WASM runtime update (#6467)

* refactor to new parity-wasm

* more errors refactoring

* final test

* update tests

* fix merge bugs

Cargo.lock

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ethcore-logger 1.8.0",
  "ethcore-util 1.8.0",
  "log 0.3.7 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "parity-wasm 0.12.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "parity-wasm 0.14.3 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "vm 0.1.0",
  "wasm-utils 0.1.0 (git+https://github.com/paritytech/wasm-utils)",
 ]
@@ -959,7 +959,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "heapsize 0.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "lazy_static 0.2.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "log 0.3.7 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "parity-wasm 0.12.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "parking_lot 0.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rlp 0.2.0",
  "rustc-hex 1.0.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -2188,7 +2187,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "parity-wasm"
-version = "0.12.1"
+version = "0.14.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "byteorder 1.1.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -3278,13 +3277,14 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-utils"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/paritytech/wasm-utils#9462bcc0680f0ec2c876abdf75bae981dd4344a5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/paritytech/wasm-utils#95f9f04d1036c39de5af1c811c6e5dc488fb73d9"
 dependencies = [
  "clap 2.24.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "env_logger 0.4.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "glob 0.2.11 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "lazy_static 0.2.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "log 0.3.7 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "parity-wasm 0.12.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "parity-wasm 0.14.3 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3500,7 +3500,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "checksum parity-dapps-glue 1.7.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "e1d06f6ee0fda786df3784a96ee3f0629f529b91cbfb7d142f6410e6bcd1ce2c"
 "checksum parity-tokio-ipc 0.1.5 (git+https://github.com/nikvolf/parity-tokio-ipc)" = "<none>"
 "checksum parity-ui-precompiled 1.4.0 (git+https://github.com/paritytech/js-precompiled.git)" = "<none>"
-"checksum parity-wasm 0.12.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "51104c8b8da5cd0ebe0ab765dfab37bc1927b4a01a3d870b0fe09d9ee65e35ea"
+"checksum parity-wasm 0.14.3 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "466c01423614bbf89a37b0fc081e1ed3523dfd9064497308ad3f9c7c9f0092bb"
 "checksum parity-wordlist 1.0.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "52142d717754f7ff7ef0fc8da1bdce4f302dd576fb9bf8b727d6a5fdef33348d"
 "checksum parking_lot 0.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "aebb68eebde2c99f89592d925288600fde220177e46b5c9a91ca218d245aeedf"
 "checksum parking_lot_core 0.2.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "fb1b97670a2ffadce7c397fb80a3d687c4f3060140b885621ef1653d0e5d5068"

ethcore/evm/Cargo.toml

@@ -16,11 +16,10 @@ lazy_static = "0.2"
 log = "0.3"
 rlp = { path = "../../util/rlp" }
 vm = { path = "../vm" }
-parity-wasm = "0.12"
-parking_lot = "0.4"
 ethcore-logger = { path = "../../logger" }
 wasm-utils = { git = "https://github.com/paritytech/wasm-utils" }
 hash = { path = "../../util/hash" }
+parking_lot = "0.4"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 rustc-hex = "1.0"

ethcore/evm/src/lib.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ extern crate ethcore_util as util;
 extern crate ethcore_bigint as bigint;
 extern crate ethjson;
 extern crate rlp;
-extern crate parity_wasm;
 extern crate parking_lot;
 extern crate wasm_utils;
 extern crate ethcore_logger;

ethcore/res/wasm-tests

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 519b0b967cffd7d1236ef21698b1e6e415a048e9
+Subproject commit 5fd27564f1ab49b25bb419bfc0cc68137e1f12f2

ethcore/wasm/Cargo.toml

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ byteorder = "1.0"
 ethcore-util = { path = "../../util" }
 ethcore-bigint = { path = "../../util/bigint" }
 log = "0.3"
-parity-wasm = "0.12"
+parity-wasm = "0.14"
 wasm-utils = { git = "https://github.com/paritytech/wasm-utils" }
 vm = { path = "../vm" }
 ethcore-logger = { path = "../../logger" }

ethcore/wasm/src/env.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 use parity_wasm::elements::ValueType::*;
 use parity_wasm::interpreter::{self, UserFunctionDescriptor};
 use parity_wasm::interpreter::UserFunctionDescriptor::*;
-use super::runtime::Runtime;
+use super::runtime::{Runtime, UserTrap};
 
 pub const SIGNATURES: &'static [UserFunctionDescriptor] = &[
 	Static(
@@ -87,6 +87,41 @@ pub const SIGNATURES: &'static [UserFunctionDescriptor] = &[
 		&[I32; 3],
 		Some(I32),
 	),
+	Static(
+		"_panic",
+		&[I32; 2],
+		None,
+	),
+	Static(
+		"_blockhash",
+		&[I32; 3],
+		Some(I32),
+	),
+	Static(
+		"_coinbase",
+		&[I32],
+		None,
+	),
+	Static(
+		"_timestamp",
+		&[],
+		Some(I32),
+	),
+	Static(
+		"_blocknumber",
+		&[],
+		Some(I32),
+	),
+	Static(
+		"_difficulty",
+		&[I32],
+		None,
+	),
+	Static(
+		"_gaslimit",
+		&[I32],
+		None,
+	),
 
