v2.5.7 stable (#11006)

* [trace] check mem diff within range (#11002)

* Update version (v2.5.7-stable)

.github/CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -24,7 +24,42 @@ Also, try to include **steps to reproduce** the issue and expand on the **actual
 
 If you would like to contribute to Parity Ethereum, please **fork it**, fix bugs or implement features, and [propose a pull request](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/compare).
 
-Please, refer to the [Coding Guide](https://wiki.parity.io/Coding-guide) in our wiki for more details about hacking on Parity.
+### Labels & Milestones
+
+We use [labels](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/labels) to manage PRs and issues and communicate the state of a PR. Please familiarize yourself with them. Furthermore we are organizing issues in [milestones](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/milestones). Best way to get started is to a pick a ticket from the current milestone tagged [`easy`](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/labels/Q2-easy%20%F0%9F%92%83) and get going, or [`mentor`](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/labels/Q1-mentor%20%F0%9F%95%BA) and get in contact with the mentor offering their support on that larger task.
+
+### Rules
+
+There are a few basic ground-rules for contributors (including the maintainer(s) of the project):
+
+* **No pushing directly to the master branch**.
+* **All modifications** must be made in a **pull-request** to solicit feedback from other contributors.
+* Pull-requests cannot be merged before CI runs green and two reviewers have given their approval.
+* Contributors should adhere to the [Parity Ethereum Style Guide](https://wiki.parity.io/Parity-Ethereum-Style-Guide).
+
+### Recommendations
+
+* **Non-master branch names** *should* be prefixed with a short name moniker, followed by the associated Github Issue ID (if any), and a brief description of the task using the format `<GITHUB_USERNAME>-<ISSUE_ID>-<BRIEF_DESCRIPTION>` (e.g. `gavin-123-readme`). The name moniker helps people to inquiry about their unfinished work, and the GitHub Issue ID helps your future self and other developers (particularly those who are onboarding) find out about and understand the original scope of the task, and where it fits into Parity Ethereum [Projects](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/projects).
+* **Remove stale branches periodically**
+
+### Preparing Pull Requests
+
+* If your PR does not alter any logic (e.g. comments, dependencies, docs), then it may be tagged [`insubstantial`](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pulls?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Apr+label%3A%22A2-insubstantial+%F0%9F%91%B6%22).
+
+* Once a PR is ready for review please add the [`pleasereview`](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pulls?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=is%3Aopen+is%3Apr+label%3A%22A0-pleasereview+%F0%9F%A4%93%22+) label.
+
+### Reviewing Pull Requests*:
+
+* At least two reviewers are required to review PRs (even for PRs tagged [`insubstantial`](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pulls?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Apr+label%3A%22A2-insubstantial+%F0%9F%91%B6%22)).
+
+When doing a review, make sure to look for any:
+
+* Buggy behavior.
+* Undue maintenance burden.
+* Breaking with house coding style.
+* Pessimization (i.e. reduction of speed as measured in the projects benchmarks).
+* Breaking changes should be carefuly reviewed and tagged as such so they end up in the [changelog](../CHANGELOG.md).
+* Uselessness (i.e. it does not strictly add a feature or fix a known issue).
 
 ## License.
 

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -2,18 +2,22 @@ stages:
   - test
   - build
   - publish
-  - publish-onchain
   - optional
 
-image:                             parity/rust:gitlab-ci
-
+image:                             parity/parity-ci-linux:latest
 variables:
   GIT_STRATEGY:                    fetch
   GIT_SUBMODULE_STRATEGY:          recursive
   CI_SERVER_NAME:                  "GitLab CI"
-  CARGO_HOME:                      "${CI_PROJECT_DIR}/.cargo"
+  CARGO_HOME:                      "/ci-cache/${CI_PROJECT_NAME}/cargo/${CI_JOB_NAME}"
+  SCCACHE_DIR:                     "/ci-cache/${CI_PROJECT_NAME}/sccache"
   CARGO_TARGET:                    x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
 
+.no_git:                           &no_git # disable git strategy
+  variables:
+    GIT_STRATEGY:                  none
+    GIT_SUBMODULE_STRATEGY:        none
+
 .releaseable_branches:             # list of git refs for building GitLab artifacts (think "pre-release binaries")
   only:                            &releaseable_branches
     - stable
@@ -21,186 +25,316 @@ variables:
     - tags
     - schedules
 
-
 .collect_artifacts:                &collect_artifacts
   artifacts:
     name:                          "${CI_JOB_NAME}_${SCHEDULE_TAG:-${CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME}}"
     when:                          on_success
     expire_in:                     1 mos
     paths:
-    - artifacts/
+      - artifacts/
+      - tools/
 
-.determine_version:                &determine_version
-  - VERSION="$(sed -r -n '1,/^version/s/^version = "([^"]+)".*$/\1/p' Cargo.toml)"
-  - DATE_STR="$(date +%Y%m%d)"
-  - ID_SHORT="$(echo ${CI_COMMIT_SHA} | cut -c 1-7)"
-  - test "${SCHEDULE_TAG:-${CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME}}" = "nightly" && VERSION="${VERSION}-${ID_SHORT}-${DATE_STR}"
-  - export VERSION
-  - echo "Version = ${VERSION}"
+.docker-cache-status:              &docker-cache-status
+  variables:
+    CARGO_HOME:                    "/ci-cache/parity-ethereum/cargo/${CI_JOB_NAME}"
+  dependencies:                    []
+  before_script:
+    - rustup show
+    - cargo --version
+    - SCCACHE_ERROR_LOG=/builds/parity/parity-ethereum/sccache_debug.log
+        RUST_LOG=sccache=debug
+        sccache --start-server
+    - sccache -s
+  after_script:
+    # sccache debug info 
+    - if test -e sccache_debug.log;
+      then
+        echo "_____All crate-types:_____";
+        grep 'parse_arguments.*--crate-type' sccache_debug.log | sed -re 's/.*"--crate-type", "([^"]+)".*/\1/' | sort | uniq -c;
+        echo "_____Non-cacheable reasons:_____";
+        grep CannotCache sccache_debug.log | sed -re 's/.*CannotCache\((.+)\).*/\1/' | sort | uniq -c;
+      else
+        echo "_____No logs from sccache_____";
+        exit 0;
+      fi
+  tags:
+    - linux-docker
+
+.build-on-linux:                   &build-on-linux
+  stage:                           build
+  <<:                              *docker-cache-status
+  <<:                              *collect_artifacts
+  script:
+    - scripts/gitlab/build-linux.sh
+    - sccache -s
+  after_script:
+    - mkdir -p tools
+    - cp -r scripts/docker/hub/* ./tools
+    - cp scripts/gitlab/publish-snap.sh ./tools
+    - cp scripts/gitlab/publish-onchain.sh ./tools
+    - cp scripts/gitlab/safe-curl.sh ./tools
+    - echo v"$(sed -r -n '1,/^version/s/^version\s*=\s*"([^"]+)".*$/\1/p' Cargo.toml)" |
+      tee ./tools/VERSION
+    - echo "$(sed -r -n '1,/^track/s/^track\s*=\s*"([^"]+)".*$/\1/p' ./util/version/Cargo.toml)" |
+      tee ./tools/TRACK
+
+
+cargo-check 0 3:
+  stage:                           test
+  <<:                              *docker-cache-status
+  script:
+    - time cargo check --target $CARGO_TARGET --locked --no-default-features --verbose --color=always
+    - sccache -s
+
+cargo-check 1 3:
+  stage:                           test
+  <<:                              *docker-cache-status
+  script:
+    - time cargo check --target $CARGO_TARGET --locked --manifest-path util/io/Cargo.toml --no-default-features --verbose --color=always
+    - sccache -s
+
+cargo-check 2 3:
+  stage:                           test
+  <<:                              *docker-cache-status
+  script:
+    - time cargo check --target $CARGO_TARGET --locked --manifest-path util/io/Cargo.toml --features "mio" --verbose --color=always
+    - sccache -s
+
+cargo-audit:
+  stage:                           test
+  <<:                              *docker-cache-status
+  script:
+    - cargo audit
+  allow_failure:                   true # failed cargo audit shouldn't prevent a PR from being merged
+
+validate-chainspecs:
+  stage:                           test
+  <<:                              *docker-cache-status
+  script:
+    - ./scripts/gitlab/validate-chainspecs.sh
+    - sccache -s
+
+test-cpp:
+  stage:                           build
+  <<:                              *docker-cache-status
+  script:
+    - ./scripts/gitlab/test-cpp.sh
+    - sccache -s
 
 test-linux:
-  stage:                           test
-  variables:
-    RUN_TESTS:                     all
+  stage:                           build
+  <<:                              *docker-cache-status
   script:
-    - scripts/gitlab/test-all.sh
+    - ./scripts/gitlab/test-linux.sh stable
     - sccache -s
-  tags:
-    - linux-docker
 
-test-audit:
-  stage:                           test
-  script:
-    - set -e
-    - set -u
-    - cargo audit
-  tags:
-    - linux-docker
-
-build-linux:
+test-linux-beta:
   stage:                           build
   only:                            *releaseable_branches
+  <<:                              *docker-cache-status
   script:
-    - scripts/gitlab/build-unix.sh
+    - ./scripts/gitlab/test-linux.sh beta
     - sccache -s
-  <<:                              *collect_artifacts
-  tags:
-    - linux-docker
+
+test-linux-nightly:
+  stage:                           build
+  only:                            *releaseable_branches
+  <<:                              *docker-cache-status
+  script:
+    - ./scripts/gitlab/test-linux.sh nightly
+    - sccache -s
+  allow_failure:                   true
+
+build-android:
+  <<:                              *build-on-linux
+  image:                           parity/parity-ci-android:stretch
+  variables:
+    CARGO_TARGET:                  armv7-linux-androideabi
+
+build-linux:
+  <<:                              *build-on-linux
+  # only:                            *releaseable_branches
+
+build-linux-i386:
+  <<:                              *build-on-linux
+  only:                            *releaseable_branches
+  image:                           parity/parity-ci-i386:latest
+  variables:
+    CARGO_TARGET:                  i686-unknown-linux-gnu
+
+build-linux-arm64:
+  <<:                              *build-on-linux
+  only:                            *releaseable_branches
+  image:                           parity/parity-ci-arm64:latest
+  variables:
+    CARGO_TARGET:                  aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
+
+build-linux-armhf:
+  <<:                              *build-on-linux
+  only:                            *releaseable_branches
+  image:                           parity/parity-ci-armhf:latest
+  variables:
+    CARGO_TARGET:                  armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf
 
 build-darwin:
   stage:                           build
+  <<:                              *collect_artifacts
   only:                            *releaseable_branches
   variables:
     CARGO_TARGET:                  x86_64-apple-darwin
+    CARGO_HOME:                    "${CI_PROJECT_DIR}/.cargo"
     CC:                            gcc
     CXX:                           g++
   script:
-    - scripts/gitlab/build-unix.sh
+    - scripts/gitlab/build-linux.sh
   tags:
     - rust-osx
-  <<:                              *collect_artifacts
 
 build-windows:
   stage:                           build
+  <<:                              *collect_artifacts
   only:                            *releaseable_branches
   variables:
     CARGO_TARGET:                  x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+    CARGO_HOME:                    "C:/ci-cache/parity-ethereum/cargo/$CI_JOB_NAME"
+    GIT_SUBMODULE_STRATEGY:        none
   script:
     - sh scripts/gitlab/build-windows.sh
   tags:
-   - rust-windows
-  <<:                              *collect_artifacts
+    - rust-windows
 
 publish-docker:
   stage:                           publish
+  <<:                              *no_git
   only:                            *releaseable_branches
-  cache: {}
+  except:
+    variables:
+      - $SCHEDULE_TAG == "nightly"
   dependencies:
     - build-linux
-  tags:
-    - shell
+  environment:
+    name: parity-build
+  cache:                           {}
+  image:                           docker:stable
+  services:
+    - docker:dind
+  variables:
+    DOCKER_HOST:                   tcp://localhost:2375
+    DOCKER_DRIVER:                 overlay2
+    GIT_STRATEGY:                  none
+    # DOCKERFILE:                  tools/Dockerfile
+    # CONTAINER_IMAGE:             parity/parity 
   script:
-    - scripts/gitlab/publish-docker.sh parity
+    # we stopped pushing nightlies to dockerhub, will push to own registry prb.
+    - ./tools/publish-docker.sh
+  tags:
+    - kubernetes-parity-build
 
-publish-snap:
-  stage:                           optional #publish
+publish-snap:                      &publish-snap
+  stage:                           publish
+  <<:                              *no_git
   only:                            *releaseable_branches
   image:                           snapcore/snapcraft
   variables:
-    BUILD_ARCH:                  amd64
-  cache: {}
-  before_script:                   *determine_version
+    BUILD_ARCH:                    amd64
+  cache:                           {}
   dependencies:
     - build-linux
   tags:
-    - rust-stable
+    - linux-docker
   script:
-    - scripts/gitlab/publish-snap.sh
-  allow_failure:                   true
-  <<:                              *collect_artifacts
+    - ./tools/publish-snap.sh
 
-publish-onnet-update:
-  stage:                           publish-onchain
+publish-snap-i386:
+  <<:                              *publish-snap
+  variables:
+    BUILD_ARCH:                    i386
+    CARGO_TARGET:                  i686-unknown-linux-gnu
+  dependencies:
+    - build-linux-i386
+
+publish-snap-arm64:
+  <<:                              *publish-snap
+  variables:
+    BUILD_ARCH:                    arm64
+    CARGO_TARGET:                  aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
+  dependencies:
+    - build-linux-arm64
+
+publish-snap-armhf:
+  <<:                              *publish-snap
+  variables:
+    BUILD_ARCH:                    armhf
+    CARGO_TARGET:                  armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf
+  dependencies:
+    - build-linux-armhf
+
+publish-onchain:
+  stage:                           publish
+  <<:                              *no_git
   only:                            *releaseable_branches
   cache:                           {}
   dependencies:
     - build-linux
     - build-darwin
     - build-windows
-    - publish-awss3-release
-  before_script:                   *determine_version
   script:
-    - scripts/gitlab/publish-onnet-update.sh
+    - ./tools/publish-onchain.sh
   tags:
     - linux-docker
 
-# configures aws for fast uploads/syncs
-.s3-before-script:                &s3-before-script
-  before_script:
-    - mkdir -p ${HOME}/.aws
-    - |
-      cat > ${HOME}/.aws/config <<EOC
-      [default]
-      s3 =
-        max_concurrent_requests = 20
-        max_queue_size = 10000
-        multipart_threshold = 64MB
-        multipart_chunksize = 16MB
-        max_bandwidth = 50MB/s
-        use_accelerate_endpoint = false
-        addressing_style = path
-      EOC
-
 publish-awss3-release:
   image:                           parity/awscli:latest
   stage:                           publish
   only:                            *releaseable_branches
+  <<:                              *no_git
   cache:                           {}
   dependencies:
     - build-linux
     - build-darwin
     - build-windows
-  variables:
-    GIT_STRATEGY:                  none
-  <<:                              *s3-before-script
   script:
     - echo "__________Push binaries to AWS S3____________"
     - case "${SCHEDULE_TAG:-${CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME}}" in
-        (beta|stable|nightly)
-          export BUCKET=releases.parity.io/ethereum;
-          ;;
-        (*)
-          export BUCKET=builds-parity;
-          ;;
-      esac
+       (beta|stable|nightly)
+         export BUCKET=releases.parity.io/ethereum;
+         ;;
+       (*)
+         export BUCKET=builds-parity;
+         ;;
+     esac
     - aws s3 sync ./artifacts s3://${BUCKET}/${SCHEDULE_TAG:-${CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME}}/
-  after_script:
-    - aws s3 ls s3://${BUCKET}/${SCHEDULE_TAG:-${CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME}}/
-        --recursive --human-readable --summarize
+    - echo "__________Read from S3____________"
+    - aws s3 ls s3://${BUCKET}/${SCHEDULE_TAG:-${CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME}} --recursive --human-readable --summarize
   tags:
-  - linux-docker
+    - linux-docker
 
 publish-docs:
-  stage:                            publish
+  stage:                           publish
+  image:                           parity/parity-ci-docs:latest
   only:
     - tags
   except:
     - nightly
-  cache: {}
+  cache:                           {}
+  dependencies:                    []
   script:
     - scripts/gitlab/publish-docs.sh
   tags:
     - linux-docker
+  allow_failure:                   true
 
-build-android:
-  stage:                           optional
-  image:                           parity/rust-android:gitlab-ci
-  variables:
-    CARGO_TARGET:                  armv7-linux-androideabi
+publish-av-whitelist:
+  stage:                          publish
+  <<:                             *no_git
+  only:                           *releaseable_branches
+  except:
+    variables:
+      - $SCHEDULE_TAG == "nightly"
+  cache:                          {}
+  dependencies:
+    - build-windows
   script:
-    - scripts/gitlab/build-unix.sh
+    - scripts/gitlab/publish-av-whitelists.sh
   tags:
     - linux-docker
-  allow_failure:                   true
-  <<:                              *collect_artifacts
-

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,174 +1,95 @@
-## Parity-Ethereum [v2.3.0](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.3.0) (2019-01-16)
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.5.6](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.5.5)
 
-Parity-Ethereum 2.3.0-beta is a consensus-relevant security release that reverts Constantinople on the Ethereum network. Upgrading is mandatory for Ethereum, and strongly recommended for other networks.
+Parity-Ethereum v2.5.6-stable is a bugfix release that improves stability.
 
