openethereum/ethcore/src/evm/instructions.rs
Tomasz Drwięga 4c1b74a42e Calculating gas using usize (if supplied gaslimit fits in usize) (#1518)
* Spliting gasometer out of interpreter

* Choosing right gas calculations implementation based on supplied gas

* Moving verification out of gasometer

* MemGasCost benchmark.

Conflicts:
	ethcore/src/evm/benches/mod.rs

* Some simple benchmarks

* Benchmark for simple loop

* Calculating gas_for_memory only when it's actually needed

* Removing superfluous newline [ci skip]
2016-07-05 15:15:44 +02:00

553 lines
25 KiB
Rust

// Copyright 2015, 2016 Ethcore (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Parity.
// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Parity. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
//! VM Instructions list and utility functions
pub type Instruction = u8;
/// Returns true if given instruction is `PUSHN` instruction.
pub fn is_push(i: Instruction) -> bool {
i >= PUSH1 && i <= PUSH32
}
/// Returns number of bytes to read for `PUSHN` instruction
/// PUSH1 -> 1
pub fn get_push_bytes(i: Instruction) -> usize {
assert!(is_push(i), "Only for PUSH instructions.");
(i - PUSH1 + 1) as usize
}
#[test]
fn test_get_push_bytes() {
assert_eq!(get_push_bytes(PUSH1), 1);
assert_eq!(get_push_bytes(PUSH3), 3);
assert_eq!(get_push_bytes(PUSH32), 32);
}
/// Returns stack position of item to duplicate
/// DUP1 -> 0
pub fn get_dup_position(i: Instruction) -> usize {
assert!(i >= DUP1 && i <= DUP16);
(i - DUP1) as usize
}
#[test]
fn test_get_dup_position() {
assert_eq!(get_dup_position(DUP1), 0);
assert_eq!(get_dup_position(DUP5), 4);
assert_eq!(get_dup_position(DUP10), 9);
}
/// Returns stack position of item to SWAP top with
/// SWAP1 -> 1
pub fn get_swap_position(i: Instruction) -> usize {
assert!(i >= SWAP1 && i <= SWAP16);
(i - SWAP1 + 1) as usize
}
#[test]
fn test_get_swap_position() {
assert_eq!(get_swap_position(SWAP1), 1);
assert_eq!(get_swap_position(SWAP5), 5);
assert_eq!(get_swap_position(SWAP10), 10);
}
/// Returns number of topcis to take from stack
/// LOG0 -> 0
pub fn get_log_topics (i: Instruction) -> usize {
assert!(i >= LOG0 && i <= LOG4);
(i - LOG0) as usize
}
#[test]
fn test_get_log_topics() {
assert_eq!(get_log_topics(LOG0), 0);
assert_eq!(get_log_topics(LOG2), 2);
assert_eq!(get_log_topics(LOG4), 4);
}
#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
pub enum GasPriceTier {
/// 0 Zero
Zero,
/// 2 Quick
Base,
/// 3 Fastest
VeryLow,
/// 5 Fast
Low,
/// 8 Mid
Mid,
/// 10 Slow
High,
/// 20 Ext
Ext,
/// Multiparam or otherwise special
Special,
/// Invalid
Invalid
}
/// Returns the index in schedule for specific `GasPriceTier`
pub fn get_tier_idx (tier: GasPriceTier) -> usize {
match tier {
GasPriceTier::Zero => 0,
GasPriceTier::Base => 1,
GasPriceTier::VeryLow => 2,
GasPriceTier::Low => 3,
GasPriceTier::Mid => 4,
GasPriceTier::High => 5,
GasPriceTier::Ext => 6,
GasPriceTier::Special => 7,
GasPriceTier::Invalid => 8
}
}
pub struct InstructionInfo {
pub name: &'static str,
pub additional: usize,
pub args: usize,
pub ret: usize,
pub side_effects: bool,
pub tier: GasPriceTier
}
impl InstructionInfo {
pub fn new(name: &'static str, additional: usize, args: usize, ret: usize, side_effects: bool, tier: GasPriceTier) -> InstructionInfo {
InstructionInfo {
name: name,
additional: additional,
args: args,
ret: ret,
side_effects: side_effects,
tier: tier
}
}
}
#[cfg_attr(rustfmt, rustfmt_skip)]
/// Return details about specific instruction
pub fn get_info(instruction: Instruction) -> InstructionInfo {
match instruction {
STOP => InstructionInfo::new("STOP", 0, 0, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Zero),
ADD => InstructionInfo::new("ADD", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SUB => InstructionInfo::new("SUB", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
MUL => InstructionInfo::new("MUL", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Low),
DIV => InstructionInfo::new("DIV", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Low),
SDIV => InstructionInfo::new("SDIV", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Low),
MOD => InstructionInfo::new("MOD", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Low),
SMOD => InstructionInfo::new("SMOD", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Low),
EXP => InstructionInfo::new("EXP", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Special),
NOT => InstructionInfo::new("NOT", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
LT => InstructionInfo::new("LT", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
GT => InstructionInfo::new("GT", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SLT => InstructionInfo::new("SLT", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SGT => InstructionInfo::new("SGT", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
EQ => InstructionInfo::new("EQ", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
ISZERO => InstructionInfo::new("ISZERO", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
AND => InstructionInfo::new("AND", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
OR => InstructionInfo::new("OR", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
XOR => InstructionInfo::new("XOR", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
BYTE => InstructionInfo::new("BYTE", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
ADDMOD => InstructionInfo::new("ADDMOD", 0, 3, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Mid),
MULMOD => InstructionInfo::new("MULMOD", 0, 3, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Mid),
SIGNEXTEND => InstructionInfo::new("SIGNEXTEND", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Low),
SHA3 => InstructionInfo::new("SHA3", 0, 2, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Special),