 	// TODO: Get rid of it also somehow?
 	Static(
@@ -102,9 +137,10 @@ pub const SIGNATURES: &'static [UserFunctionDescriptor] = &[
 	),
 ];
 
-pub fn native_bindings<'a>(runtime: &'a mut Runtime) -> interpreter::UserFunctions<'a> {
+pub fn native_bindings<'a>(runtime: &'a mut Runtime) -> interpreter::UserDefinedElements<'a, UserTrap> {
-	interpreter::UserFunctions {
+	interpreter::UserDefinedElements {
-		executor: runtime,
+		executor: Some(runtime),
+		globals: ::std::collections::HashMap::new(),
 		functions: ::std::borrow::Cow::from(SIGNATURES),
 	}
 }

ethcore/wasm/src/lib.rs

@@ -39,21 +39,41 @@ use parity_wasm::{interpreter, elements};
 use parity_wasm::interpreter::ModuleInstanceInterface;
 
 use vm::{GasLeft, ReturnData, ActionParams};
-use self::runtime::{Runtime, RuntimeContext};
+use self::runtime::{Runtime, RuntimeContext, UserTrap};
 
-pub use self::runtime::Error as RuntimeError;
+pub use self::runtime::InterpreterError;
 
 const DEFAULT_RESULT_BUFFER: usize = 1024;
 
+/// Wrapped interpreter error
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Error(InterpreterError);
+
+impl From<InterpreterError> for Error {
+	fn from(e: InterpreterError) -> Self {
+		Error(e)
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<Error> for vm::Error {
+	fn from(e: Error) -> Self {
+		vm::Error::Wasm(format!("Wasm runtime error: {:?}", e.0))
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<UserTrap> for vm::Error {
+	fn from(e: UserTrap) -> Self { e.into() }
+}
+
 /// Wasm interpreter instance
 pub struct WasmInterpreter {
-	program: interpreter::ProgramInstance,
+	program: runtime::InterpreterProgramInstance,
 	result: Vec<u8>,
 }
 
 impl WasmInterpreter {
 	/// New wasm interpreter instance
-	pub fn new() -> Result<WasmInterpreter, RuntimeError> {
+	pub fn new() -> Result<WasmInterpreter, Error> {
 		Ok(WasmInterpreter {
 			program: interpreter::ProgramInstance::new()?,
 			result: Vec::with_capacity(DEFAULT_RESULT_BUFFER),
@@ -109,7 +129,7 @@ impl vm::Vm for WasmInterpreter {
 				params.value.value(),
 				params.data.unwrap_or(Vec::with_capacity(0)),
 			)
-		)?;
+		).map_err(|e| Error(e))?;
 
 		{
 			let execution_params = runtime.execution_params()
@@ -118,27 +138,30 @@ impl vm::Vm for WasmInterpreter {
 			let module_instance = self.program.add_module("contract", contract_module, Some(&execution_params.externals))
 				.map_err(|err| {
 					trace!(target: "wasm", "Error adding contract module: {:?}", err);
-					vm::Error::from(RuntimeError::Interpreter(err))
+					vm::Error::from(Error(err))
 				})?;
 
-			module_instance.execute_export("_call", execution_params)
+			match module_instance.execute_export("_call", execution_params) {
-				.map_err(|err| {
+				Ok(_) => { },
+				Err(interpreter::Error::User(UserTrap::Suicide)) => { },
+				Err(err) => {
 					trace!(target: "wasm", "Error executing contract: {:?}", err);
-					vm::Error::from(RuntimeError::Interpreter(err))
+					return Err(vm::Error::from(Error(err)))
-				})?;
+				}
+			}
 		}
 
 		let result = result::WasmResult::new(d_ptr);
-		if result.peek_empty(&*runtime.memory())? {
+		if result.peek_empty(&*runtime.memory()).map_err(|e| Error(e))? {
 			trace!(target: "wasm", "Contract execution result is empty.");
 			Ok(GasLeft::Known(runtime.gas_left()?.into()))
 		} else {
 			self.result.clear();
 			// todo: use memory views to avoid copy
-			self.result.extend(result.pop(&*runtime.memory())?);
+			self.result.extend(result.pop(&*runtime.memory()).map_err(|e| Error(e.into()))?);
 			let len = self.result.len();
 			Ok(GasLeft::NeedsReturn {
-				gas_left: runtime.gas_left()?.into(),
+				gas_left: runtime.gas_left().map_err(|e| Error(e.into()))?.into(),
 				data: ReturnData::new(
 					::std::mem::replace(&mut self.result, Vec::with_capacity(DEFAULT_RESULT_BUFFER)),
 					0,
@@ -149,9 +172,3 @@ impl vm::Vm for WasmInterpreter {
 		}
 	}
 }
-
-impl From<runtime::Error> for vm::Error {
-	fn from(err: runtime::Error) -> vm::Error {
-		vm::Error::Wasm(format!("WASM runtime-error: {:?}", err))
-	}
-}

ethcore/wasm/src/ptr.rs

@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
 
 //! Wasm bound-checked ptr
 
-use parity_wasm::interpreter;
+use super::runtime::{InterpreterMemoryInstance, InterpreterError, UserTrap};
 
