// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd. // This file is part of Parity. // Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify // it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by // the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or // (at your option) any later version. // Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the // GNU General Public License for more details. // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License // along with Parity. If not, see . //! Eth rpc implementation. extern crate ethash; use std::collections::HashSet; use std::sync::{Arc, Weak, Mutex}; use std::ops::Deref; use ethsync::{SyncProvider, SyncState}; use ethminer::{MinerService, AccountDetails, ExternalMinerService}; use jsonrpc_core::*; use util::numbers::*; use util::sha3::*; use util::bytes::{ToPretty}; use util::rlp::{encode, decode, UntrustedRlp, View}; use ethcore::client::{BlockChainClient, BlockID, TransactionID, UncleID}; use ethcore::block::IsBlock; use ethcore::views::*; use ethcore::ethereum::Ethash; use ethcore::transaction::{Transaction as EthTransaction, SignedTransaction, Action}; use ethcore::log_entry::LogEntry; use ethcore::filter::Filter as EthcoreFilter; use self::ethash::SeedHashCompute; use v1::traits::{Eth, EthFilter}; use v1::types::{Block, BlockTransactions, BlockNumber, Bytes, SyncStatus, SyncInfo, Transaction, TransactionRequest, CallRequest, OptionalValue, Index, Filter, Log, Receipt}; use v1::helpers::{PollFilter, PollManager}; use util::keys::store::AccountProvider; use serde; /// Eth rpc implementation. pub struct EthClient where C: BlockChainClient, S: SyncProvider, A: AccountProvider, M: MinerService, EM: ExternalMinerService { client: Weak, sync: Weak, accounts: Weak, miner: Weak, external_miner: Arc, seed_compute: Mutex, } impl EthClient where C: BlockChainClient, S: SyncProvider, A: AccountProvider, M: MinerService, EM: ExternalMinerService { /// Creates new EthClient. pub fn new(client: &Arc, sync: &Arc, accounts: &Arc, miner: &Arc, em: &Arc) -> EthClient { EthClient { client: Arc::downgrade(client), sync: Arc::downgrade(sync), miner: Arc::downgrade(miner), accounts: Arc::downgrade(accounts), external_miner: em.clone(), seed_compute: Mutex::new(SeedHashCompute::new()), } } fn block(&self, id: BlockID, include_txs: bool) -> Result { let client = take_weak!(self.client); match (client.block(id.clone()), client.block_total_difficulty(id)) { (Some(bytes), Some(total_difficulty)) => { let block_view = BlockView::new(&bytes); let view = block_view.header_view(); let block = Block { hash: OptionalValue::Value(view.sha3()), parent_hash: view.parent_hash(), uncles_hash: view.uncles_hash(), author: view.author(), miner: view.author(), state_root: view.state_root(), transactions_root: view.transactions_root(), receipts_root: view.receipts_root(), number: OptionalValue::Value(U256::from(view.number())), gas_used: view.gas_used(), gas_limit: view.gas_limit(), logs_bloom: view.log_bloom(), timestamp: U256::from(view.timestamp()), difficulty: view.difficulty(), total_difficulty: total_difficulty, seal_fields: view.seal().into_iter().map(|f| decode(&f)).map(Bytes::new).collect(), uncles: block_view.uncle_hashes(), transactions: { if include_txs { BlockTransactions::Full(block_view.localized_transactions().into_iter().map(From::from).collect()) } else { BlockTransactions::Hashes(block_view.transaction_hashes()) } }, extra_data: Bytes::new(view.extra_data()) }; to_value(&block) }, _ => Ok(Value::Null) } } fn transaction(&self, id: TransactionID) -> Result { match take_weak!(self.client).transaction(id) { Some(t) => to_value(&Transaction::from(t)), None => Ok(Value::Null) } } fn uncle(&self, id: UncleID) -> Result { let client = take_weak!