-- **Consensus** - Ethereum Network: Pull Constantinople protocol upgrade on Ethereum (#10189)
-  - Read more: [Security Alert: Ethereum Constantinople Postponement](https://blog.ethereum.org/2019/01/15/security-alert-ethereum-constantinople-postponement/)
-- **Networking** - All networks: Ping nodes from discovery (#10167)
-- **Wasm** - Kovan Network: Update pwasm-utils to 0.6.1 (#10134)
-
-Other notable changes:
-
-- Existing blocks in the database are now kept when restoring a Snapshot. (#8643)
-- Block and transaction propagation is improved significantly. (#9954)
-- The ERC-191 Signed Data Standard is now supported by `personal_sign191`. (#9701)
-- Add support for ERC-191/712 `eth_signTypedData` as a standard for machine-verifiable and human-readable typed data signing with Ethereum keys. (#9631)
-- Add support for ERC-1186 `eth_getProof` (#9001)
-- Add experimental RPCs flag to enable ERC-191, ERC-712, and ERC-1186 APIs via `--jsonrpc-experimental` (#9928)
-- Make `CALLCODE` to trace value to be the code address. (#9881)
-
-Configuration changes:
-
-- The EIP-98 transition is now disabled by default. If you previously had no `eip98transition` specified in your chain specification, you would enable this now manually on block `0x0`. (#9955)
-- Also, unknown fields in chain specs are now rejected. (#9972)
-- The Tendermint engine was removed from Parity Ethereum and is no longer available and maintained. (#9980)
-- Ropsten testnet data and keys moved from `test/` to `ropsten/` subdir. To reuse your old keys and data either copy or symlink them to the new location.  (#10123)
-- Strict empty steps validation (#10041)
-  - If you have a chain with`empty_steps` already running, some blocks most likely contain non-strict entries (unordered or duplicated empty steps). In this release `strict_empty_steps_transition` is enabled by default at block `0x0` for any chain with `empty_steps`.
-  - If your network uses `empty_steps` you **must** (A) plan a hard fork and change `strict_empty_steps_transition` to the desired fork block and (B) update the clients of the whole network to 2.2.7-stable / 2.3.0-beta. If for some reason you don't want to do this please set`strict_empty_steps_transition` to `0xfffffffff` to disable it.
-
-_Note:_ This release marks Parity 2.3 as _beta_. All versions of Parity 2.2 are now considered _stable_.
+* Allow specifying hostnames for node URLs
+* Fix a bug where archive nodes were losing peers
 
 The full list of included changes:
 
-- Backports for 2.3.0 beta ([#10164](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10164))
-- Snap: fix path in script ([#10157](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10157))
-- Make sure parent block is not in importing queue when importing ancient blocks ([#10138](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10138))
-- Ci: re-enable snap publishing ([#10142](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10142))
-- Hf in POA Core (2019-01-18) - Constantinople ([#10155](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10155))
-- Update EWF's tobalaba chainspec ([#10152](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10152))
-- Replace ethcore-logger with env-logger. ([#10102](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10102))
-- Finality: dont require chain head to be in the chain ([#10054](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10054))
-- Remove caching for node connections ([#10143](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10143))
-- Blooms file iterator empty on out of range position. ([#10145](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10145))
-- Autogen docs for the "Configuring Parity Ethereum" wiki page. ([#10067](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10067))
-- Misc: bump license header to 2019 ([#10135](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10135))
-- Hide most of the logs from cpp example. ([#10139](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10139))
-- Don't try to send oversized packets ([#10042](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10042))
-- Private tx enabled flag added into STATUS packet ([#9999](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9999))
-- Update pwasm-utils to 0.6.1 ([#10134](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10134))
-- Extract blockchain from ethcore ([#10114](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10114))
-- Ethcore: update hardcoded headers ([#10123](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10123))
-- Identity fix ([#10128](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10128))
-- Use LenCachingMutex to optimize verification. ([#10117](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10117))
-- Pyethereum keystore support ([#9710](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9710))
-- Bump rocksdb-sys to 0.5.5 ([#10124](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10124))
-- Parity-clib: `async C bindings to RPC requests` + `subscribe/unsubscribe to websocket events` ([#9920](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9920))
-- Refactor (hardware wallet) : reduce the number of threads ([#9644](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9644))
-- Hf in POA Sokol (2019-01-04) ([#10077](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10077))
-- Fix broken links ([#10119](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10119))
-- Follow-up to [#10105](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/10105) ([#10107](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10107))
-- Move EIP-712 crate back to parity-ethereum ([#10106](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10106))
-- Move a bunch of stuff around ([#10101](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10101))
-- Revert "Add --frozen when running cargo ([#10081](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10081))" ([#10105](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10105))
-- Fix left over small grumbles on whitespaces ([#10084](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10084))
-- Add --frozen when running cargo ([#10081](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10081))
-- Fix pubsub new_blocks notifications to include all blocks ([#9987](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9987))
-- Update some dependencies for compilation with pc-windows-gnu ([#10082](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10082))
-- Fill transaction hash on ethGetLog of light client. ([#9938](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9938))
-- Update changelog update for 2.2.5-beta and 2.1.10-stable ([#10064](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10064))
-- Implement len caching for parking_lot RwLock ([#10032](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10032))
-- Update parking_lot to 0.7 ([#10050](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10050))
-- Bump crossbeam. ([#10048](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10048))
-- Ethcore: enable constantinople on ethereum ([#10031](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10031))
-- Strict empty steps validation ([#10041](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10041))
-- Center the Subtitle, use some CAPS ([#10034](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10034))
-- Change test miner max memory to malloc reports. ([#10024](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10024))
-- Sort the storage for private state ([#10018](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10018))
-- Fix: test corpus_inaccessible panic ([#10019](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10019))
-- Ci: move future releases to ethereum subdir on s3 ([#10017](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10017))
-- Light(on_demand): decrease default time window to 10 secs ([#10016](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10016))
-- Light client : failsafe crate (circuit breaker) ([#9790](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9790))
-- Lencachingmutex ([#9988](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9988))
-- Version and notification for private contract wrapper added ([#9761](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9761))
-- Handle failing case for update account cache in require ([#9989](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9989))
-- Add tokio runtime to ethcore io worker ([#9979](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9979))
-- Move daemonize before creating account provider ([#10003](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10003))
-- Docs: update changelogs ([#9990](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9990))
-- Fix daemonize ([#10000](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10000))
-- Fix Bloom migration ([#9992](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9992))
-- Remove tendermint engine support ([#9980](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9980))
-- Calculate gas for deployment transaction ([#9840](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9840))
-- Fix unstable peers and slowness in sync ([#9967](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9967))
-- Adds parity_verifySignature RPC method ([#9507](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9507))
-- Improve block and transaction propagation ([#9954](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9954))
-- Deny unknown fields for chainspec ([#9972](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9972))
-- Fix docker build ([#9971](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9971))
-- Ci: rearrange pipeline by logic ([#9970](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9970))
-- Add changelogs for 2.0.9, 2.1.4, 2.1.6, and 2.2.1 ([#9963](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9963))
-- Add Error message when sync is still in progress. ([#9475](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9475))
-- Make CALLCODE to trace value to be the code address ([#9881](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9881))
-- Fix light client informant while syncing ([#9932](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9932))
-- Add a optional json dump state to evm-bin ([#9706](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9706))
-- Disable EIP-98 transition by default ([#9955](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9955))
-- Remove secret_store runtimes. ([#9888](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9888))
-- Fix a deadlock ([#9952](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9952))
-- Chore(eip712): remove unused `failure-derive` ([#9958](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9958))
-- Do not use the home directory as the working dir in docker ([#9834](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9834))
-- Prevent silent errors in daemon mode, closes [#9367](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/9367) ([#9946](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9946))
-- Fix empty steps ([#9939](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9939))
-- Adjust requests costs for light client ([#9925](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9925))
-- Eip-1186: add `eth_getProof` RPC-Method ([#9001](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9001))
-- Missing blocks in filter_changes RPC ([#9947](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9947))
-- Allow rust-nightly builds fail in nightly builds ([#9944](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9944))
-- Update eth-secp256k1 to include fix for BSDs ([#9935](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9935))
-- Unbreak build on rust -stable ([#9934](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9934))
-- Keep existing blocks when restoring a Snapshot ([#8643](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/8643))
-- Add experimental RPCs flag ([#9928](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9928))
-- Clarify poll lifetime ([#9922](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9922))
-- Docs(require rust 1.30) ([#9923](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9923))
-- Use block header for building finality ([#9914](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9914))
-- Simplify cargo audit ([#9918](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9918))
-- Light-fetch: Differentiate between out-of-gas/manual throw and use required gas from response on failure ([#9824](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9824))
-- Eip 191 ([#9701](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9701))
-- Fix(logger): `reqwest` no longer a dependency ([#9908](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9908))
-- Remove rust-toolchain file ([#9906](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9906))
-- Foundation: 6692865, ropsten: 4417537, kovan: 9363457 ([#9907](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9907))
-- Ethcore: use Machine::verify_transaction on parent block ([#9900](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9900))
-- Chore(rpc-tests): remove unused rand ([#9896](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9896))
-- Fix: Intermittent failing CI due to addr in use ([#9885](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9885))
-- Chore(bump docopt): 0.8 -> 1.0 ([#9889](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9889))
-- Use expect ([#9883](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9883))
-- Use Weak reference in PubSubClient ([#9886](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9886))
-- Ci: nuke the gitlab caches ([#9855](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9855))
-- Remove unused code ([#9884](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9884))
-- Fix json tracer overflow ([#9873](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9873))
-- Allow to seal work on latest block ([#9876](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9876))
-- Fix docker script ([#9854](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9854))
-- Health endpoint ([#9847](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9847))
-- Gitlab-ci: make android release build succeed ([#9743](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9743))
-- Clean up existing benchmarks ([#9839](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9839))
-- Update Callisto block reward code to support HF1 ([#9811](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9811))
-- Option to disable keep alive for JSON-RPC http transport ([#9848](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9848))
-- Classic.json Bootnode Update ([#9828](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9828))
-- Support MIX. ([#9767](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9767))
-- Ci: remove failing tests for android, windows, and macos ([#9788](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9788))
-- Implement NoProof for json tests and update tests reference (replaces [#9744](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/9744)) ([#9814](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9814))
-- Chore(bump regex) ([#9842](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9842))
-- Ignore global cache for patched accounts ([#9752](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9752))
-- Move state root verification before gas used ([#9841](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9841))
-- Fix(docker-aarch64) : cross-compile config ([#9798](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9798))
-- Version: bump nightly to 2.3.0 ([#9819](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9819))
-- Tests modification for windows CI ([#9671](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9671))
-- Eip-712 implementation ([#9631](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9631))
-- Fix typo ([#9826](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9826))
-- Clean up serde rename and use rename_all = camelCase when possible ([#9823](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9823))
+* Kaspersky AV whitelisting (#10919)
+* Avast whitelist script (#10900) 
+* Docker images renaming (#10863) 
+* Remove excessive warning (#10831) 
+* Allow --nat extip:your.host.here.org (#10830) 
+* When updating the client or when called from RPC, sleep should mean sleep (#10814)
+* added new ropsten-bootnode and removed old one (#10794)
+* ethkey no longer uses byteorder (#10786) 
+* Do not drop the peer with None difficulty (#10772)
+* docs: Update Readme with TOC, Contributor Guideline. Update Cargo package descriptions (#10652)
 
-## Previous releases
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.5.5](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.5.5)
+
+Parity-Ethereum v2.5.5-stable is a minor release that improves performance and stability.
+This release stabilises the 2.5 branch.
+
+As of today, Parity-Ethereum 2.4 reaches end of life and everyone is
+encouraged to upgrade.
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.5.4](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.5.4)
+
+Parity Ethereum v2.5.4-beta is a security update that addresses servo/rust-smallvec#148
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* cargo update -p smallvec ([#10822](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10822))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.5.3](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.5.3)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.5.3-beta is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability.
+
+* EthereumClassic: activate the Atlantis Hardfork
+* Clique: fix time overflow
+* State tests: treat empty accounts the same as non-existant accounts (EIP 1052)
+* Networking: support discovery-only peers (geth bootnodes)
+* Snapshotting: fix unclean shutdown while snappshotting is under way
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* ethcore/res: activate atlantis classic hf on block 8772000 ([#10766](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10766))
+* fix docker tags for publishing ([#10741](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10741))
+* fix: aura don't add `SystemTime::now()` ([#10720](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10720))
+* Treat empty account the same as non-exist accounts in EIP-1052 ([#10775](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10775))
+* DevP2p: Get node IP address and udp port from Socket, if not included in PING packet ([#10705](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10705))
+* Add a way to signal shutdown to snapshotting threads ([#10744](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10744))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.5.2](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.5.2)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.5.2-beta is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability.
+
+Among others, it enables the _Atlantis_ hardfork on **Morden** and **Kotti** Classic networks.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* [CI] allow cargo audit to fail ([#10676](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10676))
+* Reset blockchain properly ([#10669](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10669))
+* new image ([#10673](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10673))
+* Update publishing ([#10644](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10644))
+* enable lto for release builds ([#10717](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10717))
+* Use RUSTFLAGS to set the optimization level ([#10719](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10719))
+* ethcore: enable ECIP-1054 for classic ([#10731](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10731))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.5.1](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.5.1)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.5.1-beta is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability. 
+
+Among others, it enables the Petersburg hardfork on **Rinkeby** and **POA-Core** Network, as well as the **Kovan** Network community hardfork.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* ci: publish docs debug ([#10638](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10638))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.5.0](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.5.0)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.5.0-beta is a minor release that improves performance and stabilizes the 2.5 branch by marking it as beta release. 
+
+- This release adds support for the Clique consensus engine ([#9981](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9981))
+  - This enables Parity-Ethereum users to use the Görli, the Kotti Classic, and the legacy Rinkeby testnet. To get started try `parity --chain goerli`; note that light client support is currently not yet fully functional.
+- This release removes the dead chain configs for Easthub and Ethereum Social ([#10531](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10531))
+
+As of today, Parity-Ethereum 2.3 reaches end of life and everyone is encouraged to upgrade.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* fix(light cull): poll light cull instead of timer ([#10559](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10559))
 
