// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd. // This file is part of Parity. // Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify // it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by // the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or // (at your option) any later version. // Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the // GNU General Public License for more details. // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License // along with Parity. If not, see . //! VM Instructions list and utility functions pub type Instruction = u8; /// Returns true if given instruction is `PUSHN` instruction. pub fn is_push(i: Instruction) -> bool { i >= PUSH1 && i <= PUSH32 } /// Returns number of bytes to read for `PUSHN` instruction /// PUSH1 -> 1 pub fn get_push_bytes(i: Instruction) -> usize { assert!(is_push(i), "Only for PUSH instructions."); (i - PUSH1 + 1) as usize } #[test] fn test_get_push_bytes() { assert_eq!(get_push_bytes(PUSH1), 1); assert_eq!(get_push_bytes(PUSH3), 3); assert_eq!(get_push_bytes(PUSH32), 32); } /// Returns stack position of item to duplicate /// DUP1 -> 0 pub fn get_dup_position(i: Instruction) -> usize { assert!(i >= DUP1 && i <= DUP16); (i - DUP1) as usize } #[test] fn test_get_dup_position() { assert_eq!(get_dup_position(DUP1), 0); assert_eq!(get_dup_position(DUP5), 4); assert_eq!(get_dup_position(DUP10), 9); } /// Returns stack position of item to SWAP top with /// SWAP1 -> 1 pub fn get_swap_position(i: Instruction) -> usize { assert!(i >= SWAP1 && i <= SWAP16); (i - SWAP1 + 1) as usize } #[test] fn test_get_swap_position() { assert_eq!(get_swap_position(SWAP1), 1); assert_eq!(get_swap_position(SWAP5), 5); assert_eq!(get_swap_position(SWAP10), 10); } /// Returns number of topcis to take from stack /// LOG0 -> 0 pub fn get_log_topics (i: Instruction) -> usize { assert!(i >= LOG0 && i <= LOG4); (i - LOG0) as usize } #[test] fn test_get_log_topics() { assert_eq!(get_log_topics(LOG0), 0); assert_eq!(get_log_topics(LOG2), 2); assert_eq!(get_log_topics(LOG4), 4); } #[derive(PartialEq)] pub enum GasPriceTier { /// 0 Zero Zero, /// 2 Quick Base, /// 3 Fastest VeryLow, /// 5 Fast Low, /// 8 Mid Mid, /// 10 Slow High, /// 20 Ext Ext, /// Multiparam or otherwise special Special, /// Invalid Invalid } /// Returns the index in schedule for specific `GasPriceTier` pub fn get_tier_idx (tier: GasPriceTier) -> usize { match tier { GasPriceTier::Zero => 0, GasPriceTier::Base => 1, GasPriceTier::VeryLow => 2, GasPriceTier::Low => 3, GasPriceTier::Mid => 4, GasPriceTier::High => 5, GasPriceTier::Ext => 6, GasPriceTier::Special => 7, GasPriceTier::Invalid => 8 } } pub struct InstructionInfo { pub name: &'static str, pub additional: usize, pub args: usize, pub ret: usize, pub side_effects: bool, pub tier: GasPriceTier } impl InstructionInfo { pub fn new(name: &'static str, additional: usize, args: usize, ret: usize, side_effects: bool, tier: GasPriceTier) -> InstructionInfo { InstructionInfo { name: name, additional: additional, args: args, ret: ret, side_effects: side_effects, tier: tier } } } /// Return details about specific instruction pub fn get_info (instruction: Instruction) -> InstructionInfo { match instruction { STOP => InstructionInfo::new("STOP", 0, 0, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Zero), ADD => InstructionInfo::new("ADD", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SUB => InstructionInfo::new("SUB", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), MUL => InstructionInfo::new("MUL", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Low), DIV => InstructionInfo::new("DIV", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Low), SDIV => InstructionInfo::new("SDIV", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Low), MOD => InstructionInfo::new("MOD", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Low), SMOD => InstructionInfo::new("SMOD", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Low), EXP => InstructionInfo::new("EXP", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Special), NOT => InstructionInfo::new("NOT", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), LT => InstructionInfo::new("LT", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), GT => InstructionInfo::new("GT", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SLT => InstructionInfo::new("SLT", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SGT => InstructionInfo::new("SGT", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), EQ => InstructionInfo::new("EQ", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), ISZERO => InstructionInfo::new("ISZERO", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), AND => InstructionInfo::new("AND", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), OR => InstructionInfo::new("OR", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), XOR => InstructionInfo::new("XOR", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), BYTE => InstructionInfo::new("BYTE", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), ADDMOD => InstructionInfo::new("ADDMOD", 0, 3, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Mid), MULMOD => InstructionInfo::new("MULMOD", 0, 3, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Mid), SIGNEXTEND => InstructionInfo::new("SIGNEXTEND", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Low), SHA3 => InstructionInfo::new("SHA3", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Special), ADDRESS => InstructionInfo::new("ADDRESS", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), BALANCE => InstructionInfo::new("BALANCE", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Ext), ORIGIN => InstructionInfo::new("ORIGIN", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), CALLER => InstructionInfo::new("CALLER", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), CALLVALUE => InstructionInfo::new("CALLVALUE", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), CALLDATALOAD => InstructionInfo::new("CALLDATALOAD", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), CALLDATASIZE => InstructionInfo::new("CALLDATASIZE", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), CALLDATACOPY => InstructionInfo::new("CALLDATACOPY", 0, 3, 0, true, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), CODESIZE => InstructionInfo::new("CODESIZE", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), CODECOPY => InstructionInfo::new("CODECOPY", 0, 3, 0, true, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), GASPRICE => InstructionInfo::new("GASPRICE", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), EXTCODESIZE => InstructionInfo::new("EXTCODESIZE", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Ext), EXTCODECOPY => InstructionInfo::new("EXTCODECOPY", 0, 4, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Ext), BLOCKHASH => InstructionInfo::new("BLOCKHASH", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Ext), COINBASE => InstructionInfo::new("COINBASE", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), TIMESTAMP => InstructionInfo::new("TIMESTAMP", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), NUMBER => InstructionInfo::new("NUMBER", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), DIFFICULTY => InstructionInfo::new("DIFFICULTY", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), GASLIMIT => InstructionInfo::new("GASLIMIT", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), POP => InstructionInfo::new("POP", 0, 1, 0, false, GasPriceTier::Base), MLOAD => InstructionInfo::new("MLOAD", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), MSTORE => InstructionInfo::new("MSTORE", 0, 2, 0, true, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), MSTORE8 => InstructionInfo::new("MSTORE8", 0, 2, 0, true, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SLOAD => InstructionInfo::new("SLOAD", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Special), SSTORE => InstructionInfo::new("SSTORE", 0, 2, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special), JUMP => InstructionInfo::new("JUMP", 0, 1, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Mid), JUMPI => InstructionInfo::new("JUMPI", 0, 2, 0, true, GasPriceTier::High), PC => InstructionInfo::new("PC", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), MSIZE => InstructionInfo::new("MSIZE", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), GAS => InstructionInfo::new("GAS", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base), JUMPDEST => InstructionInfo::new("JUMPDEST", 0, 0, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special), PUSH1 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH1", 1, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH2 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH2", 2, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH3 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH3", 3, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH4 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH4", 4, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH5 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH5", 5, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH6 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH6", 6, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH7 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH7", 7, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH8 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH8", 8, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH9 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH9", 9, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH10 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH10", 10, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH11 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH11", 11, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH12 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH12", 12, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH13 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH13", 13, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH14 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH14", 14, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH15 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH15", 15, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH16 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH16", 16, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH17 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH17", 17, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH18 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH18", 18, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH19 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH19", 19, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH20 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH20", 20, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH21 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH21", 21, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH22 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH22", 22, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH23 