
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum SyncMessage {
 	/// New block has been imported into the blockchain
-	NewChainBlock(Bytes), //TODO: use Cow
+	NewChainBlocks {
+		/// Hashes of blocks imported to blockchain
+		imported: Vec<H256>,
+		/// Hashes of blocks not imported to blockchain (because were invalid)
+		invalid: Vec<H256>,
+		/// Hashes of blocks that were removed from canonical chain
+		retracted: Vec<H256>,
+		/// Hashes of blocks that are now included in cannonical chain
+		enacted: Vec<H256>,
+	},
+	/// Best Block Hash in chain has been changed
+	NewChainHead,
 	/// A block is ready
 	BlockVerified,
 }
@ -43,14 +54,14 @@ pub struct ClientService {

 impl ClientService {
 	/// Start the service in a separate thread.
-	pub fn start(spec: Spec, net_config: NetworkConfiguration, db_path: &Path) -> Result<ClientService, Error> {
+	pub fn start(config: ClientConfig, spec: Spec, net_config: NetworkConfiguration, db_path: &Path) -> Result<ClientService, Error> {
 		let panic_handler = PanicHandler::new_in_arc();
 		let mut net_service = try!(NetworkService::start(net_config));
 		panic_handler.forward_from(&net_service);

 		info!("Starting {}", net_service.host_info());
 		info!("Configured for {} using {} engine", spec.name, spec.engine_name);
-		let client = try!(Client::new(spec, db_path, net_service.io().channel()));
+		let client = try!(Client::new(config, spec, db_path, net_service.io().channel()));
 		panic_handler.forward_from(client.deref());
 		let client_io = Arc::new(ClientIoHandler {
 			client: client.clone()
@ -110,12 +121,11 @@ impl IoHandler<NetSyncMessage> for ClientIoHandler {
 		}
 	}

-	#[allow(match_ref_pats)]
-	#[allow(single_match)]
+	#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(single_match))]
 	fn message(&self, io: &IoContext<NetSyncMessage>, net_message: &NetSyncMessage) {
-		if let &UserMessage(ref message) = net_message {
-			match message {
-				&SyncMessage::BlockVerified => {
+		if let UserMessage(ref message) = *net_message {
+			match *message {
+				SyncMessage::BlockVerified => {
 					self.client.import_verified_blocks(&io.channel());
 				},
 				_ => {}, // ignore other messages
@ -129,12 +139,14 @@ mod tests {
 	use super::*;
 	use tests::helpers::*;
 	use util::network::*;
+	use devtools::*;
+	use client::ClientConfig;

 	#[test]
 	fn it_can_be_started() {
 		let spec = get_test_spec();
 		let temp_path = RandomTempPath::new();
-		let service = ClientService::start(spec, NetworkConfiguration::new(), &temp_path.as_path());
+		let service = ClientService::start(ClientConfig::default(), spec, NetworkConfiguration::new_local(), &temp_path.as_path());
 		assert!(service.is_ok());
 	}
 }
--- a/ethcore/src/spec/genesis.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/spec/genesis.rs
@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use util::rlp::*;
+use util::numbers::{Uint, U256};
+use util::hash::{H64, Address, H256};
+use ethjson;
+
+/// Genesis seal type.
+pub enum Seal {
+	/// Classic ethereum seal.
+	Ethereum {
+		/// Seal nonce.
+		nonce: H64,
+		/// Seal mix hash.
+		mix_hash: H256,
+	},
+	/// Generic seal.
+	Generic {
+		/// Number of seal fields.
+		fields: usize,
+		/// Seal rlp.
+		rlp: Vec<u8>,
+	},
+}
+
+/// Genesis components.
+pub struct Genesis {
+	/// Seal.
+	pub seal: Seal,
+	/// Difficulty.
+	pub difficulty: U256,
+	/// Author.
+	pub author: Address,
+	/// Timestamp.
+	pub timestamp: u64,
+	/// Parent hash.
+	pub parent_hash: H256,
+	/// Gas limit.
+	pub gas_limit: U256,
+	/// Transactions root.
+	pub transactions_root: H256,
+	/// Receipts root.
+	pub receipts_root: H256,
+	/// State root.
+	pub state_root: Option<H256>,
+	/// Gas used.
+	pub gas_used: U256,
+	/// Extra data.
+	pub extra_data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl From<ethjson::spec::Genesis> for Genesis {
+	fn from(g: ethjson::spec::Genesis) -> Self {
+		Genesis {
+			seal: match (g.nonce, g.mix_hash) {
+				(Some(nonce), Some(mix_hash)) => Seal::Ethereum {
+					nonce: nonce.into(),
+					mix_hash: mix_hash.into(),
+				},
+				_ => Seal::Generic {
+					fields: g.seal_fields.unwrap(),
+					rlp: g.seal_rlp.unwrap().into(),
+				}
+			},
+			difficulty: g.difficulty.into(),
+			author: g.author.into(),
+			timestamp: g.timestamp.into(),
+			parent_hash: g.parent_hash.into(),
+			gas_limit: g.gas_limit.into(),
+			transactions_root: g.transactions_root.map_or_else(|| SHA3_NULL_RLP.clone(), Into::into),
+			receipts_root: g.receipts_root.map_or_else(|| SHA3_NULL_RLP.clone(), Into::into),
+			state_root: g.state_root.map(Into::into),
+			gas_used: g.gas_used.map_or_else(U256::zero, Into::into),
+			extra_data: g.extra_data.map_or_else(Vec::new, Into::into),
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/ethcore/src/spec/mod.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/spec/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Blockchain params.
+
+mod genesis;
+pub mod spec;
+
+pub use self::spec::*;
+pub use self::genesis::Genesis;
--- a/ethcore/src/spec/spec.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/spec/spec.rs
@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ use engine::*;
 use pod_state::*;
 use null_engine::*;
 use account_db::*;
+use ethereum;
+use super::genesis::{Seal as GenesisSeal, Genesis};

 /// Convert JSON value to equivalent RLP representation.
 // TODO: handle container types.
@ -58,6 +60,8 @@ pub struct Spec {

 	/// Known nodes on the network in enode format.
 	pub nodes: Vec<String>,
+	/// Network ID
+	pub network_id: U256,

 	/// Parameters concerning operation of the specific engine we're using.
 	/// Maps the parameter name to an RLP-encoded value.
@ -97,14 +101,14 @@ pub struct Spec {
 	genesis_state: PodState,
 }

-#[allow(wrong_self_convention)] // because to_engine(self) should be to_engine(&self)
+#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(wrong_self_convention))] // because to_engine(self) should be to_engine(&self)
 impl Spec {
 	/// Convert this object into a boxed Engine of the right underlying type.
 	// TODO avoid this hard-coded nastiness - use dynamic-linked plugin framework instead.
 	pub fn to_engine(self) -> Result<Box<Engine>, Error> {
 		match self.engine_name.as_ref() {
 			"NullEngine" => Ok(NullEngine::new_boxed(self)),
-			"Ethash" => Ok(super::ethereum::Ethash::new_boxed(self)),
+			"Ethash" => Ok(ethereum::Ethash::new_boxed(self)),
 			_ => Err(Error::UnknownEngineName(self.engine_name.clone()))
 		}
 	}
@ -120,6 +124,9 @@ impl Spec {
 	/// Get the known knodes of the network in enode format.
 	pub fn nodes(&self) -> &Vec<String> { &self.nodes }