-- [CHANGELOG-2.2](docs/CHANGELOG-2.2.md) (_stable_)
-- [CHANGELOG-2.1](docs/CHANGELOG-2.1.md) (EOL: 2019-01-16)
-- [CHANGELOG-2.0](docs/CHANGELOG-2.0.md) (EOL: 2018-11-15)
-- [CHANGELOG-1.11](docs/CHANGELOG-1.11.md) (EOL: 2018-09-19)
-- [CHANGELOG-1.10](docs/CHANGELOG-1.10.md) (EOL: 2018-07-18)
-- [CHANGELOG-1.9](docs/CHANGELOG-1.9.md) (EOL: 2018-05-09)
-- [CHANGELOG-1.8](docs/CHANGELOG-1.8.md) (EOL: 2018-03-22)
-- [CHANGELOG-1.7](docs/CHANGELOG-1.7.md) (EOL: 2018-01-25)
-- [CHANGELOG-1.6](docs/CHANGELOG-1.6.md) (EOL: 2017-10-15)
-- [CHANGELOG-1.5](docs/CHANGELOG-1.5.md) (EOL: 2017-07-28)
-- [CHANGELOG-1.4](docs/CHANGELOG-1.4.md) (EOL: 2017-03-13)
-- [CHANGELOG-1.3](docs/CHANGELOG-1.3.md) (EOL: 2017-01-19)
-- [CHANGELOG-1.2](docs/CHANGELOG-1.2.md) (EOL: 2016-11-07)
-- [CHANGELOG-1.1](docs/CHANGELOG-1.1.md) (EOL: 2016-08-12)
-- [CHANGELOG-1.0](docs/CHANGELOG-1.0.md) (EOL: 2016-06-24)
-- [CHANGELOG-0.9](docs/CHANGELOG-0.9.md) (EOL: 2016-05-02)

Cargo.toml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 description = "Parity Ethereum client"
 name = "parity-ethereum"
 # NOTE Make sure to update util/version/Cargo.toml as well
-version = "2.4.0"
+version = "2.5.7"
 license = "GPL-3.0"
 authors = ["Parity Technologies <admin@parity.io>"]
 
@@ -118,10 +118,13 @@ path = "parity/lib.rs"
 path = "parity/main.rs"
 name = "parity"
 
-[profile.dev]
+[profile.test]
+lto = false
+opt-level = 3 # makes tests slower to compile, but faster to run
 
 [profile.release]
 debug = false
+lto = true
 
 [workspace]
 # This should only list projects that are not
@@ -138,7 +141,8 @@ members = [
 	"util/triehash-ethereum",
 	"util/keccak-hasher",
 	"util/patricia-trie-ethereum",
-	"util/fastmap"
+	"util/fastmap",
+	"util/time-utils"
 ]
 
 [patch.crates-io]

README.md

@@ -7,6 +7,24 @@
 <p align="center"><a href="https://gitlab.parity.io/parity/parity-ethereum/commits/master" target="_blank"><img src="https://gitlab.parity.io/parity/parity-ethereum/badges/master/build.svg" /></a>
 <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html" target="_blank"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPL%20v3-green.svg" /></a></p>
 
+## Table of Contents
+
+1. [Description](#chapter-001)
+2. [Technical Overview](#chapter-002)
+3. [Building](#chapter-003)<br>
+  3.1 [Building Dependencies](#chapter-0031)<br>
+  3.2 [Building from Source Code](#chapter-0032)<br>
+  3.3 [Simple One-Line Installer for Mac and Linux](#chapter-0033)<br>
+  3.4 [Starting Parity Ethereum](#chapter-0034)
+4. [Documentation](#chapter-004)
+5. [Toolchain](#chapter-005)
+6. [Community](#chapter-006)
+7. [Contributing](#chapter-007)
+8. [License](#chapter-008)
+
+
+## 1. Description <a id="chapter-001"></a>
+
 **Built for mission-critical use**: Miners, service providers, and exchanges need fast synchronisation and maximum uptime. Parity Ethereum provides the core infrastructure essential for speedy and reliable services.
 
 - Clean, modular codebase for easy customisation
@@ -15,7 +33,7 @@
 - Synchronise in hours, not days with Warp Sync
 - Modular for light integration into your service or product
 
-## Technical Overview
+## 2. Technical Overview <a id="chapter-002"></a>
 
 Parity Ethereum's goal is to be the fastest, lightest, and most secure Ethereum client. We are developing Parity Ethereum using the sophisticated and cutting-edge **Rust programming language**. Parity Ethereum is licensed under the GPLv3 and can be used for all your Ethereum needs.
 
@@ -25,7 +43,9 @@ If you run into problems while using Parity Ethereum, check out the [wiki for do
 
 Parity Ethereum's current beta-release is 2.1. You can download it at [the releases page](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases) or follow the instructions below to build from source. Please, mind the [CHANGELOG.md](CHANGELOG.md) for a list of all changes between different versions.
 
-## Build Dependencies
+## 3. Building <a id="chapter-003"></a>
+
+### 3.1 Build Dependencies <a id="chapter-0031"></a>
 
 Parity Ethereum requires **latest stable Rust version** to build.
 
@@ -58,7 +78,7 @@ Once you have `rustup` installed, then you need to install:
 
 Make sure that these binaries are in your `PATH`. After that, you should be able to build Parity Ethereum from source.
 
-## Build from Source Code
+### 3.2 Build from Source Code <a id="chapter-0032"></a>
 
 ```bash
 # download Parity Ethereum code
@@ -95,7 +115,7 @@ or
 $ git checkout beta
 ```
 
-## Simple One-Line Installer for Mac and Linux
+### 3.3 Simple One-Line Installer for Mac and Linux <a id="chapter-0033"></a>
 
 ```bash
 bash <(curl https://get.parity.io -L)
@@ -107,9 +127,9 @@ The one-line installer always defaults to the latest beta release. To install a
 bash <(curl https://get.parity.io -L) -r stable
 ```
 
-## Start Parity Ethereum
+### 3.4 Starting Parity Ethereum <a id="chapter-0034"></a>
 
-### Manually
+#### Manually
 
 To start Parity Ethereum manually, just run
 
@@ -119,7 +139,7 @@ $ ./target/release/parity
 
 so Parity Ethereum begins syncing the Ethereum blockchain.
 
-### Using `systemd` service file
+#### Using `systemd` service file
 
 To start Parity Ethereum as a regular user using `systemd` init:
 
@@ -128,17 +148,203 @@ To start Parity Ethereum as a regular user using `systemd` init:
 2. Copy release to bin folder, write `sudo install ./target/release/parity /usr/bin/parity`
 3. To configure Parity Ethereum, write a `/etc/parity/config.toml` config file, see [Configuring Parity Ethereum](https://paritytech.github.io/wiki/Configuring-Parity) for details.
 
-## Parity Ethereum toolchain
+## 4. Documentation <a id="chapter-004"></a>
+
+Official website: https://parity.io
+
+Be sure to [check out our wiki](https://wiki.parity.io) for more information.
+
+### Viewing documentation for Parity Ethereum packages
+
+You can generate documentation for Parity Ethereum Rust packages that automatically opens in your web browser using [rustdoc with Cargo](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html#using-rustdoc-with-cargo) (of the The Rustdoc Book), by running the the following commands:
+
+* **All** packages
+  ```
+  cargo doc --open
+  ```
+
+* Specific package
+  ```
+  cargo doc --package <spec> --open
+  ```
+
+Replacing `<spec>` with one of the following from the details section below (i.e. `cargo doc --package parity-ethereum --open`):
+
+<details><p>
+
+* Parity Ethereum (EthCore) Client Application
+  ```bash
+  parity-ethereum
+  ```
+* Parity Ethereum Account Management, Key Management Tool, and Keys Generator
+  ```bash
+  ethcore-accounts, ethkey-cli, ethstore, ethstore-cli
+  ```
+* Parity Chain Specification
+  ```bash
+  chainspec
+  ```
+* Parity CLI Signer Tool & RPC Client
+  ```bash
+  cli-signer parity-rpc-client
+  ```
+* Parity Ethereum Ethash & ProgPoW Implementations
+  ```bash
+  ethash
+  ```
+* Parity (EthCore) Library
+  ```bash
+  ethcore
+  ```
+  * Parity Ethereum Blockchain Database, Test Generator, Configuration,
+Caching, Importing Blocks, and Block Information
+    ```bash
+    ethcore-blockchain
+    ```
+  * Parity Ethereum (EthCore) Contract Calls and Blockchain Service & Registry Information
+    ```bash
+    ethcore-call-contract
+    ```
+  * Parity Ethereum (EthCore) Database Access & Utilities, Database Cache Manager
+    ```bash
+    ethcore-db
+    ```
+  * Parity Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Rust Implementation
+    ```bash
+    evm
+    ```
+  * Parity Ethereum (EthCore) Light Client Implementation
+    ```bash
+    ethcore-light
+    ```
+  * Parity Smart Contract based Node Filter, Manage Permissions of Network Connections
+    ```bash
+    node-filter
+    ```
+  * Parity Private Transactions
+    ```bash
+    ethcore-private-tx
+    ```
+  * Parity Ethereum (EthCore) Client & Network Service Creation & Registration with the I/O Subsystem
+    ```bash
+    ethcore-service
+    ```
+  * Parity Ethereum (EthCore) Blockchain Synchronization
+    ```bash
+    ethcore-sync
+    ```
+  * Parity Ethereum Common Types
+    ```bash
+    common-types
+    ```
+  * Parity Ethereum Virtual Machines (VM) Support Library
+    ```bash
+    vm
+    ```
+  * Parity Ethereum WASM Interpreter
+    ```bash
+    wasm
+    ```
+  * Parity Ethereum WASM Test Runner
+    ```bash
+    pwasm-run-test
+    ```
+  * Parity EVM Implementation
+    ```bash
+    evmbin
+    ```
+  * Parity Ethereum IPFS-compatible API
+    ```bash
+    parity-ipfs-api
+    ```
+  * Parity Ethereum JSON Deserialization
+    ```bash
+    ethjson
+    ```
+  * Parity Ethereum State Machine Generalization for Consensus Engines
+    ```bash
+    parity-machine
+    ```
+* Parity Ethereum (EthCore) Miner Interface
+  ```bash
+  ethcore-miner parity-local-store price-info ethcore-stratum using_queue
+  ```
+* Parity Ethereum (EthCore) Logger Implementation
+  ```bash
+  ethcore-logger
+  ```
+* C bindings library for the Parity Ethereum client
+  ```bash
+  parity-clib
+  ```
+* Parity Ethereum JSON-RPC Servers
+  ```bash
+  parity-rpc
+  ```
+* Parity Ethereum (EthCore) Secret Store
+  ```bash
+  ethcore-secretstore
+  ```
+* Parity Updater Service
+  ```bash
+  parity-updater parity-hash-fetch
+  ```
+* Parity Core Libraries (Parity Util)
+  ```bash
+  ethcore-bloom-journal blooms-db dir eip-712 fake-fetch fastmap fetch ethcore-io
+  journaldb keccak-hasher len-caching-lock macros memory-cache memzero
+  migration-rocksdb ethcore-network ethcore-network-devp2p panic_hook
+  patricia-trie-ethereum registrar rlp_compress rlp_derive parity-runtime stats
+  time-utils triehash-ethereum unexpected parity-version
+  ```
+* Parity Whisper Protocol Implementation
+  ```bash
+  parity-whisper whisper-cli
+  ```
+
+</p></details>
+
+### Contributing to documentation for Parity Ethereum packages
+
+[Document source code](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.9.0/book/documentation.html) for Parity Ethereum packages by annotating the source code with documentation comments.
+
+Example (generic documentation comment):
+```markdown
+/// Summary
+///
+/// Description
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// # Errors
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Summary of Example 1
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// // insert example 1 code here for use with documentation as tests
+/// ```
+///
+```
+
+## 5. Toolchain <a id="chapter-005"></a>
 
 In addition to the Parity Ethereum client, there are additional tools in this repository available:
 
-- [evmbin](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/blob/master/evmbin/) - EVM implementation for Parity Ethereum.
-- [ethabi](https://github.com/paritytech/ethabi) - Parity Ethereum function calls encoding.
-- [ethstore](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/blob/master/accounts/ethstore) - Parity Ethereum key management.
-- [ethkey](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/blob/master/accounts/ethkey) - Parity Ethereum keys generator.
-- [whisper](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/blob/master/whisper/) - Implementation of Whisper-v2 PoC.
+- [evmbin](./evmbin) - Parity Ethereum EVM Implementation.
+- [ethstore](./accounts/ethstore) - Parity Ethereum Key Management.
+- [ethkey](./accounts/ethkey) - Parity Ethereum Keys Generator.
+- [whisper](./whisper) - Parity Ethereum Whisper-v2 PoC Implementation.
 
-## Join the chat!
+The following tool is available in a separate repository:
+- [ethabi](https://github.com/paritytech/ethabi) - Parity Ethereum Encoding of Function Calls. [Docs here](https://crates.io/crates/ethabi)
+
+## 6. Community <a id="chapter-006"></a>
+
+### Join the chat!
 
 Questions? Get in touch with us on Gitter:
 [![Gitter: Parity](https://img.shields.io/badge/gitter-parity-4AB495.svg)](https://gitter.im/paritytech/parity)
@@ -149,8 +355,14 @@ Questions? Get in touch with us on Gitter:
 Alternatively, join our community on Matrix:
 [![Riot: +Parity](https://img.shields.io/badge/riot-%2Bparity%3Amatrix.parity.io-orange.svg)](https://riot.im/app/#/group/+parity:matrix.parity.io)
 
-## Documentation
+## 7. Contributing <a id="chapter-007"></a>
 
-Official website: https://parity.io
+An introduction has been provided in the ["So You Want to be a Core Developer" presentation slides by Hernando Castano](http://tiny.cc/contrib-to-parity-eth). Additional guidelines are provided in [CONTRIBUTING](./.github/CONTRIBUTING.md).
 
-Be sure to [check out our wiki](https://wiki.parity.io) for more information.
+### Contributor Code of Conduct
+
+[CODE_OF_CONDUCT](./.github/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)
+
+## 8. License <a id="chapter-008"></a>
+
+[LICENSE](./LICENSE)

accounts/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [package]
-description = "Account management for Parity Ethereum"
+description = "Parity Ethereum Account Management"
 homepage = "http://parity.io"
 license = "GPL-3.0"
 name = "ethcore-accounts"

accounts/ethkey/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 [package]
+description = "Parity Ethereum Keys Generator"
 name = "ethkey"
 version = "0.3.0"
 authors = ["Parity Technologies <admin@parity.io>"]
 