(self.client); match client.uncle(id).and_then(|u| client.block_total_difficulty(BlockID::Hash(u.parent_hash().clone())).map(|diff| (diff, u))) { Some((parent_difficulty, uncle)) => { let block = Block { hash: OptionalValue::Value(uncle.hash()), parent_hash: uncle.parent_hash, uncles_hash: uncle.uncles_hash, author: uncle.author, miner: uncle.author, state_root: uncle.state_root, transactions_root: uncle.transactions_root, number: OptionalValue::Value(U256::from(uncle.number)), gas_used: uncle.gas_used, gas_limit: uncle.gas_limit, logs_bloom: uncle.log_bloom, timestamp: U256::from(uncle.timestamp), difficulty: uncle.difficulty, total_difficulty: uncle.difficulty + parent_difficulty, receipts_root: uncle.receipts_root, extra_data: Bytes::new(uncle.extra_data), seal_fields: uncle.seal.into_iter().map(|f| decode(&f)).map(Bytes::new).collect(), uncles: vec![], transactions: BlockTransactions::Hashes(vec![]), }; to_value(&block) }, None => Ok(Value::Null) } } fn sign_and_dispatch(&self, request: TransactionRequest, secret: H256) -> Result { let signed_transaction = { let client = take_weak!(self.client); let miner = take_weak!(self.miner); EthTransaction { nonce: request.nonce .or_else(|| miner .last_nonce(&request.from) .map(|nonce| nonce + U256::one())) .unwrap_or_else(|| client.nonce(&request.from)), action: request.to.map_or(Action::Create, Action::Call), gas: request.gas.unwrap_or_else(|| miner.sensible_gas_limit()), gas_price: request.gas_price.unwrap_or_else(|| miner.sensible_gas_price()), value: request.value.unwrap_or_else(U256::zero), data: request.data.map_or_else(Vec::new, |d| d.to_vec()), }.sign(&secret) }; trace!(target: "miner", "send_transaction: dispatching tx: {}", encode(&signed_transaction).to_vec().pretty()); self.dispatch_transaction(signed_transaction) } fn sign_call(&self, request: CallRequest) -> Result { let client = take_weak!(self.client); let miner = take_weak!(self.miner); let from = request.from.unwrap_or(Address::zero()); Ok(EthTransaction { nonce: request.nonce.unwrap_or_else(|| client.nonce(&from)), action: request.to.map_or(Action::Create, Action::Call), gas: request.gas.unwrap_or(U256::from(50_000_000)), gas_price: request.gas_price.unwrap_or_else(|| miner.sensible_gas_price()), value: request.value.unwrap_or_else(U256::zero), data: request.data.map_or_else(Vec::new, |d| d.to_vec()) }.fake_sign(from)) } fn dispatch_transaction(&self, signed_transaction: SignedTransaction) -> Result { let hash = signed_transaction.hash(); let import = { let client = take_weak!(self.client); let miner = take_weak!(self.miner); miner.import_own_transaction(client.deref(), signed_transaction, |a: &Address| { AccountDetails { nonce: client.nonce(&a), balance: client.balance(&a), } }) }; match import { Ok(_) => to_value(&hash), Err(e) => { warn!("Error sending transaction: {:?}", e); to_value(&H256::zero()) } } } } const MAX_QUEUE_SIZE_TO_MINE_ON: usize = 4; // because uncles go back 6. fn params_len(params: &Params) -> usize { match params { &Params::Array(ref vec) => vec.len(), _ => 0, } } fn from_params_default_second(params: Params) -> Result<(F, BlockNumber, ), Error> where F: serde::de::Deserialize { match params_len(¶ms) { 1 => from_params::<(F, )>(params).map(|(f,)| (f, BlockNumber::Latest)), _ => from_params::<(F, BlockNumber)>(params), } } fn from_params_default_third(params: Params) -> Result<(F1, F2, BlockNumber, ), Error> where F1: serde::de::Deserialize, F2: serde::de::Deserialize { match params_len(¶ms) { 2 => from_params::<(F1, F2, )>(params).map(|(f1, f2)| (f1, f2, BlockNumber::Latest)), _ => from_params::<(F1, F2, BlockNumber)>(params) } } fn pending_logs(miner: &M, filter: &EthcoreFilter) -> Vec where M: MinerService { let receipts = miner.pending_receipts(); let pending_logs = receipts.into_iter() .flat_map(|(hash, r)| r.logs.into_iter().map(|l| (hash.clone(), l)).collect::>()) .collect::>(); let result = pending_logs.into_iter() .filter(|pair| filter.matches(&pair.1)) .map(|pair| { let mut log = Log::from(pair.1); log.transaction_hash = Some(pair.0); log }) .collect(); result } impl Eth for EthClient where C: BlockChainClient + 'static, S: SyncProvider + 'static, A: AccountProvider + 'static, M: MinerService + 'static, EM: ExternalMinerService + 'static { fn protocol_version(&self, params: Params) -> Result { match params { Params::None => Ok(Value::String(format!