+	/// Get the configured Network ID.
+	pub fn network_id(&self) -> U256 { self.network_id }
+
 	/// Get the header of the genesis block.
 	pub fn genesis_header(&self) -> Header {
 		Header {
@ -192,6 +199,32 @@ impl Spec {
 		self.state_root_memo = RwLock::new(genesis.find("stateRoot").and_then(|_| Some(H256::from_json(&genesis["stateRoot"]))));
 	}

+	/// Overwrite the genesis components.
+	pub fn overwrite_genesis_params(&mut self, g: Genesis) {
+		let (seal_fields, seal_rlp) = match g.seal {
+			GenesisSeal::Generic { fields, rlp } => (fields, rlp),
+			GenesisSeal::Ethereum { nonce, mix_hash } => {
+				let mut s = RlpStream::new();
+				s.append(&mix_hash);
+				s.append(&nonce);
+				(2, s.out())
+			}
+		};
+
+		self.parent_hash = g.parent_hash;
+		self.transactions_root = g.transactions_root;
+		self.receipts_root = g.receipts_root;
+		self.author = g.author;
+		self.difficulty = g.difficulty;
+		self.gas_limit = g.gas_limit;
+		self.gas_used = g.gas_used;
+		self.timestamp = g.timestamp;
+		self.extra_data = g.extra_data;
+		self.seal_fields = seal_fields;
+		self.seal_rlp = seal_rlp;
+		self.state_root_memo = RwLock::new(g.state_root);
+	}
+
 	/// Alter the value of the genesis state.
 	pub fn set_genesis_state(&mut self, s: PodState) {
 		self.genesis_state = s;
@ -250,6 +283,7 @@ impl FromJson for Spec {
 			engine_name: json["engineName"].as_string().unwrap().to_owned(),
 			engine_params: json_to_rlp_map(&json["params"]),
 			nodes: nodes,
+			network_id: U256::from_str(&json["params"]["networkID"].as_string().unwrap()[2..]).unwrap(),
 			builtins: builtins,
 			parent_hash: H256::from_str(&genesis["parentHash"].as_string().unwrap()[2..]).unwrap(),
 			author: Address::from_str(&genesis["author"].as_string().unwrap()[2..]).unwrap(),
@ -298,7 +332,10 @@ impl Spec {
 	}

 	/// Create a new Spec which conforms to the Morden chain except that it's a NullEngine consensus.
-	pub fn new_test() -> Spec { Self::from_json_utf8(include_bytes!("../res/null_morden.json")) }
+	pub fn new_test() -> Spec { Self::from_json_utf8(include_bytes!("../../res/null_morden.json")) }
+
+	/// Create a new Spec which conforms to the Morden chain except that it's a NullEngine consensus.
+	pub fn new_homestead_test() -> Spec { Self::from_json_utf8(include_bytes!("../../res/null_homestead_morden.json")) }
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
--- a/ethcore/src/state.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/state.rs
@ -26,12 +26,20 @@ use pod_account::*;
 use pod_state::PodState;
 //use state_diff::*;	// TODO: uncomment once to_pod() works correctly.

+/// Used to return information about an `State::apply` operation.
+pub struct ApplyOutcome {
+	/// The receipt for the applied transaction.
+	pub receipt: Receipt,
+	/// The trace for the applied transaction, if None if tracing is disabled.
+	pub trace: Option<Trace>,
+}
+
 /// Result type for the execution ("application") of a transaction.
-pub type ApplyResult = Result<Receipt, Error>;
+pub type ApplyResult = Result<ApplyOutcome, Error>;

 /// Representation of the entire state of all accounts in the system.
 pub struct State {
-	db: JournalDB,
+	db: Box<JournalDB>,
 	root: H256,
 	cache: RefCell<HashMap<Address, Option<Account>>>,
 	snapshots: RefCell<Vec<HashMap<Address, Option<Option<Account>>>>>,
@ -41,11 +49,11 @@ pub struct State {
 impl State {
 	/// Creates new state with empty state root
 	#[cfg(test)]
-	pub fn new(mut db: JournalDB, account_start_nonce: U256) -> State {
+	pub fn new(mut db: Box<JournalDB>, account_start_nonce: U256) -> State {
 		let mut root = H256::new();
 		{
 			// init trie and reset root too null
-			let _ = SecTrieDBMut::new(&mut db, &mut root);
+			let _ = SecTrieDBMut::new(db.as_hashdb_mut(), &mut root);
 		}

 		State {
@ -58,10 +66,10 @@ impl State {
 	}

 	/// Creates new state with existing state root
-	pub fn from_existing(db: JournalDB, root: H256, account_start_nonce: U256) -> State {
+	pub fn from_existing(db: Box<JournalDB>, root: H256, account_start_nonce: U256) -> State {
 		{
 			// trie should panic! if root does not exist
-			let _ = SecTrieDB::new(&db, &root);
+			let _ = SecTrieDB::new(db.as_hashdb(), &root);
 		}

 		State {
@ -126,7 +134,7 @@ impl State {
 	}

 	/// Destroy the current object and return root and database.
-	pub fn drop(self) -> (H256, JournalDB) {
+	pub fn drop(self) -> (H256, Box<JournalDB>) {
 		(self.root, self.db)
 	}

@ -138,7 +146,7 @@ impl State {
 	/// Create a new contract at address `contract`. If there is already an account at the address
 	/// it will have its code reset, ready for `init_code()`.
 	pub fn new_contract(&mut self, contract: &Address, balance: U256) {
-		self.insert_cache(&contract, Some(Account::new_contract(balance)));
+		self.insert_cache(&contract, Some(Account::new_contract(balance, self.account_start_nonce)));
 	}

 	/// Remove an existing account.
@ -148,7 +156,7 @@ impl State {

 	/// Determine whether an account exists.
 	pub fn exists(&self, a: &Address) -> bool {
-		self.cache.borrow().get(&a).unwrap_or(&None).is_some() || SecTrieDB::new(&self.db, &self.root).contains(&a)
+		self.cache.borrow().get(&a).unwrap_or(&None).is_some() || SecTrieDB::new(self.db.as_hashdb(), &self.root).contains(&a)
 	}

 	/// Get the balance of account `a`.
@ -163,7 +171,7 @@ impl State {

 	/// Mutate storage of account `address` so that it is `value` for `key`.
 	pub fn storage_at(&self, address: &Address, key: &H256) -> H256 {
-		self.get(address, false).as_ref().map_or(H256::new(), |a|a.storage_at(&AccountDB::new(&self.db, address), key))	
+		self.get(address, false).as_ref().map_or(H256::new(), |a|a.storage_at(&AccountDB::new(self.db.as_hashdb(), address), key))
 	}

 	/// Mutate storage of account `a` so that it is `value` for `key`.
@ -204,27 +212,27 @@ impl State {
 	/// Initialise the code of account `a` so that it is `value` for `key`.
 	/// NOTE: Account should have been created with `new_contract`.
 	pub fn init_code(&mut self, a: &Address, code: Bytes) {
-		self.require_or_from(a, true, || Account::new_contract(U256::from(0u8)), |_|{}).init_code(code);
+		self.require_or_from(a, true, || Account::new_contract(x!(0), self.account_start_nonce), |_|{}).init_code(code);
 	}