 [dependencies]
-byteorder = "1.0"
 edit-distance = "2.0"
 parity-crypto = "0.3.0"
 eth-secp256k1 = { git = "https://github.com/paritytech/rust-secp256k1" }

accounts/ethkey/README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Parity Ethereum keys generator.
 ### Usage
 
 ```
-Parity Ethereum keys generator.
+Parity Ethereum Keys Generator.
   Copyright 2015-2019 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
 
 Usage:

accounts/ethkey/cli/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 [package]
+description = "Parity Ethereum Keys Generator CLI"
 name = "ethkey-cli"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["Parity Technologies <admin@parity.io>"]

accounts/ethkey/src/extended.rs

@@ -35,9 +35,8 @@ impl Label for u32 {
 	fn len() -> usize { 4 }
 
 	fn store(&self, target: &mut [u8]) {
-		use byteorder::{BigEndian, ByteOrder};
-
-		BigEndian::write_u32(&mut target[0..4], *self);
+		let bytes = self.to_be_bytes();
+		target[0..4].copy_from_slice(&bytes);
 	}
 }
 

accounts/ethkey/src/lib.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 // #![warn(missing_docs)]
 
-extern crate byteorder;
 extern crate edit_distance;
 extern crate parity_crypto;
 extern crate ethereum_types;

accounts/ethstore/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 [package]
+description = "Parity Ethereum Key Management"
 name = "ethstore"
 version = "0.2.1"
 authors = ["Parity Technologies <admin@parity.io>"]

accounts/ethstore/cli/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 [package]
+description = "Parity Ethereum Key Management CLI"
 name = "ethstore-cli"
 version = "0.1.1"
 authors = ["Parity Technologies <admin@parity.io>"]

chainspec/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 [package]
+description = "Parity Ethereum Chain Specification"
 name = "chainspec"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["Marek Kotewicz <marek@parity.io>"]

cli-signer/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 [package]
-authors = ["Parity <admin@parity.io>"]
-description = "Parity Cli Tool"
+description = "Parity Ethereum CLI Signer Tool"
 homepage = "http://parity.io"
 license = "GPL-3.0"
 name = "cli-signer"
 version = "1.4.0"
+authors = ["Parity <admin@parity.io>"]
 
 [dependencies]
+ethereum-types = "0.4"
 futures = "0.1"
 rpassword = "1.0"
 parity-rpc = { path = "../rpc" }

cli-signer/rpc-client/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 [package]
-authors = ["Parity <admin@parity.io>"]
-description = "Parity Rpc Client"
+description = "Parity Ethereum RPC Client"
 homepage = "http://parity.io"
 license = "GPL-3.0"
 name = "parity-rpc-client"
 version = "1.4.0"
+authors = ["Parity <admin@parity.io>"]
 
 [dependencies]
+ethereum-types = "0.4"
 futures = "0.1"
 log = "0.4"
 serde = "1.0"

cli-signer/rpc-client/src/lib.rs

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 pub mod client;
 pub mod signer_client;
 
+extern crate ethereum_types;
 extern crate futures;
 extern crate jsonrpc_core;
 extern crate jsonrpc_ws_server as ws;

cli-signer/rpc-client/src/signer_client.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
 // along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 use client::{Rpc, RpcError};
-use rpc::signer::{ConfirmationRequest, TransactionModification, U256, TransactionCondition};
+use ethereum_types::U256;
+use rpc::signer::{ConfirmationRequest, TransactionModification, TransactionCondition};
 use serde;
 use serde_json::{Value as JsonValue, to_value};
 use std::path::PathBuf;

cli-signer/src/lib.rs

@@ -14,13 +14,15 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 // along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
+extern crate ethereum_types;
 extern crate futures;
 extern crate rpassword;
 
 extern crate parity_rpc as rpc;
 extern crate parity_rpc_client as client;
 
-use rpc::signer::{U256, ConfirmationRequest};
+use ethereum_types::U256;
+use rpc::signer::ConfirmationRequest;
 use client::signer_client::SignerRpc;
 use std::io::{Write, BufRead, BufReader, stdout, stdin};
 use std::path::PathBuf;

docs/CHANGELOG-2.2.md

@@ -1,3 +1,78 @@
+Note: Parity Ethereum 2.2 reached End-of-Life on 2019-02-25 (EOL).
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.2.11](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.2.11) (2019-02-21)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.2.11-stable is a maintenance release that fixes snap and docker installations.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+- Stable: snap: release untagged versions from branches to the candidate ([#10357](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10357)) ([#10372](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10372))
+  - Snap: release untagged versions from branches to the candidate snap channel ([#10357](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10357))
+  - Snap: add the removable-media plug ([#10377](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10377))
+  - Exchanged old(azure) bootnodes with new(ovh) ones ([#10309](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10309))
+- Stable Backports ([#10353](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10353))
+  - Version: bump stable to 2.2.11
+  - Snap: prefix version and populate candidate channel ([#10343](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10343))
+  - Snap: populate candidate releases with beta snaps to avoid stale channel
+  - Snap: prefix version with v*
+  - No volumes are needed, just run -v volume:/path/in/the/container ([#10345](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10345))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.2.10](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.2.10) (2019-02-13)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.2.10-stable is a security-relevant release. A bug in the JSONRPC-deserialization module can cause crashes of all versions of Parity Ethereum nodes if an attacker is able to submit a specially-crafted RPC to certain publicly available endpoints.
+
+- https://www.parity.io/new-parity-ethereum-update-fixes-several-rpc-vulnerabilities/
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+-  Additional error for invalid gas ([#10327](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10327)) ([#10329](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10329))
+-  Backports for Stable 2.2.10 ([#10332](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10332))
+    - fix(docker-aarch64) : cross-compile config ([#9798](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9798))
+    - import rpc transactions sequentially ([#10051](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10051))
+    - fix(docker): fix not receives SIGINT ([#10059](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10059))
+    - snap: official image / test ([#10168](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10168))
+    - perform stripping during build ([#10208](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10208))
+    - Additional tests for uint/hash/bytes deserialization. ([#10279](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10279))
+    - Don't run the CPP example on CI ([#10285](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10285))
+    - CI optimizations ([#10297](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10297))
+    - fix publish job ([#10317](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10317))
+    - Add Statetest support for Constantinople Fix ([#10323](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10323))
+    - Add helper for Timestamp overflows ([#10330](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10330))
+    - Don't add discovery initiators to the node table ([#10305](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10305))
+    - change docker image based on debian instead of ubuntu due to the chan ([#10336](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10336))
+    - role back docker build image and docker deploy image to ubuntu:xenial based ([#10338](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10338))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.2.9](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.2.9) (2019-02-03)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.2.9-stable is a security-relevant release. A bug in the JSONRPC-deserialization module can cause crashes of all versions of Parity Ethereum nodes if an attacker is able to submit a specially-crafted RPC to certain publicly available endpoints.
+
+- https://www.parity.io/security-alert-parity-ethereum-03-02/
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+-  Additional tests for uint deserialization. ([#10279](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10279)) ([#10281](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10281))
+-  Version: bump stable to 2.2.9 ([#10282](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10282))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.2.8](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.2.8) (2019-02-01)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.2.8-stable is a consensus-relevant release that enables _St. Petersfork_ on:
+
+- Ethereum Block `7280000` (along with Constantinople)
+- Kovan Block `10255201`
+- Ropsten Block `4939394`
+- POA Sokol Block `7026400`
+
+In addition to this, Constantinople is cancelled for the POA Core network. Upgrading is mandatory for clients on any of these chains.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+- Backports for stable 2.2.8 ([#10224](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10224))
+  - Update for Android cross-compilation. ([#10180](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10180))
+  - Cancel Constantinople HF on POA Core ([#10198](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10198))
+  - Add EIP-1283 disable transition ([#10214](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10214))
+  - Enable St-Peters-Fork ("Constantinople Fix") ([#10223](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10223))
+- Stable: Macos heapsize force jemalloc ([#10234](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10234)) ([#10258](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10258))
+
 ## Parity-Ethereum [v2.2.7](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.2.7) (2019-01-15)
 
 Parity-Ethereum 2.2.7-stable is a consensus-relevant security release that reverts Constantinople on the Ethereum network. Upgrading is mandatory for Ethereum, and strongly recommended for other networks.

docs/CHANGELOG-2.3.md

@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.3.8](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.3.8) (2019-03-22)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.3.8-stable is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability. This patch release contains a critical bug fix where serving light clients previously led to client crashes. Upgrading is highly recommended.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+- 2.3.8 stable backports ([#10507](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10507))
+  - Version: bump stable
+  - Add additional request tests ([#10503](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10503))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.3.7](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.3.7) (2019-03-20)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.3.7-stable is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+- 2.3.7 stable backports ([#10487](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10487))
+  - Version: bump stable
+  - Сaching through docker volume ([#10477](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10477))
+  - fix win&mac build ([#10486](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10486))
+  - fix(extract `timestamp_checked_add` as lib) ([#10383](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10383))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.3.6](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.3.6) (2019-03-19)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.3.6-stable is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+- 2.3.6 stable backports ([#10470](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10470))
+  - Version: bump stable
+  - CI publish to aws ([#10446](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10446))
+  - Ensure static validator set changes are recognized ([#10467](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10467))
+  - CI aws git checkout ([#10451](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10451))
+  - Revert "CI aws git checkout ([#10451](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10451))" ([#10456](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10456))
+  - Tests parallelized ([#10452](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10452))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.3.5](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.3.5) (2019-02-25)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.3.5-stable is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability.
+
+Note, all 2.2 releases and older are now unsupported and upgrading is recommended.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+- More Backports for Stable 2.3.5 ([#10430](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10430))
+  - Revert some changes, could be buggy ([#10399](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10399))
+  - Ci: clean up gitlab-ci.yml leftovers from previous merge ([#10429](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10429))
+  - 10000 > 5000 ([#10422](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10422))
+  - Fix underflow in pip, closes [#10419](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10419) ([#10423](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10423))
+  - Fix panic when logging directory does not exist, closes [#10420](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10420) ([#10424](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10424))
+  - Update hardcoded headers for Foundation, Ropsten, Kovan and Classic ([#10417](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10417))
+- Backports for Stable 2.3.5 ([#10414](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10414))
+  - No-git for publish jobs, empty artifacts dir ([#10393](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10393))
+  - Snap: reenable i386, arm64, armhf architecture publishing ([#10386](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10386))
+  - Tx pool: always accept local transactions ([#10375](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10375))
+  - Fix to_pod storage trie value decoding ([#10368)](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10368))
+- Version: mark 2.3.5 as stable
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.3.4](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.3.4) (2019-02-21)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.3.4-beta is a maintenance release that fixes snap and docker installations.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+- Beta: snap: release untagged versions from branches to the candidate ([#10357](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10357)) ([#10373](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10373))
+  - Snap: release untagged versions from branches to the candidate snap channel ([#10357](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10357))
+  - Snap: add the removable-media plug ([#10377](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10377))
+  - Exchanged old(azure) bootnodes with new(ovh) ones ([#10309](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10309))
+- Beta Backports ([#10354](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10354))
+  - Version: bump beta to 2.3.4
+  - Snap: prefix version and populate candidate channel ([#10343](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10343))
+  - Snap: populate candidate releases with beta snaps to avoid stale channel
+  - Snap: prefix version with v*
+  - No volumes are needed, just run -v volume:/path/in/the/container ([#10345](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10345))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.3.3](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.3.3) (2019-02-13)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.3.3-beta is a security-relevant release. A bug in the JSONRPC-deserialization module can cause crashes of all versions of Parity Ethereum nodes if an attacker is able to submit a specially-crafted RPC to certain publicly available endpoints.
+
+- https://www.parity.io/new-parity-ethereum-update-fixes-several-rpc-vulnerabilities/
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+- Additional error for invalid gas ([#10327](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10327)) ([#10328](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10328))
+- Backports for Beta 2.3.3 ([#10333](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10333))
+    - Properly handle check_epoch_end_signal errors ([#10015](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10015))
+    - import rpc transactions sequentially ([#10051](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10051))
+    - fix(docker): fix not receives SIGINT ([#10059](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10059))
+    - snap: official image / test ([#10168](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10168))
+    - Extract CallContract and RegistryInfo traits into their own crate ([#10178](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10178))
+    - perform stripping during build ([#10208](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10208))
+    - Remove CallContract and RegistryInfo re-exports from `ethcore/client` ([#10205](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10205))
+    - fixed: types::transaction::SignedTransaction; ([#10229](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10229))
+    - Additional tests for uint/hash/bytes deserialization. ([#10279](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10279))
+    - Fix Windows build ([#10284](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10284))
+    - Don't run the CPP example on CI ([#10285](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10285))
+    - CI optimizations ([#10297](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10297))
+    - fix publish job ([#10317](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10317))
+    - Add Statetest support for Constantinople Fix ([#10323](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10323))
+    - Add helper for Timestamp overflows ([#10330](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10330))
+    - Don't add discovery initiators to the node table ([#10305](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10305))
+    - change docker image based on debian instead of ubuntu due to the chan ([#10336](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10336))
+    - role back docker build image and docker deploy image to ubuntu:xenial based ([#10338](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10338))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.3.2](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.3.2) (2019-02-03)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.3.2-stable is a security-relevant release. A bug in the JSONRPC-deserialization module can cause crashes of all versions of Parity Ethereum nodes if an attacker is able to submit a specially-crafted RPC to certain publicly available endpoints.