-/// Bound-checked wrapper for webassembly memory 
+/// Bound-checked wrapper for webassembly memory
 pub struct WasmPtr(u32);
 
 /// Error in bound check
@@ -28,15 +28,21 @@ pub enum Error {
 }
 
 impl From<u32> for WasmPtr {
-	fn from(raw: u32) -> Self { 
+	fn from(raw: u32) -> Self {
 		WasmPtr(raw)
 	}
 }
 
+impl From<Error> for InterpreterError {
+	fn from(_e: Error) -> Self {
+		UserTrap::MemoryAccessViolation.into()
+	}
+}
+
 impl WasmPtr {
 	// todo: use memory view when they are on
 	/// Check memory range and return data with given length starting from the current pointer value
-	pub fn slice(&self, len: u32, mem: &interpreter::MemoryInstance) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+	pub fn slice(&self, len: u32, mem: &InterpreterMemoryInstance) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
 		mem.get(self.0, len as usize).map_err(|_| Error::AccessViolation)
 	}
 

ethcore/wasm/src/result.rs

@@ -18,10 +18,8 @@
 
 use byteorder::{LittleEndian, ByteOrder};
 
-use parity_wasm::interpreter;
-
 use super::ptr::WasmPtr;
-use super::runtime::Error as RuntimeError;
+use super::runtime::{InterpreterError, InterpreterMemoryInstance};
 
 /// Wrapper for wasm contract call result
 pub struct WasmResult {
@@ -35,13 +33,13 @@ impl WasmResult {
 	}
 
 	/// Check if the result contains any data
-	pub fn peek_empty(&self, mem: &interpreter::MemoryInstance) -> Result<bool, RuntimeError> {
+	pub fn peek_empty(&self, mem: &InterpreterMemoryInstance) -> Result<bool, InterpreterError> {
 		let result_len = LittleEndian::read_u32(&self.ptr.slice(16, mem)?[12..16]);
 		Ok(result_len == 0)
 	}
 
 	/// Consume the result ptr and return the actual data from wasm linear memory
-	pub fn pop(self, mem: &interpreter::MemoryInstance) -> Result<Vec<u8>, RuntimeError> {
+	pub fn pop(self, mem: &InterpreterMemoryInstance) -> Result<Vec<u8>, InterpreterError> {
 		let result_ptr = LittleEndian::read_u32(&self.ptr.slice(16, mem)?[8..12]);
 		let result_len = LittleEndian::read_u32(&self.ptr.slice(16, mem)?[12..16]);
 		trace!(target: "wasm", "contract result: {} bytes at @{}", result_len, result_ptr);

ethcore/wasm/src/runtime.rs

@@ -30,31 +30,68 @@ use vm::CallType;
 use super::ptr::{WasmPtr, Error as PtrError};
 use super::call_args::CallArgs;
 
-/// Wasm runtime error
+/// User trap in native code
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub enum Error {
+pub enum UserTrap {
-	/// Storage error
+	/// Storage read error
-	Storage,
+	StorageReadError,
-	/// Allocator error
+	/// Storage update error
-	Allocator,
+	StorageUpdateError,
-	/// Invalid gas state during the call
-	InvalidGasState,
 	/// Memory access violation
-	AccessViolation,
+	MemoryAccessViolation,
-	/// Interpreter runtime error
+	/// Native code resulted in suicide
-	Interpreter(interpreter::Error),
+	Suicide,
+	/// Suicide was requested but coudn't complete
+	SuicideAbort,
+	/// Invalid gas state inside interpreter
+	InvalidGasState,
+	/// Query of the balance resulted in an error
+	BalanceQueryError,
+	/// Failed allocation
+	AllocationFailed,
+	/// Gas limit reached
+	GasLimit,
+	/// Unknown runtime function
+	Unknown,
+	/// Passed string had invalid utf-8 encoding
+	BadUtf8,
+	/// Other error in native code
+	Other,
+	/// Panic with message
+	Panic(String),
 }
 
-impl From<interpreter::Error> for Error {
+impl ::std::fmt::Display for UserTrap {
-	fn from(err: interpreter::Error) -> Self {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), ::std::fmt::Error> {
-		Error::Interpreter(err)
+		match *self {
+			UserTrap::StorageReadError => write!(f, "Storage read error"),
+			UserTrap::StorageUpdateError => write!(f, "Storage update error"),
+			UserTrap::MemoryAccessViolation => write!(f, "Memory access violation"),
+			UserTrap::SuicideAbort => write!(f, "Attempt to suicide resulted in an error"),
+			UserTrap::InvalidGasState => write!(f, "Invalid gas state"),
+			UserTrap::BalanceQueryError => write!(f, "Balance query resulted in an error"),
+			UserTrap::Suicide => write!(f, "Suicide result"),
+			UserTrap::Unknown => write!(f, "Unknown runtime function invoked"),
+			UserTrap::AllocationFailed => write!(f, "Memory allocation failed (OOM)"),
+			UserTrap::BadUtf8 => write!(f, "String encoding is bad utf-8 sequence"),
+			UserTrap::GasLimit => write!(f, "Invocation resulted in gas limit violated"),
+			UserTrap::Other => write!(f, "Other unspecified error"),
+			UserTrap::Panic(ref msg) => write!(f, "Panic: {}", msg),
+		}
 	}
 }
 