 	/// Execute a given transaction.
 	/// This will change the state accordingly.
-	pub fn apply(&mut self, env_info: &EnvInfo, engine: &Engine, t: &SignedTransaction) -> ApplyResult {
+	pub fn apply(&mut self, env_info: &EnvInfo, engine: &Engine, t: &SignedTransaction, tracing: bool) -> ApplyResult {
 //		let old = self.to_pod();

-		let e = try!(Executive::new(self, env_info, engine).transact(t));
+		let e = try!(Executive::new(self, env_info, engine).transact(t, tracing));

 		// TODO uncomment once to_pod() works correctly.
 //		trace!("Applied transaction. Diff:\n{}\n", StateDiff::diff_pod(&old, &self.to_pod()));
 		self.commit();
 		let receipt = Receipt::new(self.root().clone(), e.cumulative_gas_used, e.logs);
 //		trace!("Transaction receipt: {:?}", receipt);
-		Ok(receipt)
+		Ok(ApplyOutcome{receipt: receipt, trace: e.trace})
 	}

 	/// Commit accounts to SecTrieDBMut. This is similar to cpp-ethereum's dev::eth::commit.
 	/// `accounts` is mutable because we may need to commit the code or storage and record that.
-	#[allow(match_ref_pats)]
+	#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(match_ref_pats))]
 	pub fn commit_into(db: &mut HashDB, root: &mut H256, accounts: &mut HashMap<Address, Option<Account>>) {
 		// first, commit the sub trees.
 		// TODO: is this necessary or can we dispense with the `ref mut a` for just `a`?
@ -253,7 +261,7 @@ impl State {
 	/// Commits our cached account changes into the trie.
 	pub fn commit(&mut self) {
 		assert!(self.snapshots.borrow().is_empty());
-		Self::commit_into(&mut self.db, &mut self.root, self.cache.borrow_mut().deref_mut());
+		Self::commit_into(self.db.as_hashdb_mut(), &mut self.root, self.cache.borrow_mut().deref_mut());
 	}

 	#[cfg(test)]
@ -282,30 +290,30 @@ impl State {

 	/// Pull account `a` in our cache from the trie DB and return it.
 	/// `require_code` requires that the code be cached, too.
-	fn get(&self, a: &Address, require_code: bool) -> Ref<Option<Account>> {
+	fn get<'a>(&'a self, a: &Address, require_code: bool) -> &'a Option<Account> {
 		let have_key = self.cache.borrow().contains_key(a);
 		if !have_key {
-			self.insert_cache(a, SecTrieDB::new(&self.db, &self.root).get(&a).map(Account::from_rlp))
+			self.insert_cache(a, SecTrieDB::new(self.db.as_hashdb(), &self.root).get(&a).map(Account::from_rlp))
 		}
 		if require_code {
 			if let Some(ref mut account) = self.cache.borrow_mut().get_mut(a).unwrap().as_mut() {
-				account.cache_code(&AccountDB::new(&self.db, a));
+				account.cache_code(&AccountDB::new(self.db.as_hashdb(), a));
 			}
 		}
-		Ref::map(self.cache.borrow(), |m| m.get(a).unwrap())
+		unsafe { ::std::mem::transmute(self.cache.borrow().get(a).unwrap()) }
 	}

 	/// Pull account `a` in our cache from the trie DB. `require_code` requires that the code be cached, too.
-	fn require(&self, a: &Address, require_code: bool) -> RefMut<Account> {
+	fn require<'a>(&'a self, a: &Address, require_code: bool) -> &'a mut Account {
 		self.require_or_from(a, require_code, || Account::new_basic(U256::from(0u8), self.account_start_nonce), |_|{})
 	}

 	/// Pull account `a` in our cache from the trie DB. `require_code` requires that the code be cached, too.
 	/// If it doesn't exist, make account equal the evaluation of `default`.
-	fn require_or_from<F: FnOnce() -> Account, G: FnOnce(&mut Account)>(&self, a: &Address, require_code: bool, default: F, not_default: G) -> RefMut<Account> {
+	fn require_or_from<'a, F: FnOnce() -> Account, G: FnOnce(&mut Account)>(&self, a: &Address, require_code: bool, default: F, not_default: G) -> &'a mut Account {
 		let have_key = self.cache.borrow().contains_key(a);
 		if !have_key {
-			self.insert_cache(a, SecTrieDB::new(&self.db, &self.root).get(&a).map(Account::from_rlp))
+			self.insert_cache(a, SecTrieDB::new(self.db.as_hashdb(), &self.root).get(&a).map(Account::from_rlp))
 		} else {
 			self.note_cache(a);
 		}
@ -316,13 +324,12 @@ impl State {
 			not_default(self.cache.borrow_mut().get_mut(a).unwrap().as_mut().unwrap());
 		}

-		let b = self.cache.borrow_mut();
-		RefMut::map(b, |m| m.get_mut(a).unwrap().as_mut().map(|account| {
+		unsafe { ::std::mem::transmute(self.cache.borrow_mut().get_mut(a).unwrap().as_mut().map(|account| {
 			if require_code {
-				account.cache_code(&AccountDB::new(&self.db, a));
+				account.cache_code(&AccountDB::new(self.db.as_hashdb(), a));
 			}
 			account
-		}).unwrap())
+		}).unwrap()) }
 	}
 }