+
+- https://www.parity.io/security-alert-parity-ethereum-03-02/
+
+The full list of included changes:
+- Version: bump beta to 2.3.2 ([#10283](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10283))
+- Additional tests for uint deserialization. ([#10279](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10279)) ([#10280](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10280))
+- Backport [#10285](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10285) to beta ([#10286](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10286))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.3.1](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.3.1) (2019-02-01)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.3.1-beta is a consensus-relevant release that enables _St. Petersfork_ on:
+
+- Ethereum Block `7280000` (along with Constantinople)
+- Kovan Block `10255201`
+- Ropsten Block `4939394`
+- POA Sokol Block `7026400`
+
+In addition to this, Constantinople is cancelled for the POA Core network. Upgrading is mandatory for clients on any of these chains.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+- Backports for beta 2.3.1 ([#10225](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10225))
+  - Fix _cannot recursively call into `Core`_ issue ([#10144](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10144))
+  - Update for Android cross-compilation. ([#10180](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10180))
+  - Fix _cannot recursively call into `Core`_ - Part 2 ([#10195](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10195))
+  - Cancel Constantinople HF on POA Core ([#10198](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10198))
+  - Add EIP-1283 disable transition ([#10214](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10214))
+  - Enable St-Peters-Fork ("Constantinople Fix") ([#10223](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10223))
+- Beta: Macos heapsize force jemalloc ([#10234](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10234)) ([#10259](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10259))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.3.0](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.3.0) (2019-01-16)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.3.0-beta is a consensus-relevant security release that reverts Constantinople on the Ethereum network. Upgrading is mandatory for Ethereum, and strongly recommended for other networks.
+
+- **Consensus** - Ethereum Network: Pull Constantinople protocol upgrade on Ethereum ([#10189](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10189))
+  - Read more: [Security Alert: Ethereum Constantinople Postponement](https://blog.ethereum.org/2019/01/15/security-alert-ethereum-constantinople-postponement/)
+- **Networking** - All networks: Ping nodes from discovery ([#10167](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10167))
+- **Wasm** - Kovan Network: Update pwasm-utils to 0.6.1 ([#10134](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10134))
+
+Other notable changes:
+
+- Existing blocks in the database are now kept when restoring a Snapshot. ([#8643](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/8643))
+- Block and transaction propagation is improved significantly. ([#9954](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9954))
+- The ERC-191 Signed Data Standard is now supported by `personal_sign191`. ([#9701](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9701))
+- Add support for ERC-191/712 `eth_signTypedData` as a standard for machine-verifiable and human-readable typed data signing with Ethereum keys. ([#9631](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9631))
+- Add support for ERC-1186 `eth_getProof` ([#9001](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9001))
+- Add experimental RPCs flag to enable ERC-191, ERC-712, and ERC-1186 APIs via `--jsonrpc-experimental` ([#9928](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9928))
+- Make `CALLCODE` to trace value to be the code address. ([#9881](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9881))
+
+Configuration changes:
+
+- The EIP-98 transition is now disabled by default. If you previously had no `eip98transition` specified in your chain specification, you would enable this now manually on block `0x0`. ([#9955](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9955))
+- Also, unknown fields in chain specs are now rejected. ([#9972](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9972))
+- The Tendermint engine was removed from Parity Ethereum and is no longer available and maintained. ([#9980](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9980))
+- Ropsten testnet data and keys moved from `test/` to `ropsten/` subdir. To reuse your old keys and data either copy or symlink them to the new location.  ([#10123](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10123))
+- Strict empty steps validation ([#10041](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10041))
+  - If you have a chain with`empty_steps` already running, some blocks most likely contain non-strict entries (unordered or duplicated empty steps). In this release `strict_empty_steps_transition` is enabled by default at block `0x0` for any chain with `empty_steps`.
+  - If your network uses `empty_steps` you **must** (A) plan a hard fork and change `strict_empty_steps_transition` to the desired fork block and (B) update the clients of the whole network to 2.2.7-stable / 2.3.0-beta. If for some reason you don't want to do this please set`strict_empty_steps_transition` to `0xfffffffff` to disable it.
+
+_Note:_ This release marks Parity 2.3 as _beta_. All versions of Parity 2.2 are now considered _stable_.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+- Backports for 2.3.0 beta ([#10164](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10164))
+- Snap: fix path in script ([#10157](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10157))
+- Make sure parent block is not in importing queue when importing ancient blocks ([#10138](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10138))
+- Ci: re-enable snap publishing ([#10142](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10142))
+- Hf in POA Core (2019-01-18) - Constantinople ([#10155](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10155))
+- Update EWF's tobalaba chainspec ([#10152](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10152))
+- Replace ethcore-logger with env-logger. ([#10102](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10102))
+- Finality: dont require chain head to be in the chain ([#10054](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10054))
+- Remove caching for node connections ([#10143](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10143))
+- Blooms file iterator empty on out of range position. ([#10145](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10145))
+- Autogen docs for the "Configuring Parity Ethereum" wiki page. ([#10067](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10067))
+- Misc: bump license header to 2019 ([#10135](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10135))
+- Hide most of the logs from cpp example. ([#10139](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10139))
+- Don't try to send oversized packets ([#10042](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10042))
+- Private tx enabled flag added into STATUS packet ([#9999](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9999))
+- Update pwasm-utils to 0.6.1 ([#10134](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10134))
+- Extract blockchain from ethcore ([#10114](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10114))
+- Ethcore: update hardcoded headers ([#10123](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10123))
+- Identity fix ([#10128](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10128))
+- Use LenCachingMutex to optimize verification. ([#10117](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10117))
+- Pyethereum keystore support ([#9710](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9710))
+- Bump rocksdb-sys to 0.5.5 ([#10124](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10124))
+- Parity-clib: `async C bindings to RPC requests` + `subscribe/unsubscribe to websocket events` ([#9920](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9920))
+- Refactor (hardware wallet) : reduce the number of threads ([#9644](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9644))
+- Hf in POA Sokol (2019-01-04) ([#10077](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10077))
+- Fix broken links ([#10119](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10119))
+- Follow-up to [#10105](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/10105) ([#10107](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10107))
+- Move EIP-712 crate back to parity-ethereum ([#10106](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10106))
+- Move a bunch of stuff around ([#10101](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10101))
+- Revert "Add --frozen when running cargo ([#10081](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10081))" ([#10105](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10105))
+- Fix left over small grumbles on whitespaces ([#10084](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10084))
+- Add --frozen when running cargo ([#10081](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10081))
+- Fix pubsub new_blocks notifications to include all blocks ([#9987](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9987))
+- Update some dependencies for compilation with pc-windows-gnu ([#10082](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10082))
+- Fill transaction hash on ethGetLog of light client. ([#9938](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9938))
+- Update changelog update for 2.2.5-beta and 2.1.10-stable ([#10064](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10064))
+- Implement len caching for parking_lot RwLock ([#10032](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10032))
+- Update parking_lot to 0.7 ([#10050](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10050))
+- Bump crossbeam. ([#10048](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10048))
+- Ethcore: enable constantinople on ethereum ([#10031](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10031))
+- Strict empty steps validation ([#10041](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10041))
+- Center the Subtitle, use some CAPS ([#10034](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10034))
+- Change test miner max memory to malloc reports. ([#10024](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10024))
+- Sort the storage for private state ([#10018](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10018))
+- Fix: test corpus_inaccessible panic ([#10019](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10019))
+- Ci: move future releases to ethereum subdir on s3 ([#10017](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10017))
+- Light(on_demand): decrease default time window to 10 secs ([#10016](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10016))
+- Light client : failsafe crate (circuit breaker) ([#9790](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9790))
+- Lencachingmutex ([#9988](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9988))
+- Version and notification for private contract wrapper added ([#9761](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9761))
+- Handle failing case for update account cache in require ([#9989](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9989))
+- Add tokio runtime to ethcore io worker ([#9979](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9979))
+- Move daemonize before creating account provider ([#10003](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10003))
+- Docs: update changelogs ([#9990](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9990))
+- Fix daemonize ([#10000](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10000))
+- Fix Bloom migration ([#9992](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9992))
+- Remove tendermint engine support ([#9980](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9980))
+- Calculate gas for deployment transaction ([#9840](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9840))
+- Fix unstable peers and slowness in sync ([#9967](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9967))
+- Adds parity_verifySignature RPC method ([#9507](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9507))
+- Improve block and transaction propagation ([#9954](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9954))
+- Deny unknown fields for chainspec ([#9972](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9972))
+- Fix docker build ([#9971](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9971))
+- Ci: rearrange pipeline by logic ([#9970](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9970))
+- Add changelogs for 2.0.9, 2.1.4, 2.1.6, and 2.2.1 ([#9963](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9963))
+- Add Error message when sync is still in progress. ([#9475](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9475))
+- Make CALLCODE to trace value to be the code address ([#9881](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9881))
+- Fix light client informant while syncing ([#9932](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9932))
+- Add a optional json dump state to evm-bin ([#9706](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9706))
+- Disable EIP-98 transition by default ([#9955](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9955))
+- Remove secret_store runtimes. ([#9888](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9888))
+- Fix a deadlock ([#9952](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9952))
+- Chore(eip712): remove unused `failure-derive` ([#9958](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9958))
+- Do not use the home directory as the working dir in docker ([#9834](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9834))
+- Prevent silent errors in daemon mode, closes [#9367](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/9367) ([#9946](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9946))
+- Fix empty steps ([#9939](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9939))
+- Adjust requests costs for light client ([#9925](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9925))
+- Eip-1186: add `eth_getProof` RPC-Method ([#9001](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9001))
+- Missing blocks in filter_changes RPC ([#9947](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9947))
+- Allow rust-nightly builds fail in nightly builds ([#9944](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9944))
+- Update eth-secp256k1 to include fix for BSDs ([#9935](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9935))
+- Unbreak build on rust -stable ([#9934](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9934))
+- Keep existing blocks when restoring a Snapshot ([#8643](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/8643))
+- Add experimental RPCs flag ([#9928](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9928))
+- Clarify poll lifetime ([#9922](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9922))
+- Docs(require rust 1.30) ([#9923](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9923))
+- Use block header for building finality ([#9914](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9914))
+- Simplify cargo audit ([#9918](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9918))
+- Light-fetch: Differentiate between out-of-gas/manual throw and use required gas from response on failure ([#9824](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9824))
+- Eip 191 ([#9701](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9701))
+- Fix(logger): `reqwest` no longer a dependency ([#9908](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9908))
+- Remove rust-toolchain file ([#9906](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9906))
+- Foundation: 6692865, ropsten: 4417537, kovan: 9363457 ([#9907](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9907))
+- Ethcore: use Machine::verify_transaction on parent block ([#9900](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9900))
+- Chore(rpc-tests): remove unused rand ([#9896](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9896))
+- Fix: Intermittent failing CI due to addr in use ([#9885](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9885))
+- Chore(bump docopt): 0.8 -> 1.0 ([#9889](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9889))
+- Use expect ([#9883](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9883))
+- Use Weak reference in PubSubClient ([#9886](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9886))
+- Ci: nuke the gitlab caches ([#9855](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9855))
+- Remove unused code ([#9884](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9884))
+- Fix json tracer overflow ([#9873](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9873))
+- Allow to seal work on latest block ([#9876](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9876))
+- Fix docker script ([#9854](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9854))
+- Health endpoint ([#9847](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9847))
+- Gitlab-ci: make android release build succeed ([#9743](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9743))
+- Clean up existing benchmarks ([#9839](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9839))
+- Update Callisto block reward code to support HF1 ([#9811](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9811))
+- Option to disable keep alive for JSON-RPC http transport ([#9848](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9848))
+- Classic.json Bootnode Update ([#9828](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9828))
+- Support MIX. ([#9767](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9767))
+- Ci: remove failing tests for android, windows, and macos ([#9788](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9788))
+- Implement NoProof for json tests and update tests reference (replaces [#9744](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/9744)) ([#9814](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9814))
+- Chore(bump regex) ([#9842](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9842))
+- Ignore global cache for patched accounts ([#9752](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9752))
+- Move state root verification before gas used ([#9841](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9841))
+- Fix(docker-aarch64) : cross-compile config ([#9798](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9798))
+- Version: bump nightly to 2.3.0 ([#9819](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9819))
+- Tests modification for windows CI ([#9671](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9671))
+- Eip-712 implementation ([#9631](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9631))
+- Fix typo ([#9826](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9826))