-impl From<PtrError> for Error {
+impl interpreter::UserError for UserTrap { }
+
+pub type InterpreterError = interpreter::Error<UserTrap>;
+pub type InterpreterMemoryInstance = interpreter::MemoryInstance<UserTrap>;
+pub type InterpreterProgramInstance = interpreter::ProgramInstance<UserTrap>;
+pub type InterpreterCallerContext<'a> = interpreter::CallerContext<'a, UserTrap>;
+
+impl From<PtrError> for UserTrap {
 	fn from(err: PtrError) -> Self {
 		match err {
-			PtrError::AccessViolation => Error::AccessViolation,
+			PtrError::AccessViolation => UserTrap::MemoryAccessViolation,
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -79,20 +116,20 @@ pub struct Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 	gas_limit: u64,
 	dynamic_top: u32,
 	ext: &'a mut vm::Ext,
-	memory: Arc<interpreter::MemoryInstance>,
+	memory: Arc<InterpreterMemoryInstance>,
 	context: RuntimeContext,
-	instance: &'b interpreter::ProgramInstance,
+	instance: &'b InterpreterProgramInstance,
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 	/// New runtime for wasm contract with specified params
 	pub fn with_params<'c, 'd>(
 		ext: &'c mut vm::Ext,
-		memory: Arc<interpreter::MemoryInstance>,
+		memory: Arc<InterpreterMemoryInstance>,
 		stack_space: u32,
 		gas_limit: u64,
 		context: RuntimeContext,
-		program_instance: &'d interpreter::ProgramInstance,
+		program_instance: &'d InterpreterProgramInstance,
 	) -> Runtime<'c, 'd> {
 		Runtime {
 			gas_counter: 0,
@@ -106,30 +143,28 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 	}
 
 	/// Write to the storage from wasm memory
-	pub fn storage_write(&mut self, context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	pub fn storage_write(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 		let mut context = context;
 		let val = self.pop_h256(&mut context)?;
 		let key = self.pop_h256(&mut context)?;
 		trace!(target: "wasm", "storage_write: value {} at @{}", &val, &key);
 
-		self.ext.set_storage(key, val)
+		self.ext.set_storage(key, val).map_err(|_| UserTrap::StorageUpdateError)?;
-			.map_err(|_| interpreter::Error::Trap("Storage update error".to_owned()))?;
 
 		Ok(Some(0i32.into()))
 	}
 
 	/// Read from the storage to wasm memory
-	pub fn storage_read(&mut self, context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	pub fn storage_read(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 		let mut context = context;
 		let val_ptr = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()?;
 		let key = self.pop_h256(&mut context)?;
 
-		let val = self.ext.storage_at(&key)
+		let val = self.ext.storage_at(&key).map_err(|_| UserTrap::StorageReadError)?;
-			.map_err(|_| interpreter::Error::Trap("Storage read error".to_owned()))?;
 
 		self.memory.set(val_ptr as u32, &*val)?;
 
@@ -137,21 +172,21 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 	}
 
 	/// Pass suicide to state runtime
-	pub fn suicide(&mut self, context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	pub fn suicide(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 		let mut context = context;
 		let refund_address = self.pop_address(&mut context)?;
 
-		self.ext.suicide(&refund_address)
+		self.ext.suicide(&refund_address).map_err(|_| UserTrap::SuicideAbort)?;
-			.map_err(|_| interpreter::Error::Trap("Suicide error".to_owned()))?;
 
-		Ok(None)
+		// We send trap to interpreter so it should abort further execution
+		Err(UserTrap::Suicide.into())
 	}
 
 	/// Invoke create in the state runtime
-	pub fn create(&mut self, context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	pub fn create(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 		//
 		// method signature:
@@ -172,7 +207,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 		let code = self.memory.get(code_ptr, code_len as usize)?;
 
 		let gas_left = self.gas_left()
-			.map_err(|_| interpreter::Error::Trap("Gas state error".to_owned()))?
+			.map_err(|_| UserTrap::InvalidGasState)?
 			.into();
 
 		match self.ext.create(&gas_left, &endowment, &code, vm::CreateContractAddress::FromSenderAndCodeHash) {
@@ -189,8 +224,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 		}
 	}
 
-	pub fn call(&mut self, context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	pub fn call(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 		//
 		// method signature:
@@ -207,8 +242,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 	}
 