("{}", take_weak!(self.sync).status().protocol_version).to_owned())), _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()) } } fn syncing(&self, params: Params) -> Result { match params { Params::None => { let status = take_weak!(self.sync).status(); let res = match status.state { SyncState::Idle => SyncStatus::None, SyncState::Waiting | SyncState::Blocks | SyncState::NewBlocks | SyncState::ChainHead => { let info = SyncInfo { starting_block: U256::from(status.start_block_number), current_block: U256::from(take_weak!(self.client).chain_info().best_block_number), highest_block: U256::from(status.highest_block_number.unwrap_or(status.start_block_number)) }; match info.highest_block > info.starting_block + U256::from(6) { true => SyncStatus::Info(info), false => SyncStatus::None, } } }; to_value(&res) } _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()) } } fn author(&self, params: Params) -> Result { match params { Params::None => to_value(&take_weak!(self.miner).author()), _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()), } } fn is_mining(&self, params: Params) -> Result { match params { Params::None => to_value(&self.external_miner.is_mining()), _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()) } } fn hashrate(&self, params: Params) -> Result { match params { Params::None => to_value(&self.external_miner.hashrate()), _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()) } } fn gas_price(&self, params: Params) -> Result { match params { Params::None => to_value(&take_weak!(self.miner).sensible_gas_price()), _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()) } } fn accounts(&self, _: Params) -> Result { let store = take_weak!(self.accounts); match store.accounts() { Ok(account_list) => to_value(&account_list), Err(_) => Err(Error::internal_error()) } } fn block_number(&self, params: Params) -> Result { match params { Params::None => to_value(&U256::from(take_weak!(self.client).chain_info().best_block_number)), _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()) } } fn balance(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params_default_second(params) .and_then(|(address, block_number,)| match block_number { BlockNumber::Latest => to_value(&take_weak!(self.client).balance(&address)), BlockNumber::Pending => to_value(&take_weak!(self.miner).balance(take_weak!(self.client).deref(), &address)), _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()), }) } fn storage_at(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params_default_third::(params) .and_then(|(address, position, block_number,)| match block_number { BlockNumber::Pending => to_value(&U256::from(take_weak!(self.miner).storage_at(take_weak!(self.client).deref(), &address, &H256::from(position)))), BlockNumber::Latest => to_value(&U256::from(take_weak!(self.client).storage_at(&address, &H256::from(position)))), _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()), }) } fn transaction_count(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params_default_second(params) .and_then(|(address, block_number,)| match block_number { BlockNumber::Pending => to_value(&take_weak!(self.miner).nonce(take_weak!(self.client).deref(), &address)), BlockNumber::Latest => to_value(&take_weak!(self.client).nonce(&address)), _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()), }) } fn block_transaction_count_by_hash(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(H256,)>(params) .and_then(|(hash,)| // match take_weak!(self.client).block(BlockID::Hash(hash)) .map_or(Ok(Value::Null), |bytes| to_value(&U256::from(BlockView::new(&bytes).transactions_count())))) } fn block_transaction_count_by_number(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(BlockNumber,)>(params) .and_then(|(block_number,)| match block_number { BlockNumber::Pending => to_value( &U256::from(take_weak!(self.miner).status().transactions_in_pending_block) ), _ => take_weak!