@ -336,12 +343,671 @@ impl fmt::Debug for State {
 mod tests {

 use super::*;
-use util::hash::*;
+use util::common::*;
 use util::trie::*;
 use util::rlp::*;
-use util::uint::*;
 use account::*;
 use tests::helpers::*;
+use devtools::*;
+use evm::factory::*;
+use env_info::*;
+use spec::*;
+use transaction::*;
+use util::log::init_log;
+use trace::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn should_apply_create_transaction() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = TestEngine::new(5, Factory::default());
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Create,
+		value: x!(100),
+		data: FromHex::from_hex("601080600c6000396000f3006000355415600957005b60203560003555").unwrap(),
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.add_balance(t.sender().as_ref().unwrap(), &x!(100));
+	let result = state.apply(&info, &engine, &t, true).unwrap();
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Create(TraceCreate {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			value: x!(100),
+			gas: x!(77412),
+			init: vec![96, 16, 128, 96, 12, 96, 0, 57, 96, 0, 243, 0, 96, 0, 53, 84, 21, 96, 9, 87, 0, 91, 96, 32, 53, 96, 0, 53, 85],
+			result: Some((x!(3224), x!("8988167e088c87cd314df6d3c2b83da5acb93ace"), vec![96, 0, 53, 84, 21, 96, 9, 87, 0, 91, 96, 32, 53, 96, 0, 53]))
+		}),
+		subs: vec![]
+	});
+
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_trace_failed_create_transaction() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = TestEngine::new(5, Factory::default());
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Create,
+		value: x!(100),
+		data: FromHex::from_hex("5b600056").unwrap(),
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.add_balance(t.sender().as_ref().unwrap(), &x!(100));
+	let result = state.apply(&info, &engine, &t, true).unwrap();
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Create(TraceCreate {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			value: x!(100),
+			gas: x!(78792),
+			init: vec![91, 96, 0, 86],
+			result: None
+		}),
+		subs: vec![]
+	});
+
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_trace_call_transaction() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = TestEngine::new(5, Factory::default());
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Call(x!(0xa)),
+		value: x!(100),
+		data: vec![],
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xa), FromHex::from_hex("6000").unwrap());
+	state.add_balance(t.sender().as_ref().unwrap(), &x!(100));
+	let result = state.apply(&info, &engine, &t, true).unwrap();
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			to: x!(0xa),
+			value: x!(100),
+			gas: x!(79000),
+			input: vec![],
+			result: Some((x!(3), vec![]))
+		}),
+		subs: vec![]
+	});
+
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_trace_basic_call_transaction() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = TestEngine::new(5, Factory::default());
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Call(x!(0xa)),
+		value: x!(100),
+		data: vec![],
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.add_balance(t.sender().as_ref().unwrap(), &x!(100));
+	let result = state.apply(&info, &engine, &t, true).unwrap();
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			to: x!(0xa),
+			value: x!(100),
+			gas: x!(79000),
+			input: vec![],
+			result: Some((x!(0), vec![]))
+		}),
+		subs: vec![]
+	});
+
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_not_trace_call_transaction_to_builtin() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = Spec::new_test().to_engine().unwrap();
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Call(x!(0x1)),
+		value: x!(0),
+		data: vec![],
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	let result = state.apply(&info, engine.deref(), &t, true).unwrap();
+
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_not_trace_subcall_transaction_to_builtin() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = Spec::new_test().to_engine().unwrap();
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Call(x!(0xa)),
+		value: x!(0),
+		data: vec![],
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xa), FromHex::from_hex("600060006000600060006001610be0f1").unwrap());
+	let result = state.apply(&info, engine.deref(), &t, true).unwrap();
+
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			to: x!(0xa),
+			value: x!(0),
+			gas: x!(79000),
+			input: vec![],
+			result: Some((x!(28061), vec![]))
+		}),
+		subs: vec![]
+	});
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_not_trace_callcode() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = Spec::new_test().to_engine().unwrap();
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Call(x!(0xa)),
+		value: x!(0),
+		data: vec![],
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xa), FromHex::from_hex("60006000600060006000600b611000f2").unwrap());
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xb), FromHex::from_hex("6000").unwrap());
+	let result = state.apply(&info, engine.deref(), &t, true).unwrap();
+
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			to: x!(0xa),
+			value: x!(0),
+			gas: x!(79000),
+			input: vec![],
+			result: Some((x!(64), vec![]))
+		}),
+		subs: vec![]
+	});
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_not_trace_delegatecall() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	info.number = 0x789b0;
+	let engine = Spec::new_test().to_engine().unwrap();
+
+	println!("schedule.have_delegate_call: {:?}", engine.schedule(&info).have_delegate_call);
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Call(x!(0xa)),
+		value: x!(0),
+		data: vec![],
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xa), FromHex::from_hex("6000600060006000600b618000f4").unwrap());
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xb), FromHex::from_hex("6000").unwrap());
+	let result = state.apply(&info, engine.deref(), &t, true).unwrap();
+
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			to: x!(0xa),
+			value: x!(0),
+			gas: x!(79000),
+			input: vec![],
+			result: Some((x!(61), vec![]))
+		}),
+		subs: vec![]
+	});
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_trace_failed_call_transaction() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = TestEngine::new(5, Factory::default());
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Call(x!(0xa)),
+		value: x!(100),
+		data: vec![],
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xa), FromHex::from_hex("5b600056").unwrap());
+	state.add_balance(t.sender().as_ref().unwrap(), &x!(100));
+	let result = state.apply(&info, &engine, &t, true).unwrap();
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			to: x!(0xa),
+			value: x!(100),
+			gas: x!(79000),
+			input: vec![],
+			result: None
+		}),
+		subs: vec![]
+	});
+
+	println!("trace: {:?}", result.trace);
+
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_trace_call_with_subcall_transaction() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = TestEngine::new(5, Factory::default());
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Call(x!(0xa)),
+		value: x!(100),
+		data: vec![],
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xa), FromHex::from_hex("60006000600060006000600b602b5a03f1").unwrap());
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xb), FromHex::from_hex("6000").unwrap());
+	state.add_balance(t.sender().as_ref().unwrap(), &x!(100));
+	let result = state.apply(&info, &engine, &t, true).unwrap();
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			to: x!(0xa),
+			value: x!(100),
+			gas: x!(79000),
+			input: vec![],
+			result: Some((x!(69), vec![]))
+		}),
+		subs: vec![Trace {
+			depth: 1,
+			action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+				from: x!(0xa),
+				to: x!(0xb),
+				value: x!(0),
+				gas: x!(78934),
+				input: vec![],
+				result: Some((x!(3), vec![]))
+			}),
+			subs: vec![]
+		}]
+	});
+
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_trace_call_with_basic_subcall_transaction() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = TestEngine::new(5, Factory::default());
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Call(x!(0xa)),
+		value: x!(100),
+		data: vec![],
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xa), FromHex::from_hex("60006000600060006045600b6000f1").unwrap());
+	state.add_balance(t.sender().as_ref().unwrap(), &x!(100));
+	let result = state.apply(&info, &engine, &t, true).unwrap();
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			to: x!(0xa),
+			value: x!(100),
+			gas: x!(79000),
+			input: vec![],
+			result: Some((x!(31761), vec![]))
+		}),
+		subs: vec![Trace {
+			depth: 1,
+			action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+				from: x!(0xa),
+				to: x!(0xb),
+				value: x!(69),
+				gas: x!(2300),
+				input: vec![],
+				result: Some((x!(0), vec![]))
+			}),
+			subs: vec![]
+		}]
+	});
+
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_not_trace_call_with_invalid_basic_subcall_transaction() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = TestEngine::new(5, Factory::default());
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Call(x!(0xa)),
+		value: x!(100),
+		data: vec![],
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xa), FromHex::from_hex("600060006000600060ff600b6000f1").unwrap());	// not enough funds.
+	state.add_balance(t.sender().as_ref().unwrap(), &x!(100));
+	let result = state.apply(&info, &engine, &t, true).unwrap();
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			to: x!(0xa),
+			value: x!(100),
+			gas: x!(79000),
+			input: vec![],
+			result: Some((x!(31761), vec![]))
+		}),
+		subs: vec![]
+	});
+
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_trace_failed_subcall_transaction() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = TestEngine::new(5, Factory::default());
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Call(x!(0xa)),
+		value: x!(100),
+		data: vec![],//600480600b6000396000f35b600056
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xa), FromHex::from_hex("60006000600060006000600b602b5a03f1").unwrap());
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xb), FromHex::from_hex("5b600056").unwrap());
+	state.add_balance(t.sender().as_ref().unwrap(), &x!(100));
+	let result = state.apply(&info, &engine, &t, true).unwrap();
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			to: x!(0xa),
+			value: x!(100),
+			gas: x!(79000),
+			input: vec![],
+			result: Some((x!(79000), vec![]))
+		}),
+		subs: vec![Trace {
+			depth: 1,
+			action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+				from: x!(0xa),
+				to: x!(0xb),
+				value: x!(0),
+				gas: x!(78934),
+				input: vec![],
+				result: None
+			}),
+			subs: vec![]
+		}]
+	});
+
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_trace_call_with_subcall_with_subcall_transaction() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = TestEngine::new(5, Factory::default());
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Call(x!(0xa)),
+		value: x!(100),
+		data: vec![],
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xa), FromHex::from_hex("60006000600060006000600b602b5a03f1").unwrap());
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xb), FromHex::from_hex("60006000600060006000600c602b5a03f1").unwrap());
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xc), FromHex::from_hex("6000").unwrap());
+	state.add_balance(t.sender().as_ref().unwrap(), &x!(100));
+	let result = state.apply(&info, &engine, &t, true).unwrap();
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			to: x!(0xa),
+			value: x!(100),
+			gas: x!(79000),
+			input: vec![],
+			result: Some((x!(135), vec![]))
+		}),
+		subs: vec![Trace {
+			depth: 1,
+			action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+				from: x!(0xa),
+				to: x!(0xb),
+				value: x!(0),
+				gas: x!(78934),
+				input: vec![],
+				result: Some((x!(69), vec![]))
+			}),
+			subs: vec![Trace {
+				depth: 2,
+				action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+					from: x!(0xb),
+					to: x!(0xc),
+					value: x!(0),
+					gas: x!(78868),
+					input: vec![],
+					result: Some((x!(3), vec![]))
+				}),
+				subs: vec![]
+			}]
+		}]
+	});
+
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_trace_failed_subcall_with_subcall_transaction() {
+	init_log();
+
+	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
+	let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
+
+	let mut info = EnvInfo::default();
+	info.gas_limit = x!(1_000_000);
+	let engine = TestEngine::new(5, Factory::default());
+
+	let t = Transaction {
+		nonce: x!(0),
+		gas_price: x!(0),
+		gas: x!(100_000),
+		action: Action::Call(x!(0xa)),
+		value: x!(100),
+		data: vec![],//600480600b6000396000f35b600056
+	}.sign(&"".sha3());
+
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xa), FromHex::from_hex("60006000600060006000600b602b5a03f1").unwrap());
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xb), FromHex::from_hex("60006000600060006000600c602b5a03f1505b601256").unwrap());
+	state.init_code(&x!(0xc), FromHex::from_hex("6000").unwrap());
+	state.add_balance(t.sender().as_ref().unwrap(), &x!(100));
+	let result = state.apply(&info, &engine, &t, true).unwrap();
+	let expected_trace = Some(Trace {
+		depth: 0,
+		action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+			from: x!("9cce34f7ab185c7aba1b7c8140d620b4bda941d6"),
+			to: x!(0xa),
+			value: x!(100),
+			gas: x!(79000),
+			input: vec![],
+			result: Some((x!(79000), vec![]))
+		}),
+		subs: vec![Trace {
+			depth: 1,
+			action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+				from: x!(0xa),
+				to: x!(0xb),
+				value: x!(0),
+				gas: x!(78934),
+				input: vec![],
+				result: None
+			}),
+			subs: vec![Trace {
+				depth: 2,
+				action: TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+					from: x!(0xb),
+					to: x!(0xc),
+					value: x!(0),
+					gas: x!(78868),
+					input: vec![],
+					result: Some((x!(3), vec![])),
+				}),
+				subs: vec![]
+			}]
+		}]
+	});
+
+	assert_eq!(result.trace, expected_trace);
+}