 
-	fn call_code(&mut self, context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	fn call_code(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 		//
 		// signature (same as static call):
@@ -227,9 +262,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 		&mut self,
 		use_val: bool,
 		call_type: CallType,
-		context: interpreter::CallerContext,
+		context: InterpreterCallerContext,
 	)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 
 		trace!(target: "wasm", "runtime: call code");
@@ -255,7 +290,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 
 		if let Some(ref val) = val {
 			let address_balance = self.ext.balance(&self.context.address)
-				.map_err(|_| interpreter::Error::Trap("Gas state error".to_owned()))?;
+				.map_err(|_| UserTrap::BalanceQueryError)?;
 
 			if &address_balance < val {
 				trace!(target: "wasm", "runtime: call failed due to balance check");
@@ -266,7 +301,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 		let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(result_alloc_len as usize);
 		result.resize(result_alloc_len as usize, 0);
 		let gas = self.gas_left()
-			.map_err(|_| interpreter::Error::Trap("Gas state error".to_owned()))?
+			.map_err(|_| UserTrap::InvalidGasState)?
 			.into();
 		// todo: optimize to use memory views once it's in
 		let payload = self.memory.get(input_ptr, input_len as usize)?;
@@ -294,8 +329,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 		}
 	}
 
-	pub fn static_call(&mut self, context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	pub fn static_call(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 		// signature (same as code call):
 		// fn (
@@ -311,8 +346,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 
 
 	/// Allocate memory using the wasm stack params
-	pub fn malloc(&mut self, context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	pub fn malloc(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 		let amount = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u32;
 		let previous_top = self.dynamic_top;
@@ -321,21 +356,21 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 	}
 
 	/// Allocate memory in wasm memory instance
-	pub fn alloc(&mut self, amount: u32) -> Result<u32, Error> {
+	pub fn alloc(&mut self, amount: u32) -> Result<u32, UserTrap> {
 		let previous_top = self.dynamic_top;
 		self.dynamic_top = previous_top + amount;
 		Ok(previous_top.into())
 	}
 
 	/// Report gas cost with the params passed in wasm stack
-	fn gas(&mut self, context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	fn gas(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 		let amount = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u64;
 		if self.charge_gas(amount) {
 			Ok(None)
 		} else {
-			Err(interpreter::Error::Trap(format!("Gas exceeds limits of {}", self.gas_limit)))
+			Err(UserTrap::GasLimit.into())
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -350,50 +385,50 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 		}
 	}
 
-	fn h256_at(&self, ptr: WasmPtr) -> Result<H256, interpreter::Error> {
+	fn h256_at(&self, ptr: WasmPtr) -> Result<H256, InterpreterError> {
 		Ok(H256::from_slice(&ptr.slice(32, &*self.memory)
-			.map_err(|_| interpreter::Error::Trap("Memory access violation".to_owned()))?
+			.map_err(|_| UserTrap::MemoryAccessViolation)?
 		))
 	}
 
-	fn pop_h256(&self, context: &mut interpreter::CallerContext) -> Result<H256, interpreter::Error> {
+	fn pop_h256(&self, context: &mut InterpreterCallerContext) -> Result<H256, InterpreterError> {
 		let ptr = WasmPtr::from_i32(context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()?)
-			.map_err(|_| interpreter::Error::Trap("Memory access violation".to_owned()))?;
+			.map_err(|_| UserTrap::MemoryAccessViolation)?;
 		self.h256_at(ptr)
 	}
 
-	fn pop_u256(&self, context: &mut interpreter::CallerContext) -> Result<U256, interpreter::Error> {
+	fn pop_u256(&self, context: &mut InterpreterCallerContext) -> Result<U256, InterpreterError> {
 		let ptr = WasmPtr::from_i32(context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()?)
-			.map_err(|_| interpreter::Error::Trap("Memory access violation".to_owned()))?;
+			.map_err(|_| UserTrap::MemoryAccessViolation)?;
 		self.h256_at(ptr).map(Into::into)
 	}
 
-	fn address_at(&self, ptr: WasmPtr) -> Result<Address, interpreter::Error> {
+	fn address_at(&self, ptr: WasmPtr) -> Result<Address, InterpreterError> {
 		Ok(Address::from_slice(&ptr.slice(20, &*self.memory)
-			.map_err(|_| interpreter::Error::Trap("Memory access violation".to_owned()))?
+			.map_err(|_| UserTrap::MemoryAccessViolation)?
 		))
 	}
 
-	fn pop_address(&self, context: &mut interpreter::CallerContext) -> Result<Address, interpreter::Error> {
+	fn pop_address(&self, context: &mut InterpreterCallerContext) -> Result<Address, InterpreterError> {
 		let ptr = WasmPtr::from_i32(context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()?)
-			.map_err(|_| interpreter::Error::Trap("Memory access violation".to_owned()))?;
+			.map_err(|_| UserTrap::MemoryAccessViolation)?;
 		self.address_at(ptr)
 	}
 