ADDRESS => InstructionInfo::new("ADDRESS", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
BALANCE => InstructionInfo::new("BALANCE", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Ext),
ORIGIN => InstructionInfo::new("ORIGIN", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
CALLER => InstructionInfo::new("CALLER", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
CALLVALUE => InstructionInfo::new("CALLVALUE", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
CALLDATALOAD => InstructionInfo::new("CALLDATALOAD", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
CALLDATASIZE => InstructionInfo::new("CALLDATASIZE", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
CALLDATACOPY => InstructionInfo::new("CALLDATACOPY", 0, 3, 0, true, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
CODESIZE => InstructionInfo::new("CODESIZE", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
CODECOPY => InstructionInfo::new("CODECOPY", 0, 3, 0, true, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
GASPRICE => InstructionInfo::new("GASPRICE", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
EXTCODESIZE => InstructionInfo::new("EXTCODESIZE", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Ext),
EXTCODECOPY => InstructionInfo::new("EXTCODECOPY", 0, 4, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Ext),
BLOCKHASH => InstructionInfo::new("BLOCKHASH", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Ext),
COINBASE => InstructionInfo::new("COINBASE", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
TIMESTAMP => InstructionInfo::new("TIMESTAMP", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
NUMBER => InstructionInfo::new("NUMBER", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
DIFFICULTY => InstructionInfo::new("DIFFICULTY", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
GASLIMIT => InstructionInfo::new("GASLIMIT", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
POP => InstructionInfo::new("POP", 0, 1, 0, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
MLOAD => InstructionInfo::new("MLOAD", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
MSTORE => InstructionInfo::new("MSTORE", 0, 2, 0, true, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
MSTORE8 => InstructionInfo::new("MSTORE8", 0, 2, 0, true, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SLOAD => InstructionInfo::new("SLOAD", 0, 1, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Special),
SSTORE => InstructionInfo::new("SSTORE", 0, 2, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special),
JUMP => InstructionInfo::new("JUMP", 0, 1, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Mid),
JUMPI => InstructionInfo::new("JUMPI", 0, 2, 0, true, GasPriceTier::High),
PC => InstructionInfo::new("PC", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
MSIZE => InstructionInfo::new("MSIZE", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
GAS => InstructionInfo::new("GAS", 0, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::Base),
JUMPDEST => InstructionInfo::new("JUMPDEST", 0, 0, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special),
PUSH1 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH1", 1, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH2 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH2", 2, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH3 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH3", 3, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH4 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH4", 4, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH5 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH5", 5, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH6 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH6", 6, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH7 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH7", 7, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH8 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH8", 8, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH9 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH9", 9, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH10 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH10", 10, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH11 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH11", 11, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH12 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH12", 12, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH13 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH13", 13, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH14 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH14", 14, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH15 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH15", 15, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH16 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH16", 16, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH17 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH17", 17, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH18 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH18", 18, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH19 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH19", 19, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH20 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH20", 20, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH21 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH21", 21, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH22 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH22", 22, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH23 