 #[test]
 fn code_from_database() {
@ -349,7 +1015,7 @@ fn code_from_database() {
 	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
 	let (root, db) = {
 		let mut state = get_temp_state_in(temp.as_path());
-		state.require_or_from(&a, false, ||Account::new_contract(U256::from(42u32)), |_|{});
+		state.require_or_from(&a, false, ||Account::new_contract(x!(42), x!(0)), |_|{});
 		state.init_code(&a, vec![1, 2, 3]);
 		assert_eq!(state.code(&a), Some([1u8, 2, 3].to_vec()));
 		state.commit();
--- a/ethcore/src/substate.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/substate.rs
@ -23,31 +23,53 @@ use common::*;
 pub struct Substate {
 	/// Any accounts that have suicided.
 	pub suicides: HashSet<Address>,
+
 	/// Any logs.
 	pub logs: Vec<LogEntry>,
+
 	/// Refund counter of SSTORE nonzero -> zero.
 	pub sstore_clears_count: U256,
+
 	/// Created contracts.
-	pub contracts_created: Vec<Address>
+	pub contracts_created: Vec<Address>,
+
+	/// The trace during this execution or `None` if we're not tracing.
+	pub subtraces: Option<Vec<Trace>>,
 }

 impl Substate {
 	/// Creates new substate.
-	pub fn new() -> Self {
+	pub fn new(tracing: bool) -> Self {
 		Substate {
-			suicides: HashSet::new(),
-			logs: vec![],
-			sstore_clears_count: U256::zero(),
-			contracts_created: vec![]
+			suicides: Default::default(),
+			logs: Default::default(),
+			sstore_clears_count: Default::default(),
+			contracts_created: Default::default(),
+			subtraces: if tracing {Some(vec![])} else {None},
 		}
 	}

-	/// Merge secondary substate `s` into self, accruing each element correspondingly.
-	pub fn accrue(&mut self, s: Substate) {
+	/// Merge tracing information from substate `s` if enabled.
+	pub fn accrue_trace(&mut self, subs: Option<Vec<Trace>>, maybe_info: Option<(TraceAction, usize)>) {
+		// it failed, so we don't bother accrueing any protocol-level stuff, only the
+		// trace info.
+		if let Some(info) = maybe_info {
+			self.subtraces.as_mut().expect("maybe_action is Some: so we must be tracing: qed").push(Trace {
+				action: info.0,
+				depth: info.1,
+				subs: subs.expect("maybe_action is Some: so we must be tracing: qed"),
+			});
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// Merge secondary substate `s` into self, accruing each element correspondingly; will merge
+	/// tracing information too, if enabled.
+	pub fn accrue(&mut self, s: Substate, maybe_info: Option<(TraceAction, usize)>) {
 		self.suicides.extend(s.suicides.into_iter());
 		self.logs.extend(s.logs.into_iter());
 		self.sstore_clears_count = self.sstore_clears_count + s.sstore_clears_count;
 		self.contracts_created.extend(s.contracts_created.into_iter());
+		self.accrue_trace(s.subtraces, maybe_info);
 	}
 }

@ -58,24 +80,32 @@ mod tests {

 	#[test]
 	fn created() {
-		let sub_state = Substate::new();
+		let sub_state = Substate::new(false);
 		assert_eq!(sub_state.suicides.len(), 0);
 	}

 	#[test]
 	fn accrue() {
-		let mut sub_state = Substate::new();
+		let mut sub_state = Substate::new(false);
 		sub_state.contracts_created.push(address_from_u64(1u64));
-		sub_state.logs.push(LogEntry::new(address_from_u64(1u64), vec![], vec![]));
+		sub_state.logs.push(LogEntry {
+			address: address_from_u64(1u64),
+			topics: vec![],
+			data: vec![]
+		});
 		sub_state.sstore_clears_count = x!(5);
 		sub_state.suicides.insert(address_from_u64(10u64));

-		let mut sub_state_2 = Substate::new();
+		let mut sub_state_2 = Substate::new(false);
 		sub_state_2.contracts_created.push(address_from_u64(2u64));
-		sub_state_2.logs.push(LogEntry::new(address_from_u64(1u64), vec![], vec![]));
+		sub_state_2.logs.push(LogEntry {
+			address: address_from_u64(1u64),
+			topics: vec![],
+			data: vec![]
+		});
 		sub_state_2.sstore_clears_count = x!(7);