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH23", 23, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH24 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH24", 24, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH25 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH25", 25, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH26 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH26", 26, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH27 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH27", 27, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH28 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH28", 28, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH29 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH29", 29, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH30 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH30", 30, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH31 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH31", 31, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), PUSH32 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH32", 32, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP1 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP1", 0, 1, 2, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP2 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP2", 0, 2, 3, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP3 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP3", 0, 3, 4, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP4 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP4", 0, 4, 5, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP5 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP5", 0, 5, 6, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP6 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP6", 0, 6, 7, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP7 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP7", 0, 7, 8, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP8 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP8", 0, 8, 9, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP9 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP9", 0, 9, 10, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP10 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP10", 0, 10, 11, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP11 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP11", 0, 11, 12, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP12 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP12", 0, 12, 13, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP13 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP13", 0, 13, 14, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP14 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP14", 0, 14, 15, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP15 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP15", 0, 15, 16, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), DUP16 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP16", 0, 16, 17, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP1 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP1", 0, 2, 2, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP2 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP2", 0, 3, 3, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP3 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP3", 0, 4, 4, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP4 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP4", 0, 5, 5, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP5 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP5", 0, 6, 6, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP6 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP6", 0, 7, 7, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP7 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP7", 0, 8, 8, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP8 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP8", 0, 9, 9, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP9 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP9", 0, 10, 10, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP10 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP10", 0, 11, 11, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP11 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP11", 0, 12, 12, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP12 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP12", 0, 13, 13, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP13 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP13", 0, 14, 14, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP14 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP14", 0, 15, 15, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP15 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP15", 0, 16, 16, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), SWAP16 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP16", 0, 17, 17, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow), LOG0 => InstructionInfo::new("LOG0", 0, 2, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special), LOG1 => InstructionInfo::new("LOG1", 0, 3, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special), LOG2 => InstructionInfo::new("LOG2", 0, 4, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special), LOG3 => InstructionInfo::new("LOG3", 0, 5, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special), LOG4 => InstructionInfo::new("LOG4", 0, 6, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special), CREATE => InstructionInfo::new("CREATE", 0, 3, 1, true, GasPriceTier::Special), CALL => InstructionInfo::new("CALL", 0, 7, 1, true, GasPriceTier::Special), CALLCODE => InstructionInfo::new("CALLCODE", 0, 7, 1, true, GasPriceTier::Special), RETURN => InstructionInfo::new("RETURN", 0, 2, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Zero), DELEGATECALL => InstructionInfo::new("DELEGATECALL", 0, 6, 1, true, GasPriceTier::Special), SUICIDE => InstructionInfo::new("SUICIDE", 0, 1, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Zero), _ => InstructionInfo::new("INVALID_INSTRUCTION", 0, 0, 0, false, GasPriceTier::Invalid) } } /// Virtual machine bytecode instruction. /// halts execution pub const STOP: Instruction = 0x00; /// addition operation pub const ADD: Instruction = 0x01; /// mulitplication operation pub const MUL: Instruction = 0x02; /// subtraction operation pub const SUB: Instruction = 0x03; /// integer division operation pub const DIV: Instruction = 0x04; /// signed integer division operation pub const SDIV: Instruction = 0x05; /// modulo remainder operation pub const MOD: Instruction = 0x06; /// signed modulo remainder operation pub const SMOD: Instruction = 0x07; /// unsigned modular addition pub const ADDMOD: Instruction = 0x08; /// unsigned modular multiplication pub const MULMOD: Instruction = 0x09; /// exponential operation pub const EXP: Instruction = 0x0a; /// extend length of signed integer pub const SIGNEXTEND: Instruction = 0x0b; /// less-than comparision pub const LT: Instruction = 0x10; /// greater-than comparision pub const GT: Instruction = 0x11; /// signed less-than comparision pub const SLT: Instruction = 0x12; /// signed greater-than comparision pub const SGT: Instruction = 0x13; /// equality comparision pub const EQ: Instruction = 0x14; /// simple not operator pub const ISZERO: Instruction = 0x15; /// bitwise AND operation pub const AND: Instruction = 0x16; /// bitwise OR operation pub const OR: Instruction = 0x17; /// bitwise XOR operation pub const XOR: Instruction = 0x18; /// bitwise NOT opertation pub const NOT: Instruction = 0x19; /// retrieve single byte from word pub const BYTE: Instruction = 0x1a; /// compute SHA3-256 hash pub const SHA3: Instruction = 0x20; /// get address of currently executing account pub const ADDRESS: Instruction = 0x30; /// get balance of the given account pub const BALANCE: Instruction = 0x31; /// get execution origination address pub const ORIGIN: Instruction = 0x32; /// get caller address pub const CALLER: Instruction = 0x33; /// get deposited value by the instruction/transaction responsible for this execution pub const CALLVALUE: Instruction = 0x34; /// get input data of current environment pub const CALLDATALOAD: Instruction = 0x35; /// get size of input data in current environment pub const CALLDATASIZE: Instruction = 0x36; /// copy input data in current environment to memory pub const CALLDATACOPY: Instruction = 0x37; /// get size of code running in current environment pub const CODESIZE: Instruction = 0x38; /// copy code running in current environment to memory pub const CODECOPY: Instruction = 0x39; /// get price of gas in current environment pub const GASPRICE: Instruction = 0x3a; /// get external code size (from another contract) pub const EXTCODESIZE: Instruction = 0x3b; /// copy external code (from another contract) pub const EXTCODECOPY: Instruction = 0x3c; /// get hash of most recent complete block pub const BLOCKHASH: Instruction = 0x40; /// get the block's coinbase address pub const COINBASE: Instruction = 0x41; /// get the block's timestamp pub const TIMESTAMP: Instruction = 0x42; /// get the block's number pub const NUMBER: Instruction = 0x43; /// get the block's difficulty pub const DIFFICULTY: Instruction = 0x44; /// get the block's gas limit pub const GASLIMIT: Instruction = 0x45; /// remove item from stack pub const POP: Instruction = 0x50; /// load word from memory pub const MLOAD: Instruction = 0x51; /// save word to memory pub const MSTORE: Instruction = 0x52; /// save byte to memory pub const MSTORE8: Instruction = 0x53; /// load word from storage pub const SLOAD: Instruction = 0x54; /// save word to storage pub const SSTORE: Instruction = 0x55; /// alter the program counter pub const JUMP: Instruction = 0x56; /// conditionally alter the program counter pub const JUMPI: Instruction = 0x57; /// get the program counter pub const PC: Instruction = 0x58; /// get the size of active memory pub const MSIZE: Instruction = 0x59; /// get the amount of available gas pub const GAS: Instruction = 0x5a; /// set a potential jump destination pub const JUMPDEST: Instruction = 0x5b; /// place 1 byte item on stack pub const PUSH1: Instruction = 0x60; /// place 2 byte item on stack pub const PUSH2: Instruction = 0x61; /// place 3 byte item on stack pub const PUSH3: Instruction = 0x62; /// place 4 byte item on stack pub const PUSH4: Instruction = 0x63; /// place 5 byte item on stack pub const PUSH5: Instruction = 0x64; /// place 6 byte item on stack pub const PUSH6: Instruction = 0x65; /// place 7 byte item on stack pub const PUSH7: Instruction = 0x66; /// place 8 byte item on stack pub const PUSH8: Instruction = 0x67; /// place 9 byte item on stack pub const PUSH9: Instruction = 0x68; /// place 10 byte item on stack pub const PUSH10: Instruction = 0x69; /// place 11 byte item on stack pub const PUSH11: Instruction = 0x6a; /// place 12 byte item on stack pub const PUSH12: Instruction = 0x6b; /// place 