-	fn user_trap(&mut self, _context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	fn unknown_trap(&mut self, _context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, UserTrap>
 	{
-		Err(interpreter::Error::Trap("unknown trap".to_owned()))
+		Err(UserTrap::Unknown)
 	}
 
 	fn user_noop(&mut self,
-		_context: interpreter::CallerContext
+		_context: InterpreterCallerContext
-	) -> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error> {
+	) -> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError> {
 		Ok(None)
 	}
 
 	/// Write call descriptor to wasm memory
-	pub fn write_descriptor(&mut self, call_args: CallArgs) -> Result<WasmPtr, Error> {
+	pub fn write_descriptor(&mut self, call_args: CallArgs) -> Result<WasmPtr, InterpreterError> {
 		let d_ptr = self.alloc(16)?;
 
 		let args_len = call_args.len();
@@ -417,14 +452,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 		Ok(d_ptr.into())
 	}
 
-	fn debug_log(&mut self, context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	fn debug_log(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-			-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+			-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 		let msg_len = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u32;
 		let msg_ptr = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u32;
 
 		let msg = String::from_utf8(self.memory.get(msg_ptr, msg_len as usize)?)
-			.map_err(|_| interpreter::Error::Trap("Debug log utf-8 decoding error".to_owned()))?;
+			.map_err(|_| UserTrap::BadUtf8)?;
 
 		trace!(target: "wasm", "Contract debug message: {}", msg);
 
@@ -432,18 +467,18 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 	}
 
 	/// Query current gas left for execution
-	pub fn gas_left(&self) -> Result<u64, Error> {
+	pub fn gas_left(&self) -> Result<u64, UserTrap> {
-		if self.gas_counter > self.gas_limit { return Err(Error::InvalidGasState); }
+		if self.gas_counter > self.gas_limit { return Err(UserTrap::InvalidGasState); }
 		Ok(self.gas_limit - self.gas_counter)
 	}
 
 	/// Shared memory reference
-	pub fn memory(&self) -> &interpreter::MemoryInstance {
+	pub fn memory(&self) -> &InterpreterMemoryInstance {
 		&*self.memory
 	}
 
-	fn mem_copy(&self, context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	fn mem_copy(&self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 		let len = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u32;
 		let dst = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u32;
@@ -459,8 +494,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 		x >> 24 | x >> 8 & 0xff00 | x << 8 & 0xff0000 | x << 24
 	}
 
-	fn bitswap_i64(&mut self, context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	fn bitswap_i64(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 		let x1 = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()?;
 		let x2 = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()?;
@@ -471,13 +506,83 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 		self.return_i64(result)
 	}
 
-	fn return_i64(&mut self, val: i64) -> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error> {
+	fn user_panic(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
+	{
+		let msg_len = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u32;
+		let msg_ptr = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u32;
+
+		let msg = String::from_utf8(self.memory.get(msg_ptr, msg_len as usize)?)
+			.map_err(|_| UserTrap::BadUtf8)?;
+
+		trace!(target: "wasm", "Contract custom panic message: {}", msg);
+
+		Err(UserTrap::Panic(msg).into())
+	}
+
+	fn block_hash(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
+	{
+		let return_ptr = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u32;
+		let block_hi = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u32;
+		let block_lo = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u32;
+
+		let block_num = (block_hi as u64) << 32 | block_lo as u64;
+
+		trace!("Requesting block hash for block #{}", block_num);
+		let hash = self.ext.blockhash(&U256::from(block_num));
+
+		self.memory.set(return_ptr, &*hash)?;
+
+		Ok(Some(0i32.into()))
+	}
+
+	fn coinbase(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
+	{
+		let return_ptr = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u32;
+		self.memory.set(return_ptr, &*self.ext.env_info().author)?;
+		Ok(None)
+	}
+
+	fn timestamp(&mut self, _context: InterpreterCallerContext)
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
+	{
+		let timestamp = self.ext.env_info().timestamp as i64;
+		self.return_i64(timestamp)
+	}
+
+	fn block_number(&mut self, _context: InterpreterCallerContext)
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
+	{
+		let block_number: u64 = self.ext.env_info().number.into();
+		self.return_i64(block_number as i64)
+	}
+
+	fn difficulty(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
+	{
+		let return_ptr = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u32;
+		let difficulty: H256 = self.ext.env_info().difficulty.into();
+		self.memory.set(return_ptr, &*difficulty)?;
+		Ok(None)
+	}
+
+	fn ext_gas_limit(&mut self, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
+	{
+		let return_ptr = context.value_stack.pop_as::<i32>()? as u32;
+		let gas_limit: H256 = self.ext.env_info().gas_limit.into();
+		self.memory.set(return_ptr, &*gas_limit)?;
+		Ok(None)
+	}
+
+	fn return_i64(&mut self, val: i64) -> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError> {
 		let uval = val as u64;
 		let hi = (uval >> 32) as i32;
 		let lo = (uval << 32 >> 32) as i32;
 
-		let target = self.instance.module("contract")
+		let target = self.instance.module("contract").ok_or(UserTrap::Other)?;
-			.ok_or(interpreter::Error::Trap("Error locating main execution entry".to_owned()))?;
 		target.execute_export(
 			"setTempRet0",
 			self.execution_params().add_argument(
@@ -489,7 +594,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 		))
 	}
 