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH23", 23, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH24 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH24", 24, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH25 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH25", 25, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH26 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH26", 26, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH27 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH27", 27, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH28 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH28", 28, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH29 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH29", 29, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH30 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH30", 30, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH31 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH31", 31, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
PUSH32 => InstructionInfo::new("PUSH32", 32, 0, 1, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP1 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP1", 0, 1, 2, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP2 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP2", 0, 2, 3, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP3 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP3", 0, 3, 4, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP4 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP4", 0, 4, 5, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP5 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP5", 0, 5, 6, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP6 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP6", 0, 6, 7, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP7 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP7", 0, 7, 8, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP8 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP8", 0, 8, 9, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP9 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP9", 0, 9, 10, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP10 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP10", 0, 10, 11, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP11 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP11", 0, 11, 12, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP12 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP12", 0, 12, 13, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP13 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP13", 0, 13, 14, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP14 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP14", 0, 14, 15, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP15 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP15", 0, 15, 16, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
DUP16 => InstructionInfo::new("DUP16", 0, 16, 17, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP1 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP1", 0, 2, 2, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP2 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP2", 0, 3, 3, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP3 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP3", 0, 4, 4, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP4 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP4", 0, 5, 5, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP5 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP5", 0, 6, 6, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP6 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP6", 0, 7, 7, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP7 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP7", 0, 8, 8, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP8 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP8", 0, 9, 9, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP9 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP9", 0, 10, 10, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP10 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP10", 0, 11, 11, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP11 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP11", 0, 12, 12, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP12 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP12", 0, 13, 13, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP13 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP13", 0, 14, 14, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP14 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP14", 0, 15, 15, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP15 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP15", 0, 16, 16, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
SWAP16 => InstructionInfo::new("SWAP16", 0, 17, 17, false, GasPriceTier::VeryLow),
LOG0 => InstructionInfo::new("LOG0", 0, 2, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special),
LOG1 => InstructionInfo::new("LOG1", 0, 3, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special),
LOG2 => InstructionInfo::new("LOG2", 0, 4, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special),
LOG3 => InstructionInfo::new("LOG3", 0, 5, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special),
LOG4 => InstructionInfo::new("LOG4", 0, 6, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Special),
CREATE => InstructionInfo::new("CREATE", 0, 3, 1, true, GasPriceTier::Special),
CALL => InstructionInfo::new("CALL", 0, 7, 1, true, GasPriceTier::Special),