(self.client).block(block_number.into()) .map_or(Ok(Value::Null), |bytes| to_value(&U256::from(BlockView::new(&bytes).transactions_count()))) }) } fn block_uncles_count_by_hash(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(H256,)>(params) .and_then(|(hash,)| take_weak!(self.client).block(BlockID::Hash(hash)) .map_or(Ok(Value::Null), |bytes| to_value(&U256::from(BlockView::new(&bytes).uncles_count())))) } fn block_uncles_count_by_number(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(BlockNumber,)>(params) .and_then(|(block_number,)| match block_number { BlockNumber::Pending => to_value(&U256::from(0)), _ => take_weak!(self.client).block(block_number.into()) .map_or(Ok(Value::Null), |bytes| to_value(&U256::from(BlockView::new(&bytes).uncles_count()))) }) } fn code_at(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params_default_second(params) .and_then(|(address, block_number,)| match block_number { BlockNumber::Pending => to_value(&take_weak!(self.miner).code(take_weak!(self.client).deref(), &address).map_or_else(Bytes::default, Bytes::new)), BlockNumber::Latest => to_value(&take_weak!(self.client).code(&address).map_or_else(Bytes::default, Bytes::new)), _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()), }) } fn block_by_hash(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(H256, bool)>(params) .and_then(|(hash, include_txs)| self.block(BlockID::Hash(hash), include_txs)) } fn block_by_number(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(BlockNumber, bool)>(params) .and_then(|(number, include_txs)| self.block(number.into(), include_txs)) } fn transaction_by_hash(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(H256,)>(params) .and_then(|(hash,)| { let miner = take_weak!(self.miner); match miner.transaction(&hash) { Some(pending_tx) => to_value(&Transaction::from(pending_tx)), None => self.transaction(TransactionID::Hash(hash)) } }) } fn transaction_by_block_hash_and_index(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(H256, Index)>(params) .and_then(|(hash, index)| self.transaction(TransactionID::Location(BlockID::Hash(hash), index.value()))) } fn transaction_by_block_number_and_index(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(BlockNumber, Index)>(params) .and_then(|(number, index)| self.transaction(TransactionID::Location(number.into(), index.value()))) } fn transaction_receipt(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(H256,)>(params) .and_then(|(hash,)| { let client = take_weak!(self.client); let receipt = client.transaction_receipt(TransactionID::Hash(hash)); to_value(&receipt.map(Receipt::from)) }) } fn uncle_by_block_hash_and_index(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(H256, Index)>(params) .and_then(|(hash, index)| self.uncle(UncleID(BlockID::Hash(hash), index.value()))) } fn uncle_by_block_number_and_index(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(BlockNumber, Index)>(params) .and_then(|(number, index)| self.uncle(UncleID(number.into(), index.value()))) } fn compilers(&self, params: Params) -> Result { match params { Params::None => to_value(&vec![] as &Vec), _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()) } } fn logs(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(Filter,)>(params) .and_then(|(filter,)| { let include_pending = filter.to_block == Some(BlockNumber::Pending); let filter: EthcoreFilter = filter.into(); let mut logs = take_weak!(self.client).logs(filter.clone()) .into_iter() .map(From::from) .collect::>(); if include_pending { let pending = pending_logs(take_weak!(self.miner).deref(), &filter); logs.extend(pending); } to_value(&logs) }) } fn work(&self, params: Params) -> Result { match params { Params::None => { let client = take_weak!(self.client); // check if we're still syncing and return empty strings in that case { //TODO: check if initial sync is complete here //let sync = take_weak!(self.sync); if /*sync.status().state != SyncState::Idle ||*/ client.queue_info().total_queue_size() > MAX_QUEUE_SIZE_TO_MINE_ON { trace!