-		sub_state.accrue(sub_state_2);
+		sub_state.accrue(sub_state_2, None);
 		assert_eq!(sub_state.contracts_created.len(), 2);
 		assert_eq!(sub_state.sstore_clears_count, x!(12));
 		assert_eq!(sub_state.suicides.len(), 1);
--- a/ethcore/src/tests/client.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/tests/client.rs
@ -14,29 +14,42 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 // along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-use client::{BlockChainClient, Client, BlockId};
+use client::{BlockChainClient, Client, ClientConfig, BlockId};
+use block::IsBlock;
 use tests::helpers::*;
 use common::*;
+use devtools::*;

 #[test]
 fn created() {
 	let dir = RandomTempPath::new();
-	let client_result = Client::new(get_test_spec(), dir.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected());
+	let client_result = Client::new(ClientConfig::default(), get_test_spec(), dir.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected());
 	assert!(client_result.is_ok());
 }

 #[test]
 fn imports_from_empty() {
 	let dir = RandomTempPath::new();
-	let client = Client::new(get_test_spec(), dir.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected()).unwrap();
+	let client = Client::new(ClientConfig::default(), get_test_spec(), dir.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected()).unwrap();
 	client.import_verified_blocks(&IoChannel::disconnected());
 	client.flush_queue();
 }

+#[test]
+fn returns_state_root_basic() {
+	let client_result = generate_dummy_client(6);
+	let client = client_result.reference();
+	let test_spec = get_test_spec();
+	let test_engine = test_spec.to_engine().unwrap();
+	let state_root = test_engine.spec().genesis_header().state_root;
+
+	assert!(client.state_data(&state_root).is_some());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn imports_good_block() {
 	let dir = RandomTempPath::new();
-	let client = Client::new(get_test_spec(), dir.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected()).unwrap();
+	let client = Client::new(ClientConfig::default(), get_test_spec(), dir.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected()).unwrap();
 	let good_block = get_good_dummy_block();
 	if let Err(_) = client.import_block(good_block) {
 		panic!("error importing block being good by definition");
@ -51,7 +64,7 @@ fn imports_good_block() {
 #[test]
 fn query_none_block() {
 	let dir = RandomTempPath::new();
-	let client = Client::new(get_test_spec(), dir.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected()).unwrap();
+	let client = Client::new(ClientConfig::default(), get_test_spec(), dir.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected()).unwrap();

    let non_existant = client.block_header(BlockId::Number(188));
 	assert!(non_existant.is_none());
@ -103,5 +116,36 @@ fn can_collect_garbage() {
 	let client_result = generate_dummy_client(100);
 	let client = client_result.reference();
 	client.tick();
-	assert!(client.cache_info().blocks < 100 * 1024);
+	assert!(client.blockchain_cache_info().blocks < 100 * 1024);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn can_handle_long_fork() {
+	let client_result = generate_dummy_client(1200);
+	let client = client_result.reference();
+	for _ in 0..10 {
+		client.import_verified_blocks(&IoChannel::disconnected());
+	}
+	assert_eq!(1200, client.chain_info().best_block_number);
+
+	push_blocks_to_client(client, 45, 1201, 800);
+	push_blocks_to_client(client, 49, 1201, 800);
+	push_blocks_to_client(client, 53, 1201, 600);
+
+	for _ in 0..20 {
+		client.import_verified_blocks(&IoChannel::disconnected());
+	}
+	assert_eq!(2000, client.chain_info().best_block_number);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn can_mine() {
+	let dummy_blocks = get_good_dummy_block_seq(2);
+	let client_result = get_test_client_with_blocks(vec![dummy_blocks[0].clone()]);
+	let client = client_result.reference();
+
+	let b = client.prepare_sealing(Address::default(), x!(31415926), vec![], vec![]).unwrap().0;
+
+	assert_eq!(*b.block().header().parent_hash(), BlockView::new(&dummy_blocks[0]).header_view().sha3());
+	assert!(client.try_seal(b, vec![]).is_ok());
 }
--- a/ethcore/src/tests/helpers.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/tests/helpers.rs
@ -14,18 +14,15 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 // along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-use client::{BlockChainClient, Client};
-use std::env;
+use client::{BlockChainClient, Client, ClientConfig};
 use common::*;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 use spec::*;
-use std::fs::{remove_dir_all};
-use blockchain::{BlockChain};
+use blockchain::{BlockChain, BlockChainConfig};
 use state::*;
-use rocksdb::*;
 use evm::{Schedule, Factory};
 use engine::*;
 use ethereum;
+use devtools::*;

 #[cfg(feature = "json-tests")]
 pub enum ChainEra {
@ -33,36 +30,6 @@ pub enum ChainEra {
 	Homestead,
 }

-pub struct RandomTempPath {
-	path: PathBuf
-}
-
-impl RandomTempPath {
-	pub fn new() -> RandomTempPath {
-		let mut dir = env::temp_dir();
-		dir.push(H32::random().hex());
-		RandomTempPath {
-			path: dir.clone()
-		}
-	}
-
-	pub fn as_path(&self) -> &PathBuf {
-		&self.path
-	}
-
-	pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-		self.path.to_str().unwrap()
-	}
-}
-
-impl Drop for RandomTempPath {
-	fn drop(&mut self) {
-		if let Err(e) = remove_dir_all(self.as_path()) {
-			panic!("failed to remove temp directory, probably something failed to destroyed ({})", e);
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub struct GuardedTempResult<T> {
 	result: Option<T>,
@ -167,7 +134,7 @@ pub fn create_test_block_with_data(header: &Header, transactions: &[&SignedTrans
 pub fn generate_dummy_client(block_number: u32) -> GuardedTempResult<Arc<Client>> {
 	let dir = RandomTempPath::new();

-	let client = Client::new(get_test_spec(), dir.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected()).unwrap();
+	let client = Client::new(ClientConfig::default(), get_test_spec(), dir.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected()).unwrap();
 	let test_spec = get_test_spec();
 	let test_engine = test_spec.to_engine().unwrap();
 	let state_root = test_engine.spec().genesis_header().state_root;
@ -189,10 +156,9 @@ pub fn generate_dummy_client(block_number: u32) -> GuardedTempResult<Arc<Client>
 		rolling_block_number = rolling_block_number + 1;
 		rolling_timestamp = rolling_timestamp + 10;

-		if let Err(_) = client.import_block(create_test_block(&header)) {
-			panic!("error importing block which is valid by definition");
+		if let Err(e) = client.import_block(create_test_block(&header)) {
+			panic!("error importing block which is valid by definition: {:?}", e);
 		}
-
 	}
 	client.flush_queue();
 	client.import_verified_blocks(&IoChannel::disconnected());
@ -203,9 +169,37 @@ pub fn generate_dummy_client(block_number: u32) -> GuardedTempResult<Arc<Client>
 	}
 }

