diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 2f629ad0b..396caa4d0 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1220,6 +1220,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "transaction-pool 2.0.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "trie-db 0.12.4 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "url 1.7.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "vm 0.1.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/ethcore/private-tx/Cargo.toml b/ethcore/private-tx/Cargo.toml
index afa06edf3..5d2cdecec 100644
--- a/ethcore/private-tx/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ethcore/private-tx/Cargo.toml
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ tiny-keccak = "1.4"
 trace = { path = "../trace" }
 transaction-pool = "2.0"
 url = "1"
+vm = { path = "../vm" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 env_logger = "0.5"
diff --git a/ethcore/private-tx/src/lib.rs b/ethcore/private-tx/src/lib.rs
index 384d84dc6..5cfcde041 100644
--- a/ethcore/private-tx/src/lib.rs
+++ b/ethcore/private-tx/src/lib.rs
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ extern crate ethabi_contract;
 extern crate derive_more;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate rlp_derive;
+extern crate vm;
 
 #[cfg(not(time_checked_add))]
 extern crate time_utils;
@@ -101,6 +102,7 @@ use trace::{Tracer, VMTracer};
 use call_contract::CallContract;
 use rustc_hex::FromHex;
 use ethabi::FunctionOutputDecoder;
+use vm::CreateContractAddress;
 
 // Source avaiable at https://github.com/parity-contracts/private-tx/blob/master/contracts/PrivateContract.sol
 const DEFAULT_STUB_CONTRACT: &'static str = include_str!("../res/private.evm");
@@ -574,7 +576,7 @@ impl Provider {
 		let sender = transaction.sender();
 		let nonce = state.nonce(&sender)?;
 		let contract_address = contract_address.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-			let (new_address, _) = ethcore_contract_address(engine.create_address_scheme(env_info.number), &sender, &nonce, &transaction.data);
+			let (new_address, _) = ethcore_contract_address(CreateContractAddress::FromSenderAndNonce, &sender, &nonce, &transaction.data);
 			new_address
 		});
 		// Patch other available private contracts' states as well
diff --git a/ethcore/src/client/client.rs b/ethcore/src/client/client.rs
index 250dea4cd..235b62dbf 100644
--- a/ethcore/src/client/client.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/client/client.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ use types::filter::Filter;
 use types::log_entry::LocalizedLogEntry;
 use types::receipt::{Receipt, LocalizedReceipt};
 use types::{BlockNumber, header::Header};
-use vm::{EnvInfo, LastHashes};
+use vm::{EnvInfo, LastHashes, CreateContractAddress};
 use hash_db::EMPTY_PREFIX;
 use block::{LockedBlock, Drain, ClosedBlock, OpenBlock, enact_verified, SealedBlock};
 use client::ancient_import::AncientVerifier;
@@ -1922,7 +1922,7 @@ impl BlockChainClient for Client {
 		let gas_used = receipts.last().map_or_else(|| 0.into(), |r| r.gas_used);
 		let no_of_logs = receipts.into_iter().map(|receipt| receipt.logs.len()).sum::<usize>();
 
-		let receipt = transaction_receipt(self.engine().machine(), transaction, receipt, gas_used, no_of_logs);
+		let receipt = transaction_receipt(transaction, receipt, gas_used, no_of_logs);
 		Some(receipt)
 	}
 
@@ -1933,7 +1933,6 @@ impl BlockChainClient for Client {
 		let receipts = chain.block_receipts(&hash)?;
 		let number = chain.block_number(&hash)?;
 		let body = chain.block_body(&hash)?;
-		let engine = self.engine.clone();
 
 		let mut gas_used = 0.into();
 		let mut no_of_logs = 0;
@@ -1944,7 +1943,7 @@ impl BlockChainClient for Client {
 			.into_iter()
 			.zip(receipts.receipts)
 			.map(move |(transaction, receipt)| {
-				let result = transaction_receipt(engine.machine(), transaction, receipt, gas_used, no_of_logs);
+				let result = transaction_receipt(transaction, receipt, gas_used, no_of_logs);
 				gas_used = result.cumulative_gas_used;
 				no_of_logs += result.logs.len();
 				result
@@ -2555,7 +2554,6 @@ impl SnapshotClient for Client {}
 /// Returns `LocalizedReceipt` given `LocalizedTransaction`
 /// and a vector of receipts from given block up to transaction index.
 fn transaction_receipt(
-	machine: &::machine::Machine,
 	mut tx: LocalizedTransaction,
 	receipt: Receipt,
 	prior_gas_used: U256,
@@ -2581,7 +2579,7 @@ fn transaction_receipt(
 		gas_used: receipt.gas_used - prior_gas_used,
 		contract_address: match tx.action {
 			Action::Call(_) => None,
-			Action::Create => Some(contract_address(machine.create_address_scheme(block_number), &sender, &tx.nonce, &tx.data).0)
+			Action::Create => Some(contract_address(CreateContractAddress::FromSenderAndNonce, &sender, &tx.nonce, &tx.data).0)
 		},
 		logs: receipt.logs.into_iter().enumerate().map(|(i, log)| LocalizedLogEntry {
 			entry: log,
@@ -2710,7 +2708,6 @@ mod tests {
 		// given
 		let key = KeyPair::from_secret_slice(keccak("test").as_bytes()).unwrap();
 		let secret = key.secret();
-		let machine = ::ethereum::new_frontier_test_machine();
 
 		let block_number = 1;
 		let block_hash = H256::from_low_u64_be(5);
@@ -2749,7 +2746,7 @@ mod tests {
 		};
 