CALLCODE => InstructionInfo::new("CALLCODE", 0, 7, 1, true, GasPriceTier::Special),
RETURN => InstructionInfo::new("RETURN", 0, 2, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Zero),
DELEGATECALL => InstructionInfo::new("DELEGATECALL", 0, 6, 1, true, GasPriceTier::Special),
SUICIDE => InstructionInfo::new("SUICIDE", 0, 1, 0, true, GasPriceTier::Zero),
_ => InstructionInfo::new("INVALID_INSTRUCTION", 0, 0, 0, false, GasPriceTier::Invalid)
}
}
/// Virtual machine bytecode instruction.
/// halts execution
pub const STOP: Instruction = 0x00;
/// addition operation
pub const ADD: Instruction = 0x01;
/// mulitplication operation
pub const MUL: Instruction = 0x02;
/// subtraction operation
pub const SUB: Instruction = 0x03;
/// integer division operation
pub const DIV: Instruction = 0x04;
/// signed integer division operation
pub const SDIV: Instruction = 0x05;
/// modulo remainder operation
pub const MOD: Instruction = 0x06;
/// signed modulo remainder operation
pub const SMOD: Instruction = 0x07;
/// unsigned modular addition
pub const ADDMOD: Instruction = 0x08;
/// unsigned modular multiplication
pub const MULMOD: Instruction = 0x09;
/// exponential operation
pub const EXP: Instruction = 0x0a;
/// extend length of signed integer
pub const SIGNEXTEND: Instruction = 0x0b;
/// less-than comparision
pub const LT: Instruction = 0x10;
/// greater-than comparision
pub const GT: Instruction = 0x11;
/// signed less-than comparision
pub const SLT: Instruction = 0x12;
/// signed greater-than comparision
pub const SGT: Instruction = 0x13;
/// equality comparision
pub const EQ: Instruction = 0x14;
/// simple not operator
pub const ISZERO: Instruction = 0x15;
/// bitwise AND operation
pub const AND: Instruction = 0x16;
/// bitwise OR operation
pub const OR: Instruction = 0x17;
/// bitwise XOR operation
pub const XOR: Instruction = 0x18;
/// bitwise NOT opertation
pub const NOT: Instruction = 0x19;
/// retrieve single byte from word
pub const BYTE: Instruction = 0x1a;
/// compute SHA3-256 hash
pub const SHA3: Instruction = 0x20;
/// get address of currently executing account
pub const ADDRESS: Instruction = 0x30;
/// get balance of the given account
pub const BALANCE: Instruction = 0x31;
/// get execution origination address
pub const ORIGIN: Instruction = 0x32;
/// get caller address
pub const CALLER: Instruction = 0x33;
/// get deposited value by the instruction/transaction responsible for this execution
pub const CALLVALUE: Instruction = 0x34;
/// get input data of current environment
pub const CALLDATALOAD: Instruction = 0x35;
/// get size of input data in current environment
pub const CALLDATASIZE: Instruction = 0x36;
/// copy input data in current environment to memory
pub const CALLDATACOPY: Instruction = 0x37;
/// get size of code running in current environment
pub const CODESIZE: Instruction = 0x38;
/// copy code running in current environment to memory
pub const CODECOPY: Instruction = 0x39;
/// get price of gas in current environment
pub const GASPRICE: Instruction = 0x3a;
/// get external code size (from another contract)
pub const EXTCODESIZE: Instruction = 0x3b;
/// copy external code (from another contract)
pub const EXTCODECOPY: Instruction = 0x3c;
/// get hash of most recent complete block
pub const BLOCKHASH: Instruction = 0x40;
/// get the block's coinbase address
pub const COINBASE: Instruction = 0x41;
/// get the block's timestamp
pub const TIMESTAMP: Instruction = 0x42;
/// get the block's number
pub const NUMBER: Instruction = 0x43;
/// get the block's difficulty
pub const DIFFICULTY: Instruction = 0x44;
/// get the block's gas limit
pub const GASLIMIT: Instruction = 0x45;
/// remove item from stack
pub const POP: Instruction = 0x50;
/// load word from memory
pub const MLOAD: Instruction = 0x51;
/// save word to memory
pub const MSTORE: Instruction = 0x52;
/// save byte to memory
pub const MSTORE8: Instruction = 0x53;
/// load word from storage
pub const SLOAD: Instruction = 0x54;
/// save word to storage
pub const SSTORE: Instruction = 0x55;
/// alter the program counter
pub const JUMP: Instruction = 0x56;
/// conditionally alter the program counter
pub const JUMPI: Instruction = 0x57;
/// get the program counter
pub const PC: Instruction = 0x58;
/// get the size of active memory
pub const MSIZE: Instruction = 0x59;
/// get the amount of available gas
pub const GAS: Instruction = 0x5a;
/// set a potential jump destination
pub const JUMPDEST: Instruction = 0x5b;
/// place 1 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH1: Instruction = 0x60;
/// place 2 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH2: Instruction = 0x61;
/// place 3 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH3: Instruction = 0x62;
/// place 4 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH4: Instruction = 0x63;
/// place 5 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH5: Instruction = 0x64;
/// place 6 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH6: Instruction = 0x65;
/// place 7 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH7: Instruction = 0x66;
/// place 8 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH8: Instruction = 0x67;
/// place 9 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH9: Instruction = 0x68;
/// place 10 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH10: Instruction = 0x69;
/// place 11 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH11: Instruction = 0x6a;
/// place 12 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH12: Instruction = 0x6b;
/// place 13 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH13: Instruction = 0x6c;
/// place 14 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH14: Instruction = 0x6d;
/// place 15 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH15: Instruction = 0x6e;