13 byte item on stack pub const PUSH13: Instruction = 0x6c; /// place 14 byte item on stack pub const PUSH14: Instruction = 0x6d; /// place 15 byte item on stack pub const PUSH15: Instruction = 0x6e; /// place 16 byte item on stack pub const PUSH16: Instruction = 0x6f; /// place 17 byte item on stack pub const PUSH17: Instruction = 0x70; /// place 18 byte item on stack pub const PUSH18: Instruction = 0x71; /// place 19 byte item on stack pub const PUSH19: Instruction = 0x72; /// place 20 byte item on stack pub const PUSH20: Instruction = 0x73; /// place 21 byte item on stack pub const PUSH21: Instruction = 0x74; /// place 22 byte item on stack pub const PUSH22: Instruction = 0x75; /// place 23 byte item on stack pub const PUSH23: Instruction = 0x76; /// place 24 byte item on stack pub const PUSH24: Instruction = 0x77; /// place 25 byte item on stack pub const PUSH25: Instruction = 0x78; /// place 26 byte item on stack pub const PUSH26: Instruction = 0x79; /// place 27 byte item on stack pub const PUSH27: Instruction = 0x7a; /// place 28 byte item on stack pub const PUSH28: Instruction = 0x7b; /// place 29 byte item on stack pub const PUSH29: Instruction = 0x7c; /// place 30 byte item on stack pub const PUSH30: Instruction = 0x7d; /// place 31 byte item on stack pub const PUSH31: Instruction = 0x7e; /// place 32 byte item on stack pub const PUSH32: Instruction = 0x7f; /// copies the highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP1: Instruction = 0x80; /// copies the second highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP2: Instruction = 0x81; /// copies the third highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP3: Instruction = 0x82; /// copies the 4th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP4: Instruction = 0x83; /// copies the 5th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP5: Instruction = 0x84; /// copies the 6th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP6: Instruction = 0x85; /// copies the 7th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP7: Instruction = 0x86; /// copies the 8th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP8: Instruction = 0x87; /// copies the 9th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP9: Instruction = 0x88; /// copies the 10th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP10: Instruction = 0x89; /// copies the 11th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP11: Instruction = 0x8a; /// copies the 12th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP12: Instruction = 0x8b; /// copies the 13th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP13: Instruction = 0x8c; /// copies the 14th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP14: Instruction = 0x8d; /// copies the 15th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP15: Instruction = 0x8e; /// copies the 16th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack pub const DUP16: Instruction = 0x8f; /// swaps the highest and second highest value on the stack pub const SWAP1: Instruction = 0x90; /// swaps the highest and third highest value on the stack pub const SWAP2: Instruction = 0x91; /// swaps the highest and 4th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP3: Instruction = 0x92; /// swaps the highest and 5th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP4: Instruction = 0x93; /// swaps the highest and 6th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP5: Instruction = 0x94; /// swaps the highest and 7th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP6: Instruction = 0x95; /// swaps the highest and 8th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP7: Instruction = 0x96; /// swaps the highest and 9th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP8: Instruction = 0x97; /// swaps the highest and 10th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP9: Instruction = 0x98; /// swaps the highest and 11th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP10: Instruction = 0x99; /// swaps the highest and 12th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP11: Instruction = 0x9a; /// swaps the highest and 13th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP12: Instruction = 0x9b; /// swaps the highest and 14th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP13: Instruction = 0x9c; /// swaps the highest and 15th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP14: Instruction = 0x9d; /// swaps the highest and 16th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP15: Instruction = 0x9e; /// swaps the highest and 17th highest value on the stack pub const SWAP16: Instruction = 0x9f; /// Makes a log entry; no topics. pub const LOG0: Instruction = 0xa0; /// Makes a log entry; 1 topic. pub const LOG1: Instruction = 0xa1; /// Makes a log entry; 2 topics. pub const LOG2: Instruction = 0xa2; /// Makes a log entry; 3 topics. pub const LOG3: Instruction = 0xa3; /// Makes a log entry; 4 topics. pub const LOG4: Instruction = 0xa4; /// Maximal number of topics for log instructions pub const MAX_NO_OF_TOPICS : usize = 4; /// create a new account with associated code pub const CREATE: Instruction = 0xf0; /// message-call into an account pub const CALL: Instruction = 0xf1; /// message-call with another account's code only pub const CALLCODE: Instruction = 0xf2; /// halt execution returning output data pub const RETURN: Instruction = 0xf3; /// like CALLCODE but keeps caller's value and sender pub const DELEGATECALL: Instruction = 0xf4; /// halt execution and register account for later deletion pub const SUICIDE: Instruction = 0xff;