 		// when
-		let receipt = transaction_receipt(&machine, transaction, receipt, 5.into(), 1);
+		let receipt = transaction_receipt(transaction, receipt, 5.into(), 1);
 
 		// then
 		assert_eq!(receipt, LocalizedReceipt {
diff --git a/ethcore/src/client/evm_test_client.rs b/ethcore/src/client/evm_test_client.rs
index 45bd358c6..1e2ee1e45 100644
--- a/ethcore/src/client/evm_test_client.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/client/evm_test_client.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use pod::PodState;
 use types::{log_entry, receipt, transaction};
 use trie_vm_factories::Factories;
 use evm::{VMType, FinalizationResult};
-use vm::{self, ActionParams};
+use vm::{self, ActionParams, CreateContractAddress};
 use ethtrie;
 use account_state::{CleanupMode, State};
 use substate::Substate;
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ impl<'a> EvmTestClient<'a> {
 
 		// Apply transaction
 		let result = self.state.apply_with_tracing(&env_info, self.spec.engine.machine(), &transaction, tracer, vm_tracer);
-		let scheme = self.spec.engine.machine().create_address_scheme(env_info.number);
+		let scheme = CreateContractAddress::FromSenderAndNonce;
 
 		// Touch the coinbase at the end of the test to simulate
 		// miner reward.
diff --git a/ethcore/src/engines/mod.rs b/ethcore/src/engines/mod.rs
index 9cad9bdce..91aaed567 100644
--- a/ethcore/src/engines/mod.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/engines/mod.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::{fmt, error};
 
 use builtin::Builtin;
-use vm::{EnvInfo, Schedule, CreateContractAddress, CallType, ActionValue};
+use vm::{EnvInfo, Schedule, CallType, ActionValue};
 use error::Error;
 use types::BlockNumber;
 use types::header::{Header, ExtendedHeader};
@@ -510,11 +510,6 @@ pub trait Engine: Sync + Send {
 		self.machine().signing_chain_id(env_info)
 	}
 
-	/// Returns new contract address generation scheme at given block number.
-	fn create_address_scheme(&self, number: BlockNumber) -> CreateContractAddress {
-		self.machine().create_address_scheme(number)
-	}
-
 	/// Verify a particular transaction is valid.
 	///
 	/// Unordered verification doesn't rely on the transaction execution order,
diff --git a/ethcore/src/executive.rs b/ethcore/src/executive.rs
index 3f729f80a..5acd6667f 100644
--- a/ethcore/src/executive.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/executive.rs
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ impl<'a, B: 'a + StateBackend> Executive<'a, B> {
 
 		let (result, output) = match t.action {
 			Action::Create => {
-				let (new_address, code_hash) = contract_address(self.machine.create_address_scheme(self.info.number), &sender, &nonce, &t.data);
+				let (new_address, code_hash) = contract_address(CreateContractAddress::FromSenderAndNonce, &sender, &nonce, &t.data);
 				let params = ActionParams {
 					code_address: new_address.clone(),
 					code_hash: code_hash,
diff --git a/ethcore/src/machine.rs b/ethcore/src/machine.rs
index 4b1050ee4..8cb5dab0d 100644
--- a/ethcore/src/machine.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/machine.rs
@@ -25,9 +25,7 @@ use rlp::Rlp;
 use types::transaction::{self, SYSTEM_ADDRESS, UNSIGNED_SENDER, UnverifiedTransaction, SignedTransaction};
 use types::BlockNumber;
 use types::header::Header;
-use vm::{CallType, ActionParams, ActionValue, ParamsType};
-use vm::{EnvInfo, Schedule, CreateContractAddress};
-
+use vm::{CallType, ActionParams, ActionValue, ParamsType, EnvInfo, Schedule};
 use block::ExecutedBlock;
 use builtin::Builtin;
 use call_contract::CallContract;
@@ -343,11 +341,6 @@ impl Machine {
 		}
 	}
 
-	/// Returns new contract address generation scheme at given block number.
-	pub fn create_address_scheme(&self, _number: BlockNumber) -> CreateContractAddress {
-		CreateContractAddress::FromSenderAndNonce
-	}
-
 	/// Verify a particular transaction is valid, regardless of order.
 	pub fn verify_transaction_unordered(&self, t: UnverifiedTransaction, _header: &Header) -> Result<SignedTransaction, transaction::Error> {
 		Ok(SignedTransaction::new(t)?)
diff --git a/ethcore/src/miner/miner.rs b/ethcore/src/miner/miner.rs
index 33c338836..bfb1c543f 100644
--- a/ethcore/src/miner/miner.rs
+++ b/ethcore/src/miner/miner.rs
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ use executed::ExecutionError;
 use executive::contract_address;
 use spec::Spec;
 use account_state::State;
+use vm::CreateContractAddress;
 
 /// Different possible definitions for pending transaction set.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -1220,7 +1221,7 @@ impl miner::MinerService for Miner {
 							Action::Call(_) => None,
 							Action::Create => {
 								let sender = tx.sender();
-								Some(contract_address(self.engine.create_address_scheme(pending.header.number()), &sender, &tx.nonce, &tx.data).0)
+								Some(contract_address(CreateContractAddress::FromSenderAndNonce, &sender, &tx.nonce, &tx.data).0)
 							}
 						},
 						logs: receipt.logs.clone(),