+- Clean up serde rename and use rename_all = camelCase when possible ([#9823](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9823))

docs/CHANGELOG-2.4.md

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.4.9](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.4.9)
+
+Parity Ethereum v2.4.9-stable is a security update which addresses servo/rust-smallvec#148
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* cargo update -p smallvec ([#10822](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10822))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.4.8](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.4.8)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.4.8-stable is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability.
+
+* Blockchain: fix reset chain
+* State tests: treat empty accounts the same as non-existant accounts (EIP 1052)
+* Aura: fix Timestamp Overflow
+* Networking: support discovery-only peers (geth bootnodes)
+* Snapshotting: fix unclean shutdown while snappshotting is under way
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* ethcore/res: activate atlantis classic hf on block 8772000 ([#10766](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10766))
+* fix docker tags for publishing ([#10741](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10741))
+* Reset blockchain properly ([#10669](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10669))
+* adds rpc error message for --no-ancient-blocks ([#10608](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10608))
+* Treat empty account the same as non-exist accounts in EIP-1052 ([#10775](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10775))
+* fix: aura don't add `SystemTime::now()` ([#10720](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10720))
+* DevP2p: Get node IP address and udp port from Socket, if not included in PING packet ([#10705](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10705))
+* Revert "fix: aura don't add `SystemTime::now()` ([#10720](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10720))"
+* Add a way to signal shutdown to snapshotting threads ([#10744](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10744))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.4.7](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.4.7)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.4.7-stable is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability.
+
+Among others, it enables the _Atlantis_ hardfork on **Morden** and **Kotti** Classic networks.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* [CI] allow cargo audit to fail ([#10676](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10676))
+* new image ([#10673](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10673))
+* Update publishing ([#10644](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10644))
+* enable lto for release builds ([#10717](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10717))
+* Use RUSTFLAGS to set the optimization level ([#10719](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10719))
+* ethcore: enable ECIP-1054 for classic ([#10731](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10731))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.4.6](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.4.6)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.4.6-stable is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability.
+
+Among others, it enables the Petersburg hardfork on **Rinkeby** and **POA-Core** Network, as well as the **Kovan** Network community hardfork.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* ci: publish docs debug ([#10638](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10638))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.4.5](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.4.5)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.4.5-stable is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability. This release improves memory optimizations around timestamp handling and stabilizes the 2.4 release branch.
+
+As of today, Parity-Ethereum 2.3 reaches end of life and everyone is encouraged to upgrade.
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.4.4](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.4.4)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.4.4-beta is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability. This patch release removes the dead chain configs for Easthub and Ethereum Social.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* fix(rpc-types): replace uint and hash with `ethereum_types v0.4` ([#10217](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10217))
+* chore(bump ethereum-types) ([#10396](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10396))
+* fix(light eth_gasPrice): ask network if not in cache ([#10535](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10535))
+* fix(light account response): update `tx_queue` ([#10545](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10545))
+* fix(bump dependencies) ([#10540](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10540))
+* tx-pool: check transaction readiness before replacing ([#10526](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10526))
+* fix #10390 ([#10391](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10391))
+* private-tx: replace error_chain ([#10510](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10510))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.4.3](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.4.3)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.4.3-beta is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability. This patch release contains a critical bug fix where serving light clients previously led to client crashes. Upgrading is highly recommended.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* Add additional request tests ([#10503](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10503))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.4.2](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.4.2)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.4.2-beta is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* Сaching through docker volume ([#10477](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10477))
+* fix win&mac build ([#10486](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10486))
+* fix(extract `timestamp_checked_add` as lib) ([#10383](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10383))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.4.1](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.4.1)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.4.1-beta is a bugfix release that improves performance and stability.
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* Implement parity_versionInfo & parity_setChain on LC; fix parity_setChain ([#10312](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10312))
+* CI publish to aws ([#10446](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10446))
+* CI aws git checkout ([#10451](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10451))
+* Revert "CI aws git checkout ([#10451](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10451))" (#10456)
+* Revert "CI aws git checkout ([#10451](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10451))"
+* Tests parallelized ([#10452](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10452))
+* Ensure static validator set changes are recognized ([#10467](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10467))
+
+## Parity-Ethereum [v2.4.0](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/releases/tag/v2.4.0)
+
+Parity-Ethereum 2.4.0-beta is our trifortnightly minor version release coming with a lot of new features as well as bugfixes and performance improvements.
+
+Notable changes:
+- Account management is now deprecated ([#10213](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10213))
+- Local accounts can now be specified via CLI ([#9960](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9960))
+- Chains can now be reset to a particular block via CLI ([#9782](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9782))
+- Ethash now additionally implements ProgPoW ([#9762](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/9762)) 
+- The `eip1283DisableTransition` flag was added to revert EIP-1283 ([#10214](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10214))
+
+The full list of included changes:
+
+* revert some changes, could be buggy ([#10399](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10399))
+* 10000 > 5000 ([#10422](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10422))
+* fix panic when logging directory does not exist, closes #10420 ([#10424](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10424))
+* fix underflow in pip, closes #10419 ([#10423](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10423))
+* ci: clean up gitlab-ci.yml leftovers from previous merge ([#10429](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10429))
+* Update hardcoded headers for Foundation, Ropsten, Kovan and Classic ([#10417](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/pull/10417))
+

ethash/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 [package]
+description = "Parity Ethereum Ethash & ProgPoW Implementations"
 name = "ethash"
 version = "1.12.0"
 authors = ["Parity Technologies <admin@parity.io>"]

ethcore/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [package]
-description = "Ethcore library"
+description = "Parity Ethereum (EthCore) Library"
 homepage = "http://parity.io"
 license = "GPL-3.0"
 name = "ethcore"
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ blooms-db = { path = "../util/blooms-db", optional = true }
 bn = { git = "https://github.com/paritytech/bn", default-features = false }
 byteorder = "1.0"
 common-types = { path = "types" }
-crossbeam = "0.4"
+crossbeam-utils = "0.6"
 env_logger = { version = "0.5", optional = true }
 error-chain = { version = "0.12", default-features = false }
 ethabi = "6.0"
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ keccak-hasher = { path = "../util/keccak-hasher" }
 kvdb = "0.1"
 kvdb-memorydb = "0.1"
 kvdb-rocksdb = { version = "0.1.3", optional = true }
-lazy_static = "1.0"
+lazy_static = "1.2.0"
 len-caching-lock = { path = "../util/len-caching-lock" }
 log = "0.4"
 lru-cache = "0.1"
@@ -50,13 +50,12 @@ num = { version = "0.1", default-features = false, features = ["bigint"] }
 num_cpus = "1.2"
 parity-bytes = "0.1"
 parity-crypto = "0.3.0"
-parity-machine = { path = "../machine" }
 parity-snappy = "0.1"
 parking_lot = "0.7"
 trie-db = "0.11.0"
 patricia-trie-ethereum = { path = "../util/patricia-trie-ethereum" }
 rand = "0.4"
-rayon = "1.0"
+rayon = "1.1"
 rlp = { version = "0.3.0", features = ["ethereum"] }
 rlp_derive = { path = "../util/rlp-derive" }
 rustc-hex = "1.0"
@@ -64,6 +63,7 @@ serde = "1.0"
 serde_derive = "1.0"
 stats = { path = "../util/stats" }
 tempdir = {version="0.3", optional = true}
+time-utils = { path = "../util/time-utils" }
 trace-time = "0.1"
 triehash-ethereum = { version = "0.2",  path = "../util/triehash-ethereum" }
 unexpected = { path = "../util/unexpected" }

ethcore/blockchain/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [package]
-description = "Ethcore blockchain database"
+description = "Parity Ethereum Blockchain Database, Test Generator, Configuration, Caching, Importing Blocks, and Block Information"
 homepage = "http://parity.io"
 license = "GPL-3.0"
 name = "ethcore-blockchain"
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ kvdb = "0.1"
 log = "0.4"
 parity-bytes = "0.1"
 parking_lot = "0.7"
-rayon = "1.0"
+rayon = "1.1"
 rlp = { version = "0.3.0", features = ["ethereum"] }
 rlp_compress = { path = "../../util/rlp-compress" }
 rlp_derive = { path = "../../util/rlp-derive" }

ethcore/blockchain/src/blockchain.rs

@@ -668,21 +668,6 @@ impl BlockChain {
 		self.db.key_value().read_with_cache(db::COL_EXTRA, &self.block_details, parent).map_or(false, |d| d.children.contains(hash))
 	}
 
-	/// fetches the list of blocks from best block to n, and n's parent hash
-	/// where n > 0
-	pub fn block_headers_from_best_block(&self, n: u32) -> Option<(Vec<encoded::Header>, H256)> {
-		let mut blocks = Vec::with_capacity(n as usize);
-		let mut hash = self.best_block_hash();
-
-		for _ in 0..n {
-			let current_hash = self.block_header_data(&hash)?;
-			hash = current_hash.parent_hash();
-			blocks.push(current_hash);
-		}
-
-		Some((blocks, hash))
-	}
-
 	/// Returns a tree route between `from` and `to`, which is a tuple of:
 	///
 	/// - a vector of hashes of all blocks, ordered from `from` to `to`.
@@ -869,6 +854,14 @@ impl BlockChain {
 		}
 	}
 
+	/// clears all caches for testing purposes
+	pub fn clear_cache(&self) {
+		self.block_bodies.write().clear();
+		self.block_details.write().clear();
+		self.block_hashes.write().clear();
+		self.block_headers.write().clear();
+	}
+
 	/// Update the best ancient block to the given hash, after checking that
 	/// it's directly linked to the currently known best ancient block
 	pub fn update_best_ancient_block(&self, hash: &H256) {

ethcore/call-contract/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 [package]
+description = "Parity Ethereum (EthCore) Contract Calls and Blockchain Service & Registry Information"
 name = "ethcore-call-contract"
 version = "0.1.0"
 license = "GPL-3.0"

ethcore/evm/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 [package]
+description = "Parity Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Rust Implementation"
 name = "evm"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["Parity Technologies <admin@parity.io>"]
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ vm = { path = "../vm" }
 keccak-hash = "0.1"
 parking_lot = "0.7"
 memory-cache = { path = "../../util/memory-cache" }
+num-bigint = "0.2"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 rustc-hex = "1.0"

ethcore/evm/benches/basic.rs

@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@ criterion_group!(
 	mem_gas_calculation_same_usize,
 	mem_gas_calculation_same_u256,
 	mem_gas_calculation_increasing_usize,
-	mem_gas_calculation_increasing_u256
+	mem_gas_calculation_increasing_u256,
+	blockhash_mulmod_small,
+	blockhash_mulmod_large,
 );
 criterion_main!(basic);
 
@@ -150,6 +152,54 @@ fn mem_gas_calculation_increasing(gas: U256, b: &mut Bencher) {
 	});
 }
 
+fn blockhash_mulmod_small(b: &mut Criterion) {
+	b.bench_function("blockhash_mulmod_small", |b| {
+		let factory = Factory::default();
+		let mut ext = FakeExt::new();
+
+		let address = Address::from_str("0f572e5295c57f15886f9b263e2f6d2d6c7b5ec6").unwrap();
+
+		b.iter(|| {
+			let code = black_box(
+				"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".from_hex().unwrap()
+			);
+
+			let mut params = ActionParams::default();
+			params.address = address.clone();
+			params.gas = U256::from(4_000u64);
+			params.code = Some(Arc::new(code.clone()));
+
+			let vm = factory.create(params, ext.schedule(), 0);
+
+			result(vm.exec(&mut ext).ok().unwrap())
+		});
+	});
+}
+
+fn blockhash_mulmod_large(b: &mut Criterion) {
+	b.bench_function("blockhash_mulmod_large", |b| {
+		let factory = Factory::default();
+		let mut ext = FakeExt::new();
+
+		let address = Address::from_str("0f572e5295c57f15886f9b263e2f6d2d6c7b5ec6").unwrap();
+
+		b.iter(|| {
+			let code = black_box(
+				"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".from_hex().unwrap()
+			);
+
+			let mut params = ActionParams::default();
+			params.address = address.clone();
+			params.gas = U256::from(4_000u64);
+			params.code = Some(Arc::new(code.clone()));
+
+			let vm = factory.create(params, ext.schedule(), 0);
+
+			result(vm.exec(&mut ext).ok().unwrap())
+		});
+	});
+}
+
 fn result(r: Result<evm::GasLeft>) -> U256 {
 	match r {
 		Ok(GasLeft::Known(gas_left)) => gas_left,

ethcore/evm/src/interpreter/mod.rs

@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ use std::{cmp, mem};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use hash::keccak;
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use ethereum_types::{U256, U512, H256, Address};
+use ethereum_types::{U256, H256, Address};
+use num_bigint::BigUint;
 
 use vm::{
 	self, ActionParams, ParamsType, ActionValue, CallType, MessageCallResult,
@@ -61,6 +62,17 @@ const TWO_POW_96: U256 = U256([0, 0x100000000, 0, 0]); //0x1 00000000 00000000 0
 const TWO_POW_224: U256 = U256([0, 0, 0, 0x100000000]); //0x1 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
 const TWO_POW_248: U256 = U256([0, 0, 0, 0x100000000000000]); //0x1 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 000000
 
+fn to_biguint(x: U256) -> BigUint {
+	let mut bytes = [0u8; 32];
+	x.to_little_endian(&mut bytes);
+	BigUint::from_bytes_le(&bytes)
+}
+
+fn from_biguint(x: BigUint) -> U256 {
+	let bytes = x.to_bytes_le();
+	U256::from_little_endian(&bytes)
+}
+
 /// Abstraction over raw vector of Bytes. Easier state management of PC.
 struct CodeReader {
 	position: ProgramCounter,
@@ -1009,11 +1021,12 @@ impl<Cost: CostType> Interpreter<Cost> {
 				let c = self.stack.pop_back();
 
 				self.stack.push(if !c.is_zero() {
-					// upcast to 512
-					let a5 = U512::from(a);
-					let res = a5.overflowing_add(U512::from(b)).0;
-					let x = res % U512::from(c);
-					U256::from(x)
+					let a_num = to_biguint(a);
+					let b_num = to_biguint(b);
+					let c_num = to_biguint(c);
+					let res = a_num + b_num;
+					let x = res % c_num;
+					from_biguint(x)
 				} else {
 					U256::zero()
 				});
@@ -1024,10 +1037,12 @@ impl<Cost: CostType> Interpreter<Cost> {
 				let c = self.stack.pop_back();
 
 				self.stack.push(if !c.is_zero() {
-					let a5 = U512::from(a);
-					let res = a5.overflowing_mul(U512::from(b)).0;
-					let x = res % U512::from(c);
-					U256::from(x)
+					let a_num = to_biguint(a);
+					let b_num = to_biguint(b);
+					let c_num = to_biguint(c);
+					let res = a_num * b_num;
+					let x = res % c_num;
+					from_biguint(x)
 				} else {
 					U256::zero()
 				});

ethcore/evm/src/lib.rs

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ extern crate vm;
 extern crate keccak_hash as hash;
 extern crate memory_cache;
 extern crate parity_bytes as bytes;
+extern crate num_bigint;
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate lazy_static;

ethcore/light/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [package]
-description = "Parity Light Client Implementation"
+description = "Parity Ethereum (EthCore) Light Client Implementation (Block Import IO Service, Blockchain Data Fetching, Light Client Header Chain Storage, Parity Light Protocol (PLP) Provider, Light Transaction Queue, CHT Definitions, Light Client Data Cache), Parity Light Protocol (PLP) Implementation, P2P Network I/O and Event Context Generalization, Peer Error Handling & Punishment, Request Load Timer & Distribution Manager, Pending Request Set Storage, Request Credit Management, Light Client Request Types, Request Chain Builder Utility, On-demand Chain Request Service over LES (for RPCs), ResponseGuard Implementation)"
 homepage = "http://parity.io"
 license = "GPL-3.0"
 name = "ethcore-light"

ethcore/light/src/client/mod.rs

@@ -116,6 +116,9 @@ pub trait LightChainClient: Send + Sync {
 	/// Query whether a block is known.
 	fn is_known(&self, hash: &H256) -> bool;
 
+	/// Set the chain via a spec name.
+	fn set_spec_name(&self, new_spec_name: String) -> Result<(), ()>;
+
 	/// Clear the queue.