+pub fn push_blocks_to_client(client: &Arc<Client>, timestamp_salt: u64, starting_number: usize, block_number: usize) {
+	let test_spec = get_test_spec();
+	let test_engine = test_spec.to_engine().unwrap();
+	let state_root = test_engine.spec().genesis_header().state_root;
+	let mut rolling_hash = client.chain_info().best_block_hash;
+	let mut rolling_block_number = starting_number as u64;
+	let mut rolling_timestamp = timestamp_salt + starting_number as u64 * 10;
+
+	for _ in 0..block_number {
+		let mut header = Header::new();
+
+		header.gas_limit = decode(test_engine.spec().engine_params.get("minGasLimit").unwrap());
+		header.difficulty = decode(test_engine.spec().engine_params.get("minimumDifficulty").unwrap());
+		header.timestamp = rolling_timestamp;
+		header.number = rolling_block_number;
+		header.parent_hash = rolling_hash;
+		header.state_root = state_root.clone();
+
+		rolling_hash = header.hash();
+		rolling_block_number = rolling_block_number + 1;
+		rolling_timestamp = rolling_timestamp + 10;
+
+		if let Err(e) = client.import_block(create_test_block(&header)) {
+			panic!("error importing block which is valid by definition: {:?}", e);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 pub fn get_test_client_with_blocks(blocks: Vec<Bytes>) -> GuardedTempResult<Arc<Client>> {
 	let dir = RandomTempPath::new();
-	let client = Client::new(get_test_spec(), dir.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected()).unwrap();
+	let client = Client::new(ClientConfig::default(), get_test_spec(), dir.as_path(), IoChannel::disconnected()).unwrap();
 	for block in &blocks {
 		if let Err(_) = client.import_block(block.clone()) {
 			panic!("panic importing block which is well-formed");
@ -222,9 +216,9 @@ pub fn get_test_client_with_blocks(blocks: Vec<Bytes>) -> GuardedTempResult<Arc<

 pub fn generate_dummy_blockchain(block_number: u32) -> GuardedTempResult<BlockChain> {
 	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
-	let bc = BlockChain::new(&create_unverifiable_block(0, H256::zero()), temp.as_path());
+	let bc = BlockChain::new(BlockChainConfig::default(), &create_unverifiable_block(0, H256::zero()), temp.as_path());
 	for block_order in 1..block_number {
-		bc.insert_block(&create_unverifiable_block(block_order, bc.best_block_hash()));
+		bc.insert_block(&create_unverifiable_block(block_order, bc.best_block_hash()), vec![]);
 	}

 	GuardedTempResult::<BlockChain> {
@ -235,9 +229,9 @@ pub fn generate_dummy_blockchain(block_number: u32) -> GuardedTempResult<BlockCh

 pub fn generate_dummy_blockchain_with_extra(block_number: u32) -> GuardedTempResult<BlockChain> {
 	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
-	let bc = BlockChain::new(&create_unverifiable_block(0, H256::zero()), temp.as_path());
+	let bc = BlockChain::new(BlockChainConfig::default(), &create_unverifiable_block(0, H256::zero()), temp.as_path());
 	for block_order in 1..block_number {
-		bc.insert_block(&create_unverifiable_block_with_extra(block_order, bc.best_block_hash(), None));
+		bc.insert_block(&create_unverifiable_block_with_extra(block_order, bc.best_block_hash(), None), vec![]);
 	}

 	GuardedTempResult::<BlockChain> {
@ -248,7 +242,7 @@ pub fn generate_dummy_blockchain_with_extra(block_number: u32) -> GuardedTempRes

 pub fn generate_dummy_empty_blockchain() -> GuardedTempResult<BlockChain> {
 	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
-	let bc = BlockChain::new(&create_unverifiable_block(0, H256::zero()), temp.as_path());
+	let bc = BlockChain::new(BlockChainConfig::default(), &create_unverifiable_block(0, H256::zero()), temp.as_path());

 	GuardedTempResult::<BlockChain> {
 		_temp: temp,
@ -256,10 +250,9 @@ pub fn generate_dummy_empty_blockchain() -> GuardedTempResult<BlockChain> {
 	}
 }

-pub fn get_temp_journal_db() -> GuardedTempResult<JournalDB> {
+pub fn get_temp_journal_db() -> GuardedTempResult<Box<JournalDB>> {
 	let temp = RandomTempPath::new();
-	let db = DB::open_default(temp.as_str()).unwrap();
-	let journal_db = JournalDB::new(db);
+	let journal_db = journaldb::new(temp.as_str(), journaldb::Algorithm::EarlyMerge);
 	GuardedTempResult {
 		_temp: temp,
 		result: Some(journal_db)
@ -275,9 +268,8 @@ pub fn get_temp_state() -> GuardedTempResult<State> {
 	}
 }

-pub fn get_temp_journal_db_in(path: &Path) -> JournalDB {
-	let db = DB::open_default(path.to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
-	JournalDB::new(db)
+pub fn get_temp_journal_db_in(path: &Path) -> Box<JournalDB> {
+	journaldb::new(path.to_str().unwrap(), journaldb::Algorithm::EarlyMerge)
 }

 pub fn get_temp_state_in(path: &Path) -> State {
@ -285,6 +277,36 @@ pub fn get_temp_state_in(path: &Path) -> State {
 	State::new(journal_db, U256::from(0u8))
 }