(target: "miner", "Syncing. Cannot give any work."); return to_value(&(String::new(), String::new(), String::new())); } } let miner = take_weak!(self.miner); miner.map_sealing_work(client.deref(), |b| { let pow_hash = b.hash(); let target = Ethash::difficulty_to_boundary(b.block().header().difficulty()); let seed_hash = &self.seed_compute.lock().unwrap().get_seedhash(b.block().header().number()); to_value(&(pow_hash, H256::from_slice(&seed_hash[..]), target)) }).unwrap_or(Err(Error::internal_error())) // no work found. }, _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()) } } fn submit_work(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(H64, H256, H256)>(params).and_then(|(nonce, pow_hash, mix_hash)| { trace!(target: "miner", "submit_work: Decoded: nonce={}, pow_hash={}, mix_hash={}", nonce, pow_hash, mix_hash); let miner = take_weak!(self.miner); let client = take_weak!(self.client); let seal = vec![encode(&mix_hash).to_vec(), encode(&nonce).to_vec()]; let r = miner.submit_seal(client.deref(), pow_hash, seal); to_value(&r.is_ok()) }) } fn submit_hashrate(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(U256, H256)>(params).and_then(|(rate, id)| { self.external_miner.submit_hashrate(rate, id); to_value(&true) }) } fn send_transaction(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(TransactionRequest, )>(params) .and_then(|(request, )| { let accounts = take_weak!(self.accounts); match accounts.account_secret(&request.from) { Ok(secret) => self.sign_and_dispatch(request, secret), Err(_) => to_value(&H256::zero()) } }) } fn sign_and_send_transaction(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(TransactionRequest, String)>(params) .and_then(|(request, password)| { let accounts = take_weak!(self.accounts); match accounts.locked_account_secret(&request.from, &password) { Ok(secret) => self.sign_and_dispatch(request, secret), Err(_) => to_value(&H256::zero()), } }) } fn send_raw_transaction(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(Bytes, )>(params) .and_then(|(raw_transaction, )| { let raw_transaction = raw_transaction.to_vec(); match UntrustedRlp::new(&raw_transaction).as_val() { Ok(signed_transaction) => self.dispatch_transaction(signed_transaction), Err(_) => to_value(&H256::zero()), } }) } fn call(&self, params: Params) -> Result { trace!(target: "jsonrpc", "call: {:?}", params); from_params_default_second(params) .and_then(|(request, block_number,)| { let signed = try!(self.sign_call(request)); let r = match block_number { BlockNumber::Pending => take_weak!(self.miner).call(take_weak!(self.client).deref(), &signed), BlockNumber::Latest => take_weak!(self.client).call(&signed), _ => panic!("{:?}", block_number), }; to_value(&r.map(|e| Bytes(e.output)).unwrap_or(Bytes::new(vec![]))) }) } fn estimate_gas(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params_default_second(params) .and_then(|(request, block_number,)| { let signed = try!(self.sign_call(request)); let r = match block_number { BlockNumber::Pending => take_weak!(self.miner).call(take_weak!(self.client).deref(), &signed), BlockNumber::Latest => take_weak!(self.client).call(&signed), _ => return Err(Error::invalid_params()), }; to_value(&r.map(|res| res.gas_used + res.refunded).unwrap_or(From::from(0))) }) } } /// Eth filter rpc implementation. pub struct EthFilterClient where C: BlockChainClient, M: MinerService { client: Weak, miner: Weak, polls: Mutex>, } impl EthFilterClient where C: BlockChainClient, M: MinerService { /// Creates new Eth filter client. pub fn new(client: &Arc, miner: &Arc) -> Self { EthFilterClient { client: Arc::downgrade(client), miner: Arc::downgrade(miner), polls: Mutex::new(PollManager::new()), } } } impl EthFilter for EthFilterClient where C: BlockChainClient + 'static, M: MinerService + 'static { fn new_filter(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(Filter,)>(params) .and_then(|(filter,)| { let mut polls = self.polls.lock().unwrap(); let block_number = take_weak!