-	pub fn execution_params(&mut self) -> interpreter::ExecutionParams {
+	pub fn execution_params(&mut self) -> interpreter::ExecutionParams<UserTrap> {
 		use super::env;
 
 		let env_instance = self.instance.module("env")
@@ -505,9 +610,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 	}
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> interpreter::UserFunctionExecutor for Runtime<'a, 'b> {
+impl<'a, 'b> interpreter::UserFunctionExecutor<UserTrap> for Runtime<'a, 'b> {
-	fn execute(&mut self, name: &str, context: interpreter::CallerContext)
+	fn execute(&mut self, name: &str, context: InterpreterCallerContext)
-		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, interpreter::Error>
+		-> Result<Option<interpreter::RuntimeValue>, InterpreterError>
 	{
 		match name {
 			"_malloc" => {
@@ -551,10 +656,31 @@ impl<'a, 'b> interpreter::UserFunctionExecutor for Runtime<'a, 'b> {
 			"_llvm_bswap_i64" => {
 				self.bitswap_i64(context)
 			},
+			"_panic" => {
+				self.user_panic(context)
+			},
+			"_blockhash" => {
+				self.block_hash(context)
+			},
+			"_coinbase" => {
+				self.coinbase(context)
+			},
+			"_timestamp" => {
+				self.timestamp(context)
+			},
+			"_blocknumber" => {
+				self.block_number(context)
+			},
+			"_difficulty" => {
+				self.difficulty(context)
+			},
+			"_gaslimit" => {
+				self.ext_gas_limit(context)
+			},
 			_ => {
 				trace!(target: "wasm", "Trapped due to unhandled function: '{}'", name);
-				self.user_trap(context)
+				Ok(self.unknown_trap(context)?)
-			}
+			},
 		}
 	}
 }

ethcore/wasm/src/tests.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 // along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use byteorder::{LittleEndian, ByteOrder};
 use bigint::prelude::U256;
 use bigint::hash::H256;
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ fn logger() {
 	};
 
 	println!("ext.store: {:?}", ext.store);
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99327));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99529));
 	let address_val: H256 = address.into();
 	assert_eq!(
 		ext.store.get(&"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000".parse().unwrap()).expect("storage key to exist"),
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ fn identity() {
 		}
 	};
 
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99_672));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99_762));
 
 	assert_eq!(
 		Address::from_slice(&result),
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ fn dispersion() {
 		}
 	};
 
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99_270));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99_360));
 
 	assert_eq!(
 		result,
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ fn suicide_not() {
 		}
 	};
 
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99_578));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99_668));
 
 	assert_eq!(
 		result,
@@ -235,7 +236,7 @@ fn suicide() {
 		}
 	};
 
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99_621));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99_699));
 	assert!(ext.suicides.contains(&refund));
 }
 
@@ -266,7 +267,7 @@ fn create() {
 	assert!(ext.calls.contains(
 		&FakeCall {
 			call_type: FakeCallType::Create,
-			gas: U256::from(99_674),
+			gas: U256::from(99_734),
 			sender_address: None,
 			receive_address: None,
 			value: Some(1_000_000_000.into()),
@@ -274,7 +275,7 @@ fn create() {
 			code_address: None,
 		}
 	));
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99_596));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99_686));
 }
 
 
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@ fn call_code() {
 	assert!(ext.calls.contains(
 		&FakeCall {
 			call_type: FakeCallType::Call,
-			gas: U256::from(99_069),
+			gas: U256::from(99_129),
 			sender_address: Some(sender),
 			receive_address: Some(receiver),
 			value: None,
@@ -316,7 +317,7 @@ fn call_code() {
 			code_address: Some("0d13710000000000000000000000000000000000".parse().unwrap()),
 		}
 	));
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(94144));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(94262));
 
 	// siphash result
 	let res = LittleEndian::read_u32(&result[..]);
@@ -353,7 +354,7 @@ fn call_static() {
 	assert!(ext.calls.contains(
 		&FakeCall {
 			call_type: FakeCallType::Call,
-			gas: U256::from(99_069),
+			gas: U256::from(99_129),
 			sender_address: Some(sender),
 			receive_address: Some(receiver),
 			value: None,
@@ -361,7 +362,7 @@ fn call_static() {
 			code_address: Some("13077bfb00000000000000000000000000000000".parse().unwrap()),
 		}
 	));
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(94144));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(94262));
 
 	// siphash result
 	let res = LittleEndian::read_u32(&result[..]);
@@ -387,7 +388,7 @@ fn realloc() {
 				GasLeft::NeedsReturn { gas_left: gas, data: result, apply_state: _apply } => (gas, result.to_vec()),
 		}
 	};
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99432));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99522));
 	assert_eq!(result, vec![0u8; 2]);
 }
 
@@ -413,12 +414,15 @@ fn storage_read() {
 		}
 	};
 