+pub fn get_good_dummy_block_seq(count: usize) -> Vec<Bytes> {
+	let test_spec = get_test_spec();
+	let test_engine = test_spec.to_engine().unwrap();
+  	get_good_dummy_block_fork_seq(1, count, &test_engine.spec().genesis_header().hash())
+}
+
+pub fn get_good_dummy_block_fork_seq(start_number: usize, count: usize, parent_hash: &H256) -> Vec<Bytes> {
+	let test_spec = get_test_spec();
+	let test_engine = test_spec.to_engine().unwrap();
+	let mut rolling_timestamp = start_number as u64 * 10;
+	let mut parent = *parent_hash;
+	let mut r = Vec::new();
+	for i in start_number .. start_number + count + 1 {
+		let mut block_header = Header::new();
+		block_header.gas_limit = decode(test_engine.spec().engine_params.get("minGasLimit").unwrap());
+		block_header.difficulty = U256::from(i).mul(U256([0, 1, 0, 0]));
+		block_header.timestamp = rolling_timestamp;
+		block_header.number = i as u64;
+		block_header.parent_hash = parent;
+		block_header.state_root = test_engine.spec().genesis_header().state_root;
+
+		parent = block_header.hash();
+		rolling_timestamp = rolling_timestamp + 10;
+
+		r.push(create_test_block(&block_header));
+
+	}
+	r
+}
+
 pub fn get_good_dummy_block() -> Bytes {
 	let mut block_header = Header::new();
 	let test_spec = get_test_spec();
--- a/ethcore/src/trace.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/trace.rs
@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Tracing datatypes.
+use common::*;
+
+/// Description of a _call_ action, either a `CALL` operation or a message transction.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TraceCall {
+	/// The sending account.
+	pub from: Address,
+	/// The destination account.
+	pub to: Address,
+	/// The value transferred to the destination account.
+	pub value: U256,
+	/// The gas available for executing the call.
+	pub gas: U256,
+	/// The input data provided to the call.
+	pub input: Bytes,
+	/// The result of the operation; the gas used and the output data of the call.
+	pub result: Option<(U256, Bytes)>,
+}
+
+/// Description of a _create_ action, either a `CREATE` operation or a create transction.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TraceCreate {
+	/// The address of the creator.
+	pub from: Address,
+	/// The value with which the new account is endowed.
+	pub value: U256,
+	/// The gas available for the creation init code.
+	pub gas: U256,
+	/// The init code.
+	pub init: Bytes,
+	/// The result of the operation; tuple of the gas used, the address of the newly created account and its code.
+	/// NOTE: Presently failed operations are not reported so this will always be `Some`.
+	pub result: Option<(U256, Address, Bytes)>,
+//	pub output: Bytes,
+}
+
+/// Description of an action that we trace; will be either a call or a create.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum TraceAction {
+	/// Action isn't yet known.
+	Unknown,
+	/// It's a call action.
+	Call(TraceCall),
+	/// It's a create action.
+	Create(TraceCreate),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+/// A trace; includes a description of the action being traced and sub traces of each interior action.
+pub struct Trace {
+	/// The number of EVM execution environments active when this action happened; 0 if it's
+	/// the outer action of the transaction.
+	pub depth: usize,
+	/// The action being performed.
+	pub action: TraceAction,
+	/// The sub traces for each interior action performed as part of this call.
+	pub subs: Vec<Trace>,
+}
+
+impl Default for Trace {
+	fn default() -> Trace {
+		Trace {
+			depth: 0,
+			action: TraceAction::Unknown,
+			subs: vec![],
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl TraceAction {
+	/// Compose a `TraceAction` from an `ActionParams`, knowing that the action is a call.
+	pub fn from_call(p: &ActionParams) -> TraceAction {
+		TraceAction::Call(TraceCall {
+			from: p.sender.clone(),
+			to: p.address.clone(),
+			value: match p.value { ActionValue::Transfer(ref x) | ActionValue::Apparent(ref x) => x.clone() },
+			gas: p.gas.clone(),
+			input: p.data.clone().unwrap_or(vec![]),
+			result: None,
+		})
+	}
+
+	/// Compose a `TraceAction` from an `ActionParams`, knowing that the action is a create.
+	pub fn from_create(p: &ActionParams) -> TraceAction {
+		TraceAction::Create(TraceCreate {
+			from: p.sender.clone(),
+			value: match p.value { ActionValue::Transfer(ref x) | ActionValue::Apparent(ref x) => x.clone() },
+			gas: p.gas.clone(),
+			init: p.code.clone().unwrap_or(vec![]),
+			result: None,
+		})
+	}
+}
+
--- a/ethcore/src/transaction.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/transaction.rs
@ -37,9 +37,10 @@ impl Default for Action {
 impl Decodable for Action {
 	fn decode<D>(decoder: &D) -> Result<Self, DecoderError> where D: Decoder {
 		let rlp = decoder.as_rlp();
-		match rlp.is_empty() {
-			true => Ok(Action::Create),
-			false => Ok(Action::Call(try!(rlp.as_val())))
+		if rlp.is_empty() {
+			Ok(Action::Create)
+		} else {
+			Ok(Action::Call(try!(rlp.as_val())))
 		}
 	}
 }
@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ impl Transaction {
 }

 impl FromJson for SignedTransaction {
+	#[cfg_attr(feature="dev", allow(single_char_pattern))]
 	fn from_json(json: &Json) -> SignedTransaction {
 		let t = Transaction {
 			nonce: xjson!(&json["nonce"]),
@ -98,10 +100,10 @@ impl FromJson for SignedTransaction {
 				v: match json.find("v") { Some(ref j) => u16::from_json(j) as u8, None => 0 },
 				r: match json.find("r") { Some(j) => xjson!(j), None => x!(0) },
 				s: match json.find("s") { Some(j) => xjson!(j), None => x!(0) },
-				hash: RefCell::new(None),
+				hash: Cell::new(None),
 				sender: match json.find("sender") {
-					Some(&Json::String(ref sender)) => RefCell::new(Some(address_from_hex(clean(sender)))),
-					_ => RefCell::new(None),
+					Some(&Json::String(ref sender)) => Cell::new(Some(address_from_hex(clean(sender)))),
+					_ => Cell::new(None),
 				}
 			}
 		}
@ -125,8 +127,8 @@ impl Transaction {
 			r: r,
 			s: s,
 			v: v + 27,
-			hash: RefCell::new(None),
-			sender: RefCell::new(None)
+			hash: Cell::new(None),
+			sender: Cell::new(None),
 		}
 	}

@ -138,8 +140,8 @@ impl Transaction {
 			r: U256::zero(),
 			s: U256::zero(),
 			v: 0,
-			hash: RefCell::new(None),
-			sender: RefCell::new(None)
+			hash: Cell::new(None),
+			sender: Cell::new(None),
 		}
 	}

@ -169,9 +171,9 @@ pub struct SignedTransaction {
 	/// The S field of the signature; helps describe the point on the curve.
 	s: U256,
 	/// Cached hash.
-	hash: RefCell<Option<H256>>,
+	hash: Cell<Option<H256>>,
 	/// Cached sender.
-	sender: RefCell<Option<Address>>
+	sender: Cell<Option<Address>>,
 }

 impl PartialEq for SignedTransaction {
@ -206,8 +208,8 @@ impl Decodable for SignedTransaction {
 			v: try!(d.val_at(6)),
 			r: try!(d.val_at(7)),
 			s: try!(d.val_at(8)),
-			hash: RefCell::new(None),
-			sender: RefCell::new(None),
+			hash: Cell::new(None),
+			sender: Cell::new(None),
 		})
 	}
 }
@ -236,13 +238,14 @@ impl SignedTransaction {

 	/// Get the hash of this header (sha3 of the RLP).
 	pub fn hash(&self) -> H256 {
- 		let mut hash = self.hash.borrow_mut();
- 		match &mut *hash {
- 			&mut Some(ref h) => h.clone(),
- 			hash @ &mut None => {
- 				*hash = Some(self.rlp_sha3());
- 				hash.as_ref().unwrap().clone()
- 			}
+		let hash = self.hash.get();
+		match hash {
+			Some(h) => h,
+			None => {
+				let h = self.rlp_sha3();
+				self.hash.set(Some(h));
+				h
+			}
 		}
 	}

@ -263,13 +266,14 @@ impl SignedTransaction {

 	/// Returns transaction sender.
 	pub fn sender(&self) -> Result<Address, Error> {
- 		let mut sender = self.sender.borrow_mut();
- 		match &mut *sender {
- 			&mut Some(ref h) => Ok(h.clone()),
- 			sender @ &mut None => {
- 				*sender = Some(From::from(try!(ec::recover(&self.signature(), &self.unsigned.hash())).sha3()));
- 				Ok(sender.as_ref().unwrap().clone())
- 			}
+		let sender = self.sender.get();
+		match sender {
+			Some(s) => Ok(s),
+			None => {
+				let s = Address::from(try!(ec::recover(&self.signature(), &self.unsigned.hash())).sha3());
+				self.sender.set(Some(s));
+				Ok(s)
+			}
 		}
 	}

--- a/ethcore/src/verification/canon_verifier.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/verification/canon_verifier.rs
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity.
+
+// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use blockchain::BlockProvider;
+use engine::Engine;
+use error::Error;
+use header::Header;
+use super::Verifier;
+use super::verification;
+
+pub struct CanonVerifier;
+
+impl Verifier for CanonVerifier {
+	fn verify_block_family(header: &Header, bytes: &[u8], engine: &Engine, bc: &BlockProvider) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		verification::verify_block_family(header, bytes, engine, bc)
+	}
+
+	fn verify_block_final(expected: &Header, got: &Header) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		verification::verify_block_final(expected, got)
+	}
+}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More