(self.client).chain_info().best_block_number; let id = polls.create_poll(PollFilter::Logs(block_number, Default::default(), filter)); to_value(&U256::from(id)) }) } fn new_block_filter(&self, params: Params) -> Result { match params { Params::None => { let mut polls = self.polls.lock().unwrap(); let id = polls.create_poll(PollFilter::Block(take_weak!(self.client).chain_info().best_block_number)); to_value(&U256::from(id)) }, _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()) } } fn new_pending_transaction_filter(&self, params: Params) -> Result { match params { Params::None => { let mut polls = self.polls.lock().unwrap(); let pending_transactions = take_weak!(self.miner).pending_transactions_hashes(); let id = polls.create_poll(PollFilter::PendingTransaction(pending_transactions)); to_value(&U256::from(id)) }, _ => Err(Error::invalid_params()) } } fn filter_changes(&self, params: Params) -> Result { let client = take_weak!(self.client); from_params::<(Index,)>(params) .and_then(|(index,)| { let mut polls = self.polls.lock().unwrap(); match polls.poll_mut(&index.value()) { None => Ok(Value::Array(vec![] as Vec)), Some(filter) => match *filter { PollFilter::Block(ref mut block_number) => { // + 1, cause we want to return hashes including current block hash. let current_number = client.chain_info().best_block_number + 1; let hashes = (*block_number..current_number).into_iter() .map(BlockID::Number) .filter_map(|id| client.block_hash(id)) .collect::>(); *block_number = current_number; to_value(&hashes) }, PollFilter::PendingTransaction(ref mut previous_hashes) => { // get hashes of pending transactions let current_hashes = take_weak!(self.miner).pending_transactions_hashes(); let previous_hashes_set = previous_hashes.into_iter().map(|h| h.clone()).collect::>(); // find all new hashes let new_hashes = current_hashes .iter() .filter(|hash| !previous_hashes_set.contains(&hash)) .cloned() .collect::>(); // save all hashes of pending transactions *previous_hashes = current_hashes; // return new hashes to_value(&new_hashes) }, PollFilter::Logs(ref mut block_number, ref mut previous_logs, ref filter) => { // retrive the current block number let current_number = client.chain_info().best_block_number; // check if we need to check pending hashes let include_pending = filter.to_block == Some(BlockNumber::Pending); // build appropriate filter let mut filter: EthcoreFilter = filter.clone().into(); filter.from_block = BlockID::Number(*block_number); filter.to_block = BlockID::Latest; // retrieve logs in range from_block..min(BlockID::Latest..to_block) let mut logs = client.logs(filter.clone()) .into_iter() .map(From::from) .collect::>(); // additionally retrieve pending logs if include_pending { let pending_logs = pending_logs(take_weak!(self.miner).deref(), &filter); // remove logs about which client was already notified about let new_pending_logs: Vec<_> = pending_logs.iter() .filter(|p| !previous_logs.contains(p)) .cloned() .collect(); // save all logs retrieved by client *previous_logs = pending_logs.into_iter().collect(); // append logs array with new pending logs logs.extend(new_pending_logs); } // save current block number as next from block number *block_number = current_number; to_value(&logs) } } } }) } fn filter_logs(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(Index,)>(params) .and_then(|(index,)| { let mut polls = self.polls.lock().unwrap(); match polls.poll(&index.value()) { Some(&PollFilter::Logs(ref _block_number, ref _previous_log, ref filter)) => { let include_pending = filter.to_block == Some(BlockNumber::Pending); let filter: EthcoreFilter = filter.clone().into(); let mut logs = take_weak!(self.client).logs(filter.clone()) .into_iter() .map(From::from) .collect::>(); if include_pending { logs.extend(pending_logs(take_weak!(self.miner).deref(), &filter)); } to_value(&logs) }, // just empty array _ => Ok(Value::Array(vec![] as Vec)), } }) } fn uninstall_filter(&self, params: Params) -> Result { from_params::<(Index,)>(params) .and_then(|(index,)| { self.polls.lock().unwrap().remove_poll(&index.value()); to_value(&true) }) } }