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99682));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(99800));
 	assert_eq!(Address::from(&result[12..32]), address);
 }
 
 macro_rules! reqrep_test {
 	($name: expr, $input: expr) => {
+		reqrep_test!($name, $input, vm::EnvInfo::default(), HashMap::new())
+	};
+	($name: expr, $input: expr, $info: expr, $block_hashes: expr) => {
 		{
 			::ethcore_logger::init_log();
 			let code = load_sample!($name);
@@ -428,9 +432,13 @@ macro_rules! reqrep_test {
 			params.code = Some(Arc::new(code));
 			params.data = Some($input);
 
+			let mut fake_ext = FakeExt::new();
+			fake_ext.info = $info;
+			fake_ext.blockhashes = $block_hashes;
+
 			let (gas_left, result) = {
 				let mut interpreter = wasm_interpreter();
-				let result = interpreter.exec(params, &mut FakeExt::new()).expect("Interpreter to execute without any errors");
+				let result = interpreter.exec(params, &mut fake_ext).expect("Interpreter to execute without any errors");
 				match result {
 						GasLeft::Known(_) => { panic!("Test is expected to return payload to check"); },
 						GasLeft::NeedsReturn { gas_left: gas, data: result, apply_state: _apply } => (gas, result.to_vec()),
@@ -439,7 +447,7 @@ macro_rules! reqrep_test {
 
 			(gas_left, result)
 		}
-	}
+	};
 }
 
 // math_* tests check the ability of wasm contract to perform big integer operations
@@ -464,7 +472,7 @@ fn math_add() {
 		}
 	);
 
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(98087));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(98177));
 	assert_eq!(
 		U256::from_dec_str("1888888888888888888888888888887").unwrap(),
 		(&result[..]).into()
@@ -486,7 +494,7 @@ fn math_mul() {
 		}
 	);
 
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(97236));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(97326));
 	assert_eq!(
 		U256::from_dec_str("888888888888888888888888888887111111111111111111111111111112").unwrap(),
 		(&result[..]).into()
@@ -508,7 +516,7 @@ fn math_sub() {
 		}
 	);
 
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(98131));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(98221));
 	assert_eq!(
 		U256::from_dec_str("111111111111111111111111111111").unwrap(),
 		(&result[..]).into()
@@ -529,9 +537,97 @@ fn math_div() {
 		}
 	);
 
-	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(91420));
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(91510));
 	assert_eq!(
 		U256::from_dec_str("1125000").unwrap(),
 		(&result[..]).into()
 	);
 }
+
+// This test checks the ability of wasm contract to invoke
+// varios blockchain runtime methods
+#[test]
+fn externs() {
+	let (gas_left, result) = reqrep_test!(
+		"externs.wasm",
+		Vec::new(),
+		vm::EnvInfo {
+			number: 0x9999999999u64.into(),
+			author: "efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef".parse().unwrap(),
+			timestamp: 0x8888888888u64.into(),
+			difficulty: H256::from("0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfefff0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dadbdcdddedfd").into(),
+			gas_limit: 0x777777777777u64.into(),
+			last_hashes: Default::default(),
+			gas_used: 0.into(),
+		},
+		{
+			let mut hashes = HashMap::new();
+			hashes.insert(
+				U256::from(0),
+				H256::from("9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d9d")
+			);
+			hashes.insert(
+				U256::from(1),
+				H256::from("7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b")
+			);
+			hashes
+		}
+	);
+
+	assert_eq!(
+		&result[0..64].to_vec(),
+		&vec![
+			0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0x9d,
+			0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b,0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b, 0x7b,
+		],
+		"Block hashes requested and returned do not match"
+	);
+
+	assert_eq!(
+		&result[64..84].to_vec(),
+		&vec![
+			0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef, 0xef,
+		],
+		"Coinbase requested and returned does not match"
+	);
+
+	assert_eq!(
+		&result[84..92].to_vec(),
+		&vec![
+			0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
+		],
+		"Timestamp requested and returned does not match"
+	);
+
+	assert_eq!(
+		&result[92..100].to_vec(),
+		&vec![
+			0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
+		],
+		"Block number requested and returned does not match"
+	);
+
+	assert_eq!(
+		&result[100..132].to_vec(),
+		&vec![
+			0x0f, 0x1f, 0x2f, 0x3f, 0x4f, 0x5f, 0x6f, 0x7f,
+			0x8f, 0x9f, 0xaf, 0xbf, 0xcf, 0xdf, 0xef, 0xff,
+			0x0d, 0x1d, 0x2d, 0x3d, 0x4d, 0x5d, 0x6d, 0x7d,
+			0x8d, 0x9d, 0xad, 0xbd, 0xcd, 0xdd, 0xed, 0xfd,
+		],
+		"Difficulty requested and returned does not match"
+	);
+
+	assert_eq!(
+		&result[132..164].to_vec(),
+		&vec![
+			0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+			0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+			0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+			0x00, 0x00, 0x77, 0x77, 0x77, 0x77, 0x77, 0x77,
+		],
+		"Gas limit requested and returned does not match"
+	);
+
+	assert_eq!(gas_left, U256::from(97588));
+}