/// place 16 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH16: Instruction = 0x6f;
/// place 17 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH17: Instruction = 0x70;
/// place 18 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH18: Instruction = 0x71;
/// place 19 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH19: Instruction = 0x72;
/// place 20 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH20: Instruction = 0x73;
/// place 21 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH21: Instruction = 0x74;
/// place 22 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH22: Instruction = 0x75;
/// place 23 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH23: Instruction = 0x76;
/// place 24 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH24: Instruction = 0x77;
/// place 25 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH25: Instruction = 0x78;
/// place 26 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH26: Instruction = 0x79;
/// place 27 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH27: Instruction = 0x7a;
/// place 28 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH28: Instruction = 0x7b;
/// place 29 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH29: Instruction = 0x7c;
/// place 30 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH30: Instruction = 0x7d;
/// place 31 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH31: Instruction = 0x7e;
/// place 32 byte item on stack
pub const PUSH32: Instruction = 0x7f;
/// copies the highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP1: Instruction = 0x80;
/// copies the second highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP2: Instruction = 0x81;
/// copies the third highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP3: Instruction = 0x82;
/// copies the 4th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP4: Instruction = 0x83;
/// copies the 5th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP5: Instruction = 0x84;
/// copies the 6th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP6: Instruction = 0x85;
/// copies the 7th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP7: Instruction = 0x86;
/// copies the 8th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP8: Instruction = 0x87;
/// copies the 9th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP9: Instruction = 0x88;
/// copies the 10th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP10: Instruction = 0x89;
/// copies the 11th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP11: Instruction = 0x8a;
/// copies the 12th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP12: Instruction = 0x8b;
/// copies the 13th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP13: Instruction = 0x8c;
/// copies the 14th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP14: Instruction = 0x8d;
/// copies the 15th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP15: Instruction = 0x8e;
/// copies the 16th highest item in the stack to the top of the stack
pub const DUP16: Instruction = 0x8f;
/// swaps the highest and second highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP1: Instruction = 0x90;
/// swaps the highest and third highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP2: Instruction = 0x91;
/// swaps the highest and 4th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP3: Instruction = 0x92;
/// swaps the highest and 5th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP4: Instruction = 0x93;
/// swaps the highest and 6th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP5: Instruction = 0x94;
/// swaps the highest and 7th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP6: Instruction = 0x95;
/// swaps the highest and 8th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP7: Instruction = 0x96;
/// swaps the highest and 9th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP8: Instruction = 0x97;
/// swaps the highest and 10th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP9: Instruction = 0x98;
/// swaps the highest and 11th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP10: Instruction = 0x99;
/// swaps the highest and 12th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP11: Instruction = 0x9a;
/// swaps the highest and 13th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP12: Instruction = 0x9b;
/// swaps the highest and 14th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP13: Instruction = 0x9c;
/// swaps the highest and 15th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP14: Instruction = 0x9d;
/// swaps the highest and 16th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP15: Instruction = 0x9e;
/// swaps the highest and 17th highest value on the stack
pub const SWAP16: Instruction = 0x9f;
/// Makes a log entry; no topics.
pub const LOG0: Instruction = 0xa0;
/// Makes a log entry; 1 topic.
pub const LOG1: Instruction = 0xa1;
/// Makes a log entry; 2 topics.
pub const LOG2: Instruction = 0xa2;
/// Makes a log entry; 3 topics.
pub const LOG3: Instruction = 0xa3;
/// Makes a log entry; 4 topics.
pub const LOG4: Instruction = 0xa4;
/// Maximal number of topics for log instructions
pub const MAX_NO_OF_TOPICS : usize = 4;
/// create a new account with associated code
pub const CREATE: Instruction = 0xf0;
/// message-call into an account
pub const CALL: Instruction = 0xf1;
/// message-call with another account's code only
pub const CALLCODE: Instruction = 0xf2;
/// halt execution returning output data
pub const RETURN: Instruction = 0xf3;
/// like CALLCODE but keeps caller's value and sender
pub const DELEGATECALL: Instruction = 0xf4;
/// halt execution and register account for later deletion
pub const SUICIDE: Instruction = 0xff;