 	fn clear_queue(&self);
 
@@ -164,6 +167,8 @@ pub struct Client<T> {
 	listeners: RwLock<Vec<Weak<LightChainNotify>>>,
 	fetcher: T,
 	verify_full: bool,
+	/// A closure to call when we want to restart the client
+	exit_handler: Mutex<Option<Box<Fn(String) + 'static + Send>>>,
 }
 
 impl<T: ChainDataFetcher> Client<T> {
@@ -190,6 +195,7 @@ impl<T: ChainDataFetcher> Client<T> {
 			listeners: RwLock::new(vec![]),
 			fetcher,
 			verify_full: config.verify_full,
+			exit_handler: Mutex::new(None),
 		})
 	}
 
@@ -360,6 +366,14 @@ impl<T: ChainDataFetcher> Client<T> {
 		self.chain.heap_size_of_children()
 	}
 
+	/// Set a closure to call when the client wants to be restarted.
+	///
+	/// The parameter passed to the callback is the name of the new chain spec to use after
+	/// the restart.
+	pub fn set_exit_handler<F>(&self, f: F) where F: Fn(String) + 'static + Send {
+		*self.exit_handler.lock() = Some(Box::new(f));
+	}
+
 	/// Get a handle to the verification engine.
 	pub fn engine(&self) -> &Arc<EthEngine> {
 		&self.engine
@@ -563,6 +577,17 @@ impl<T: ChainDataFetcher> LightChainClient for Client<T> {
 		Client::engine(self)
 	}
 
+	fn set_spec_name(&self, new_spec_name: String) -> Result<(), ()> {
+		trace!(target: "mode", "Client::set_spec_name({:?})", new_spec_name);
+		if let Some(ref h) = *self.exit_handler.lock() {
+			(*h)(new_spec_name);
+			Ok(())
+		} else {
+			warn!("Not hypervised; cannot change chain.");
+			Err(())
+		}
+	}
+
 	fn is_known(&self, hash: &H256) -> bool {
 		self.status(hash) == BlockStatus::InChain
 	}

ethcore/light/src/net/mod.rs

@@ -533,6 +533,9 @@ impl LightProtocol {
 			// the timer approach will skip 1 (possibly 2) in rare occasions.
 			if peer_info.sent_head == announcement.head_hash ||
 				peer_info.status.head_num >= announcement.head_num ||
+				// fix for underflow reported in
+				// https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/10419
+				now < peer_info.last_update ||
 				now - peer_info.last_update < UPDATE_INTERVAL {
 				continue
 			}

ethcore/light/src/on_demand/mod.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
-use ethcore::executed::{Executed, ExecutionError};
 use futures::{Poll, Future, Async};
 use futures::sync::oneshot::{self, Receiver};
 use network::PeerId;
@@ -41,10 +40,10 @@ use cache::Cache;
 use request::{self as basic_request, Request as NetworkRequest};
 use self::request::CheckedRequest;
 
+pub use ethcore::executed::ExecutionResult;
 pub use self::request::{Request, Response, HeaderRef, Error as ValidityError};
 pub use self::request_guard::{RequestGuard, Error as RequestError};
 pub use self::response_guard::{ResponseGuard, Error as ResponseGuardError, Inner as ResponseGuardInner};
-
 pub use types::request::ResponseError;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -54,9 +53,6 @@ pub mod request;
 mod request_guard;
 mod response_guard;
 
-/// The result of execution
-pub type ExecutionResult = Result<Executed, ExecutionError>;
-
 /// The initial backoff interval for OnDemand queries
 pub const DEFAULT_REQUEST_MIN_BACKOFF_DURATION: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
 /// The maximum request interval for OnDemand queries
@@ -70,6 +66,10 @@ pub const DEFAULT_NUM_CONSECUTIVE_FAILED_REQUESTS: usize = 1;
 
 /// OnDemand related errors
 pub mod error {
+	// Silence: `use of deprecated item 'std::error::Error::cause': replaced by Error::source, which can support downcasting`
+	// https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/10302
+	#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 	use futures::sync::oneshot::Canceled;
 
 	error_chain! {
@@ -94,6 +94,24 @@ pub mod error {
 	}
 }
 
+/// Public interface for performing network requests `OnDemand`
+pub trait OnDemandRequester: Send + Sync {
+	/// Submit a strongly-typed batch of requests.
+	///
+	/// Fails if back-reference are not coherent.
+	fn request<T>(&self, ctx: &BasicContext, requests: T) -> Result<OnResponses<T>, basic_request::NoSuchOutput>
+	where
+		T: request::RequestAdapter;
+
+	/// Submit a vector of requests to be processed together.
+	///
+	/// Fails if back-references are not coherent.
+	/// The returned vector of responses will correspond to the requests exactly.
+	fn request_raw(&self, ctx: &BasicContext, requests: Vec<Request>)
+		-> Result<Receiver<PendingResponse>, basic_request::NoSuchOutput>;
+}
+
+
 // relevant peer info.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct Peer {
@@ -355,6 +373,74 @@ pub struct OnDemand {
 	request_number_of_consecutive_errors: usize
 }
 
+impl OnDemandRequester for OnDemand {
+	fn request_raw(&self, ctx: &BasicContext, requests: Vec<Request>)
+		-> Result<Receiver<PendingResponse>, basic_request::NoSuchOutput>
+	{
+		let (sender, receiver) = oneshot::channel();
+		if requests.is_empty() {
+			assert!(sender.send(Ok(Vec::new())).is_ok(), "receiver still in scope; qed");
+			return Ok(receiver);
+		}
+
+		let mut builder = basic_request::Builder::default();
+
+		let responses = Vec::with_capacity(requests.len());
+
+		let mut header_producers = HashMap::new();
+		for (i, request) in requests.into_iter().enumerate() {
+			let request = CheckedRequest::from(request);
+
+			// ensure that all requests needing headers will get them.
+			if let Some((idx, field)) = request.needs_header() {
+				// a request chain with a header back-reference is valid only if it both
+				// points to a request that returns a header and has the same back-reference
+				// for the block hash.
+				match header_producers.get(&idx) {
+					Some(ref f) if &field == *f => {}
+					_ => return Err(basic_request::NoSuchOutput),
+				}
+			}
+			if let CheckedRequest::HeaderByHash(ref req, _) = request {
+				header_producers.insert(i, req.0);
+			}
+
+			builder.push(request)?;
+		}
+
+		let requests = builder.build();
+		let net_requests = requests.clone().map_requests(|req| req.into_net_request());
+		let capabilities = guess_capabilities(requests.requests());
+
+		self.submit_pending(ctx, Pending {
+			requests,
+			net_requests,
+			required_capabilities: capabilities,
+			responses,
+			sender,
+			request_guard: RequestGuard::new(
+				self.request_number_of_consecutive_errors as u32,
+				self.request_backoff_rounds_max,
+				self.request_backoff_start,
+				self.request_backoff_max,
+			),
+			response_guard: ResponseGuard::new(self.response_time_window),
+		});
+
+		Ok(receiver)
+	}
+
+	fn request<T>(&self, ctx: &BasicContext, requests: T) -> Result<OnResponses<T>, basic_request::NoSuchOutput>
+		where T: request::RequestAdapter
+	{
+		self.request_raw(ctx, requests.make_requests()).map(|recv| OnResponses {
+			receiver: recv,
+			_marker: PhantomData,
+		})
+	}
+
+}
+
 impl OnDemand {
 
 	/// Create a new `OnDemand` service with the given cache.
@@ -415,77 +501,6 @@ impl OnDemand {
 		me
 	}
 
-	/// Submit a vector of requests to be processed together.
-	///
-	/// Fails if back-references are not coherent.
-	/// The returned vector of responses will correspond to the requests exactly.
-	pub fn request_raw(&self, ctx: &BasicContext, requests: Vec<Request>)
-		-> Result<Receiver<PendingResponse>, basic_request::NoSuchOutput>
-	{
-		let (sender, receiver) = oneshot::channel();
-		if requests.is_empty() {
-			assert!(sender.send(Ok(Vec::new())).is_ok(), "receiver still in scope; qed");
-			return Ok(receiver);
-		}
-
-		let mut builder = basic_request::Builder::default();
-
-		let responses = Vec::with_capacity(requests.len());
-
-		let mut header_producers = HashMap::new();
-		for (i, request) in requests.into_iter().enumerate() {
-			let request = CheckedRequest::from(request);
-
-			// ensure that all requests needing headers will get them.
-			if let Some((idx, field)) = request.needs_header() {
-				// a request chain with a header back-reference is valid only if it both
-				// points to a request that returns a header and has the same back-reference
-				// for the block hash.
-				match header_producers.get(&idx) {
-					Some(ref f) if &field == *f => {}
-					_ => return Err(basic_request::NoSuchOutput),
-				}
-			}
-			if let CheckedRequest::HeaderByHash(ref req, _) = request {
-				header_producers.insert(i, req.0);
-			}
-
-			builder.push(request)?;
-		}
-
-		let requests = builder.build();
-		let net_requests = requests.clone().map_requests(|req| req.into_net_request());
-		let capabilities = guess_capabilities(requests.requests());
-
-		self.submit_pending(ctx, Pending {
-			requests,
-			net_requests,
-			required_capabilities: capabilities,
-			responses,
-			sender,
-			request_guard: RequestGuard::new(
-				self.request_number_of_consecutive_errors as u32,
-				self.request_backoff_rounds_max,
-				self.request_backoff_start,
-				self.request_backoff_max,
-			),
-			response_guard: ResponseGuard::new(self.response_time_window),
-		});
-
-		Ok(receiver)
-	}
-
-	/// Submit a strongly-typed batch of requests.
-	///
-	/// Fails if back-reference are not coherent.
-	pub fn request<T>(&self, ctx: &BasicContext, requests: T) -> Result<OnResponses<T>, basic_request::NoSuchOutput>
-		where T: request::RequestAdapter
-	{
-		self.request_raw(ctx, requests.make_requests()).map(|recv| OnResponses {
-			receiver: recv,
-			_marker: PhantomData,
-		})
-	}
 
 	// maybe dispatch pending requests.
 	// sometimes

ethcore/light/src/on_demand/tests.rs

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 use std::thread;
 
-use super::{request, OnDemand, Peer, HeaderRef};
+use super::{request, OnDemand, OnDemandRequester, Peer, HeaderRef};
 
 // useful contexts to give the service.
 enum Context {

ethcore/light/src/types/request/batch.rs

@@ -255,4 +255,63 @@ mod tests {
 			hash: Field::BackReference(0, 0),
 		})).unwrap();
 	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn batch_tx_index_backreference() {
+		let mut builder = Builder::default();
+		builder.push(Request::HeaderProof(IncompleteHeaderProofRequest {
+			num: 100.into(), // header proof puts hash at output 0.
+		})).unwrap();
+		builder.push(Request::TransactionIndex(IncompleteTransactionIndexRequest {
+			hash: Field::BackReference(0, 0),
+		})).unwrap();
+
+		let mut batch = builder.build();
+		batch.requests[1].fill(|_req_idx, _out_idx| Ok(Output::Hash(42.into())));
+
+		assert!(batch.next_complete().is_some());
+		batch.answered += 1;
+		assert!(batch.next_complete().is_some());
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn batch_tx_index_backreference_public_api() {
+		let mut builder = Builder::default();
+		builder.push(Request::HeaderProof(IncompleteHeaderProofRequest {
+			num: 100.into(), // header proof puts hash at output 0.
+		})).unwrap();
+		builder.push(Request::TransactionIndex(IncompleteTransactionIndexRequest {
+			hash: Field::BackReference(0, 0),
+		})).unwrap();
+
+		let mut batch = builder.build();
+
+		assert!(batch.next_complete().is_some());
+		let hdr_proof_res = header_proof::Response {
+			proof: vec![],
+			hash: 12.into(),
+			td: 21.into(),
+		};
+		batch.supply_response_unchecked(&hdr_proof_res);
+
+		assert!(batch.next_complete().is_some());
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn batch_receipts_backreference() {
+		let mut builder = Builder::default();
+		builder.push(Request::HeaderProof(IncompleteHeaderProofRequest {
+			num: 100.into(), // header proof puts hash at output 0.
+		})).unwrap();
+		builder.push(Request::Receipts(IncompleteReceiptsRequest {
+			hash: Field::BackReference(0, 0),
+		})).unwrap();
+
+		let mut batch = builder.build();
+		batch.requests[1].fill(|_req_idx, _out_idx| Ok(Output::Hash(42.into())));
+
+		assert!(batch.next_complete().is_some());
+		batch.answered += 1;
+		assert!(batch.next_complete().is_some());
+	}
 }

ethcore/light/src/types/request/mod.rs

@@ -907,7 +907,7 @@ pub mod transaction_index {
 		fn fill<F>(&mut self, oracle: F) where F: Fn(usize, usize) -> Result<Output, NoSuchOutput> {
 			if let Field::BackReference(req, idx) = self.hash {
 				self.hash = match oracle(req, idx) {
-					Ok(Output::Number(hash)) => Field::Scalar(hash.into()),
+					Ok(Output::Hash(hash)) => Field::Scalar(hash.into()),
 					_ => Field::BackReference(req, idx),
 				}
 			}
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ pub mod block_receipts {
 		fn fill<F>(&mut self, oracle: F) where F: Fn(usize, usize) -> Result<Output, NoSuchOutput> {
 			if let Field::BackReference(req, idx) = self.hash {
 				self.hash = match oracle(req, idx) {
-					Ok(Output::Number(hash)) => Field::Scalar(hash.into()),
+					Ok(Output::Hash(hash)) => Field::Scalar(hash.into()),
 					_ => Field::BackReference(req, idx),
 				}
 			}

ethcore/node-filter/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [package]
-description = "Parity smart network connections"
+description = "Parity Smart Contract based Node Filter, Manage Permissions of Network Connections"
 homepage = "http://parity.io"
 license = "GPL-3.0"
 name = "node-filter"

ethcore/private-tx/Cargo.toml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ authors = ["Parity Technologies <admin@parity.io>"]
 
 [dependencies]
 common-types = { path = "../types" }
-error-chain = { version = "0.12", default-features = false }
+derive_more = "0.14.0"
 ethabi = "6.0"
 ethabi-contract = "6.0"
 ethabi-derive = "6.0"
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ serde = "1.0"
 serde_derive = "1.0"
 serde_json = "1.0"
 tiny-keccak = "1.4"
-transaction-pool = "1.13.2"
+transaction-pool = "2.0"
 url = "1"
 
 [dev-dependencies]

ethcore/private-tx/src/encryptor.rs

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use crypto;
 use futures::Future;
 use fetch::{Fetch, Client as FetchClient, Method, BodyReader, Request};
 use bytes::{Bytes, ToPretty};
-use error::{Error, ErrorKind};
+use error::Error;
 use url::Url;
 use super::Signer;
 use super::key_server_keys::address_to_key;
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ pub trait Encryptor: Send + Sync + 'static {
 	) -> Result<Bytes, Error>;
 }
 
-/// Configurtion for key server encryptor
+/// Configuration for key server encryptor
 #[derive(Default, PartialEq, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EncryptorConfig {
 	/// URL to key server
@@ -111,11 +111,11 @@ impl SecretStoreEncryptor {
 			return Ok(key);
 		}
 		let contract_address_signature = self.sign_contract_address(contract_address)?;
-		let requester = self.config.key_server_account.ok_or_else(|| ErrorKind::KeyServerAccountNotSet)?;
+		let requester = self.config.key_server_account.ok_or_else(|| Error::KeyServerAccountNotSet)?;
 
 		// key id in SS is H256 && we have H160 here => expand with assitional zeros
 		let contract_address_extended: H256 = contract_address.into();
-		let base_url = self.config.base_url.clone().ok_or_else(|| ErrorKind::KeyServerNotSet)?;
+		let base_url = self.config.base_url.clone().ok_or_else(|| Error::KeyServerNotSet)?;
 
 		// prepare request url
 		let url = format!("{}/{}/{}{}",
@@ -132,16 +132,16 @@ impl SecretStoreEncryptor {
 			Method::GET
 		};
 
-		let url = Url::from_str(&url).map_err(|e| ErrorKind::Encrypt(e.to_string()))?;
+		let url = Url::from_str(&url).map_err(|e| Error::Encrypt(e.to_string()))?;
 		let response = self.client.fetch(Request::new(url, method), Default::default()).wait()
-			.map_err(|e| ErrorKind::Encrypt(e.to_string()))?;
+			.map_err(|e| Error::Encrypt(e.to_string()))?;
 
 		if response.is_not_found() {
-			bail!(ErrorKind::EncryptionKeyNotFound(*contract_address));
+			return Err(Error::EncryptionKeyNotFound(*contract_address));
 		}
 
 		if !response.is_success() {
-			bail!(ErrorKind::Encrypt(response.status().canonical_reason().unwrap_or("unknown").into()));
+			return Err(Error::Encrypt(response.status().canonical_reason().unwrap_or("unknown").into()));
 		}
 
 		// read HTTP response
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ impl SecretStoreEncryptor {
 		BodyReader::new(response).read_to_string(&mut result)?;
 
 		// response is JSON string (which is, in turn, hex-encoded, encrypted Public)
-		let encrypted_bytes: ethjson::bytes::Bytes = result.trim_matches('\"').parse().map_err(|e| ErrorKind::Encrypt(e))?;
+		let encrypted_bytes: ethjson::bytes::Bytes = result.trim_matches('\"').parse().map_err(|e| Error::Encrypt(e))?;
 
 		// decrypt Public
 		let decrypted_bytes = self.signer.decrypt(requester, &crypto::DEFAULT_MAC, &encrypted_bytes)?;
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ impl SecretStoreEncryptor {
 	}
 
 	fn sign_contract_address(&self, contract_address: &Address) -> Result<Signature, Error> {
-		let key_server_account = self.config.key_server_account.ok_or_else(|| ErrorKind::KeyServerAccountNotSet)?;
+		let key_server_account = self.config.key_server_account.ok_or_else(|| Error::KeyServerAccountNotSet)?;
 		Ok(self.signer.sign(key_server_account, address_to_key(contract_address))?)
 	}
 }
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ impl Encryptor for SecretStoreEncryptor {
 		// retrieve the key, try to generate it if it doesn't exist yet
 		let key = match self.retrieve_key("", false, contract_address) {
 			Ok(key) => Ok(key),
-			Err(Error(ErrorKind::EncryptionKeyNotFound(_), _)) => {
+			Err(Error::EncryptionKeyNotFound(_)) => {
 				trace!(target: "privatetx", "Key for account wasnt found in sstore. Creating. Address: {:?}", contract_address);
 				self.retrieve_key(&format!("/{}", self.config.threshold), true, contract_address)
 			}
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ impl Encryptor for SecretStoreEncryptor {
 		let mut cypher = Vec::with_capacity(plain_data.len() + initialisation_vector.len());
 		cypher.extend(repeat(0).take(plain_data.len()));
 		crypto::aes::encrypt_128_ctr(&key, initialisation_vector, plain_data, &mut cypher)
-			.map_err(|e| ErrorKind::Encrypt(e.to_string()))?;
+			.map_err(|e| Error::Encrypt(e.to_string()))?;
 		cypher.extend_from_slice(&initialisation_vector);
 
 		Ok(cypher)
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ impl Encryptor for SecretStoreEncryptor {
 		// initialization vector takes INIT_VEC_LEN bytes
 		let cypher_len = cypher.len();
 		if cypher_len < INIT_VEC_LEN {
-			bail!(ErrorKind::Decrypt("Invalid cypher".into()));
+			return Err(Error::Decrypt("Invalid cypher".into()));
 		}
 
 		// retrieve existing key
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ impl Encryptor for SecretStoreEncryptor {
 		let mut plain_data = Vec::with_capacity(cypher_len - INIT_VEC_LEN);
 		plain_data.extend(repeat(0).take(cypher_len - INIT_VEC_LEN));
 		crypto::aes::decrypt_128_ctr(&key, &iv, cypher, &mut plain_data)
-			.map_err(|e| ErrorKind::Decrypt(e.to_string()))?;
+			.map_err(|e| Error::Decrypt(e.to_string()))?;
 		Ok(plain_data)
 	}
 }

ethcore/private-tx/src/error.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 // along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
+use std::error;
+use derive_more::Display;
 use ethereum_types::Address;
 use rlp::DecoderError;
 use ethtrie::TrieError;
@@ -21,173 +23,173 @@ use ethcore::error::{Error as EthcoreError, ExecutionError};
 use types::transaction::Error as TransactionError;
 use ethkey::Error as KeyError;
 use ethkey::crypto::Error as CryptoError;
-use txpool::Error as TxPoolError;
+use txpool::VerifiedTransaction;
+use private_transactions::VerifiedPrivateTransaction;
 
-error_chain! {
-	foreign_links {
-		Io(::std::io::Error) #[doc = "Error concerning the Rust standard library's IO subsystem."];
-		Decoder(DecoderError) #[doc = "RLP decoding error."];
-		Trie(TrieError) #[doc = "Error concerning TrieDBs."];
-		Txpool(TxPoolError) #[doc = "Tx pool error."];
-		Crypto(CryptoError) #[doc = "Crypto error."];
+type TxPoolError = txpool::Error<<VerifiedPrivateTransaction as VerifiedTransaction>::Hash>;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Display)]
+pub enum Error {
+	/// Error concerning the Rust standard library's IO subsystem.
+	#[display(fmt = "Io Error: {}", _0)]
+	Io(::std::io::Error),
+	/// RLP decoding error.
+	#[display(fmt = "Decoder Error: {}", _0)]
+	Decoder(DecoderError),
+	/// Error concerning TrieDBs.
+	#[display(fmt = "Trie Error: {}", _0)]
+	Trie(TrieError),
+	/// Transaction pool error.
+	#[display(fmt = "Transaction Pool Error: {}", _0)]
+	TxPool(TxPoolError),
+	/// Crypto error.
+	#[display(fmt = "Crypto Error {}", _0)]
+	Crypto(CryptoError),
+	/// Encryption error.
+	#[display(fmt = "Encryption error. ({})", _0)]
+	Encrypt(String),
+	/// Decryption error.
+	#[display(fmt = "Decryption error. ({})", _0)]
+	Decrypt(String),
+	/// Address not authorized.
+	#[display(fmt = "Private transaction execution is not authorised for {}", _0)]
+	NotAuthorised(Address),
+	/// Transaction creates more than one contract.
+	#[display(fmt = "Private transaction created too many contracts")]
+	TooManyContracts,
+	/// Contract call error.
+	#[display(fmt = "Contract call error. ({})", _0)]
+	Call(String),
+	/// State is not available.
+	#[display(fmt = "State is not available")]
+	StatePruned,
+	/// State is incorrect.
+	#[display(fmt = "State is incorrect")]
+	StateIncorrect,
+	/// Wrong private transaction type.
+	#[display(fmt = "Wrong private transaction type")]
+	BadTransactionType,
+	/// Contract does not exist or was not created.
+	#[display(fmt = "Contract does not exist or was not created")]
+	ContractDoesNotExist,
+	/// Reference to the client is corrupted.
+	#[display(fmt = "Reference to the client is corrupted")]
+	ClientIsMalformed,
+	/// Queue of private transactions for verification is full.
+	#[display(fmt = "Queue of private transactions for verification is full")]
+	QueueIsFull,
+	/// The transaction already exists in queue of private transactions.
+	#[display(fmt = "The transaction already exists in queue of private transactions.")]
+	PrivateTransactionAlreadyImported,
+	/// The information about private transaction is not found in the store.
+	#[display(fmt = "The information about private transaction is not found in the store.")]
+	PrivateTransactionNotFound,
+	/// Account for signing public transactions not set.
+	#[display(fmt = "Account for signing public transactions not set.")]
+	SignerAccountNotSet,
+	/// Account for validating private transactions not set.
+	#[display(fmt = "Account for validating private transactions not set.")]
+	ValidatorAccountNotSet,
+	/// Account for signing requests to key server not set.
+	#[display(fmt = "Account for signing requests to key server not set.")]
+	KeyServerAccountNotSet,
+	/// Encryption key is not found on key server.
+	#[display(fmt = "Encryption key is not found on key server for {}", _0)]
+	EncryptionKeyNotFound(Address),
+	/// Key server URL is not set.
+	#[display(fmt = "Key server URL is not set.")]
+	KeyServerNotSet,
+	/// VM execution error.
+	#[display(fmt = "VM execution error {}", _0)]
+	Execution(ExecutionError),
+	/// General signing error.
+	#[display(fmt = "General signing error {}", _0)]
+	Key(KeyError),
+	/// Error of transactions processing.
+	#[display(fmt = "Error of transactions processing {}", _0)]
+	Transaction(TransactionError),
+	/// General ethcore error.
+	#[display(fmt = "General ethcore error {}", _0)]
+	Ethcore(EthcoreError),
+	/// A convenient variant for String.
+	#[display(fmt = "{}", _0)]
+	Msg(String),
+}
+
+impl error::Error for Error {
+	fn source(&self) -> Option<&(error::Error + 'static)> {
+		match self {
+			Error::Io(e) => Some(e),
+			Error::Decoder(e) => Some(e),
+			Error::Trie(e) => Some(e),
+			Error::TxPool(e) => Some(e),
+			Error::Crypto(e) => Some(e),
+			Error::Execution(e) => Some(e),
+			Error::Key(e) => Some(e),
+			Error::Transaction(e) => Some(e),
+			Error::Ethcore(e) => Some(e),
+			_ => None,
+		}
 	}
+}
 
-	errors {
-		#[doc = "Encryption error."]
-		Encrypt(err: String) {
-			description("Encryption error"),
-			display("Encryption error. ({})", err),
-		}
+impl From<String> for Error {
+	fn from(s: String) -> Self {
+		Error::Msg(s)
+	}
+}
 
-		#[doc = "Decryption error."]
-		Decrypt(err: String) {
-			description("Decryption error"),
-			display("Decryption error. ({})", err),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "Address not authorized."]
-		NotAuthorised(address: Address) {
-			description("Address not authorized"),
-			display("Private transaction execution is not authorised for {}", address),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "Transaction creates more than one contract."]
-		TooManyContracts {
-			description("Transaction creates more than one contract."),
-			display("Private transaction created too many contracts"),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "Contract call error."]
-		Call(err: String) {
-			description("Contract call error."),
-			display("Contract call error. ({})", err),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "State is not available."]
-		StatePruned {
-			description("State is not available."),
-			display("State is not available"),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "State is incorrect."]
-		StateIncorrect {
-			description("State is incorrect."),
-			display("State is incorrect"),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "Wrong private transaction type."]
-		BadTransactionType {
-			description("Wrong private transaction type."),
-			display("Wrong private transaction type"),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "Contract does not exist or was not created."]
-		ContractDoesNotExist {
-			description("Contract does not exist or was not created."),
-			display("Contract does not exist or was not created"),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "Reference to the client is corrupted."]
-		ClientIsMalformed {
-			description("Reference to the client is corrupted."),
-			display("Reference to the client is corrupted"),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "Queue of private transactions for verification is full."]
-		QueueIsFull {
-			description("Queue of private transactions for verification is full."),
-			display("Queue of private transactions for verification is full"),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "The transaction already exists in queue of private transactions."]
-		PrivateTransactionAlreadyImported {
-			description("The transaction already exists in queue of private transactions."),
-			display("The transaction already exists in queue of private transactions."),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "The information about private transaction is not found in the store."]
-		PrivateTransactionNotFound {
-			description("The information about private transaction is not found in the store."),
-			display("The information about private transaction is not found in the store."),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "Account for signing public transactions not set."]
-		SignerAccountNotSet {
-			description("Account for signing public transactions not set."),
-			display("Account for signing public transactions not set."),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "Account for validating private transactions not set."]
-		ValidatorAccountNotSet {
-			description("Account for validating private transactions not set."),
-			display("Account for validating private transactions not set."),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "Account for signing requests to key server not set."]
-		KeyServerAccountNotSet {
-			description("Account for signing requests to key server not set."),
-			display("Account for signing requests to key server not set."),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "Encryption key is not found on key server."]
-		EncryptionKeyNotFound(address: Address) {
-			description("Encryption key is not found on key server"),
-			display("Encryption key is not found on key server for {}", address),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "Key server URL is not set."]
-		KeyServerNotSet {
-			description("Key server URL is not set."),
-			display("Key server URL is not set."),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "VM execution error."]
-		Execution(err: ExecutionError) {
-			description("VM execution error."),
-			display("VM execution error {}", err),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "General signing error."]
-		Key(err: KeyError) {
-			description("General signing error."),
-			display("General signing error {}", err),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "Error of transactions processing."]
-		Transaction(err: TransactionError) {
-			description("Error of transactions processing."),
-			display("Error of transactions processing {}", err),
-		}
-
-		#[doc = "General ethcore error."]
-		Ethcore(err: EthcoreError) {
-			description("General ethcore error."),
-			display("General ethcore error {}", err),
-		}
+impl From<std::io::Error> for Error {
+	fn from(err: std::io::Error) -> Self {
+		Error::Io(err).into()
 	}
 }
 
 impl From<KeyError> for Error {
 	fn from(err: KeyError) -> Self {
-		ErrorKind::Key(err).into()
+		Error::Key(err).into()
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<CryptoError> for Error {
+	fn from(err: CryptoError) -> Self {
+		Error::Crypto(err).into()
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<DecoderError> for Error {
+	fn from(err: DecoderError) -> Self {
+		Error::Decoder(err).into()
 	}
 }
 
 impl From<ExecutionError> for Error {
 	fn from(err: ExecutionError) -> Self {
-		ErrorKind::Execution(err).into()
+		Error::Execution(err).into()
 	}
 }
 
 impl From<TransactionError> for Error {
 	fn from(err: TransactionError) -> Self {
-		ErrorKind::Transaction(err).into()
+		Error::Transaction(err).into()
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<TrieError> for Error {
+	fn from(err: TrieError) -> Self {
+		Error::Trie(err).into()
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<TxPoolError> for Error {
+	fn from(err: TxPoolError) -> Self {
+		Error::TxPool(err).into()
 	}
 }
 
 impl From<EthcoreError> for Error {
 	fn from(err: EthcoreError) -> Self {
-		ErrorKind::Ethcore(err).into()
+		Error::Ethcore(err).into()
 	}
 }
 

ethcore/private-tx/src/lib.rs

@@ -54,8 +54,7 @@ extern crate log;
 extern crate ethabi_derive;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate ethabi_contract;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate error_chain;
+extern crate derive_more;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate rlp_derive;
 
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ pub use encryptor::{Encryptor, SecretStoreEncryptor, EncryptorConfig, NoopEncryp
 pub use key_server_keys::{KeyProvider, SecretStoreKeys, StoringKeyProvider};
 pub use private_transactions::{VerifiedPrivateTransaction, VerificationStore, PrivateTransactionSigningDesc, SigningStore};
 pub use messages::{PrivateTransaction, SignedPrivateTransaction};
-pub use error::{Error, ErrorKind};
+pub use error::Error;
 
 use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet, BTreeMap};
@@ -238,10 +237,10 @@ impl Provider {
 		trace!(target: "privatetx", "Creating private transaction from regular transaction: {:?}", signed_transaction);
 		if self.signer_account.is_none() {
 			warn!(target: "privatetx", "Signing account not set");
-			bail!(ErrorKind::SignerAccountNotSet);
+			return Err(Error::SignerAccountNotSet);
 		}
 		let tx_hash = signed_transaction.hash();
-		let contract = Self::contract_address_from_transaction(&signed_transaction).map_err(|_| ErrorKind::BadTransactionType)?;
+		let contract = Self::contract_address_from_transaction(&signed_transaction).map_err(|_| Error::BadTransactionType)?;
 		let data = signed_transaction.rlp_bytes();
 		let encrypted_transaction = self.encrypt(&contract, &Self::iv_from_transaction(&signed_transaction), &data)?;
 		let private = PrivateTransaction::new(encrypted_transaction, contract);
@@ -278,13 +277,12 @@ impl Provider {
 
 	fn pool_client<'a>(&'a self, nonce_cache: &'a NonceCache, local_accounts: &'a HashSet<Address>) -> miner::pool_client::PoolClient<'a, Client> {
 		let engine = self.client.engine();
-		let refuse_service_transactions = true;
 		miner::pool_client::PoolClient::new(
 			&*self.client,
 			nonce_cache,
 			engine,
 			local_accounts,
-			refuse_service_transactions,
+			None,  // refuse_service_transactions = true
 		)
 	}
 
@@ -309,19 +307,19 @@ impl Provider {
 					// TODO #9825 [ToDr] Usage of BlockId::Latest
 					let contract_nonce = self.get_contract_nonce(&contract, BlockId::Latest);
 					if let Err(e) = contract_nonce {
-						bail!("Cannot retrieve contract nonce: {:?}", e);
+						return Err(format!("Cannot retrieve contract nonce: {:?}", e).into());
 					}
 					let contract_nonce = contract_nonce.expect("Error was checked before");
 					let private_state = self.execute_private_transaction(BlockId::Latest, &transaction.transaction);
 					if let Err(e) = private_state {
-						bail!("Cannot retrieve private state: {:?}", e);
+						return Err(format!("Cannot retrieve private state: {:?}", e).into());
 					}
 					let private_state = private_state.expect("Error was checked before");
 					let private_state_hash = self.calculate_state_hash(&private_state, contract_nonce);
 					trace!(target: "privatetx", "Hashed effective private state for validator: {:?}", private_state_hash);
 					let signed_state = self.accounts.sign(validator_account, private_state_hash);
 					if let Err(e) = signed_state {
-						bail!("Cannot sign the state: {:?}", e);
+						return Err(format!("Cannot sign the state: {:?}", e).into());
 					}
 					let signed_state = signed_state.expect("Error was checked before");
 					let signed_private_transaction = SignedPrivateTransaction::new(private_hash, signed_state, None);
@@ -362,25 +360,27 @@ impl Provider {
 			signatures.push(signed_tx.signature());
 			let rsv: Vec<Signature> = signatures.into_iter().map(|sign| sign.into_electrum().into()).collect();
 			// Create public transaction
+			let signer_account = self.signer_account.ok_or_else(|| Error::SignerAccountNotSet)?;
+			let state = self.client.state_at(BlockId::Latest).ok_or(Error::StatePruned)?;
+			let nonce = state.nonce(&signer_account)?;
 			let public_tx = self.public_transaction(
 				desc.state.clone(),
 				&desc.original_transaction,
 				&rsv,
-				desc.original_transaction.nonce,
+				nonce,
 				desc.original_transaction.gas_price
 			)?;
 			trace!(target: "privatetx", "Last required signature received, public transaction created: {:?}", public_tx);
 			// Sign and add it to the queue
 			let chain_id = desc.original_transaction.chain_id();
 			let hash = public_tx.hash(chain_id);
-			let signer_account = self.signer_account.ok_or_else(|| ErrorKind::SignerAccountNotSet)?;
 			let signature = self.accounts.sign(signer_account, hash)?;
 			let signed = SignedTransaction::new(public_tx.with_signature(signature, chain_id))?;
 			match self.miner.import_own_transaction(&*self.client, signed.into()) {
 				Ok(_) => trace!(target: "privatetx", "Public transaction added to queue"),
 				Err(err) => {
 					warn!(target: "privatetx", "Failed to add transaction to queue, error: {:?}", err);
-					bail!(err);
+					return Err(err.into());
 				}
 			}
 			// Notify about state changes
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ impl Provider {
 			// Remove from store for signing
 			if let Err(err) = self.transactions_for_signing.write().remove(&private_hash) {
 				warn!(target: "privatetx", "Failed to remove transaction from signing store, error: {:?}", err);
-				bail!(err);
+				return Err(err);
 			}
 		} else {
 			// Add signature to the store
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ impl Provider {
 				Ok(_) => trace!(target: "privatetx", "Signature stored for private transaction"),
 				Err(err) => {
 					warn!(target: "privatetx", "Failed to add signature to signing store, error: {:?}", err);
-					bail!(err);
+					return Err(err);
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ impl Provider {
 			Action::Call(contract) => Ok(contract),
 			_ => {
 				warn!(target: "privatetx", "Incorrect type of action for the transaction");
-				bail!(ErrorKind::BadTransactionType);
+				return Err(Error::BadTransactionType);
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -434,13 +434,13 @@ impl Provider {
 					}
 					false => {
 						warn!(target: "privatetx", "Sender's state doesn't correspond to validator's");
-						bail!(ErrorKind::StateIncorrect);
+						return Err(Error::StateIncorrect);
 					}
 				}
 			}
 			Err(err) => {
 				warn!(target: "privatetx", "Sender's state doesn't correspond to validator's, error {:?}", err);
-				bail!(err);
+				return Err(err.into());
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -480,21 +480,21 @@ impl Provider {
 	fn get_decrypted_state(&self, address: &Address, block: BlockId) -> Result<Bytes, Error> {
 		let (data, decoder) = private_contract::functions::state::call();
 		let value = self.client.call_contract(block, *address, data)?;
-		let state = decoder.decode(&value).map_err(|e| ErrorKind::Call(format!("Contract call failed {:?}", e)))?;
+		let state = decoder.decode(&value).map_err(|e| Error::Call(format!("Contract call failed {:?}", e)))?;
 		self.decrypt(address, &state)
 	}
 
 	fn get_decrypted_code(&self, address: &Address, block: BlockId) -> Result<Bytes, Error> {
 		let (data, decoder) = private_contract::functions::code::call();
 		let value = self.client.call_contract(block, *address, data)?;
-		let state = decoder.decode(&value).map_err(|e| ErrorKind::Call(format!("Contract call failed {:?}", e)))?;
+		let state = decoder.decode(&value).map_err(|e| Error::Call(format!("Contract call failed {:?}", e)))?;
 		self.decrypt(address, &state)
 	}
 
 	pub fn get_contract_nonce(&self, address: &Address, block: BlockId) -> Result<U256, Error> {
 		let (data, decoder) = private_contract::functions::nonce::call();
 		let value = self.client.call_contract(block, *address, data)?;
-		decoder.decode(&value).map_err(|e| ErrorKind::Call(format!("Contract call failed {:?}", e)).into())
+		decoder.decode(&value).map_err(|e| Error::Call(format!("Contract call failed {:?}", e)).into())
 	}
 
 	fn snapshot_to_storage(raw: Bytes) -> HashMap<H256, H256> {
@@ -531,10 +531,10 @@ impl Provider {
 			T: Tracer,
 			V: VMTracer,
 	{
-		let mut env_info = self.client.env_info(block).ok_or(ErrorKind::StatePruned)?;
+		let mut env_info = self.client.env_info(block).ok_or(Error::StatePruned)?;
 		env_info.gas_limit = transaction.gas;
 
-		let mut state = self.client.state_at(block).ok_or(ErrorKind::StatePruned)?;
+		let mut state = self.client.state_at(block).ok_or(Error::StatePruned)?;
 		// TODO #9825 in case of BlockId::Latest these need to operate on the same state
 		let contract_address = match transaction.action {
 			Action::Call(ref contract_address) => {
@@ -610,15 +610,15 @@ impl Provider {
 	/// Create encrypted public contract deployment transaction.
 	pub fn public_creation_transaction(&self, block: BlockId, source: &SignedTransaction, validators: &[Address], gas_price: U256) -> Result<(Transaction, Address), Error> {
 		if let Action::Call(_) = source.action {
-			bail!(ErrorKind::BadTransactionType);
+			return Err(Error::BadTransactionType);
 		}
 		let sender = source.sender();
-		let state = self.client.state_at(block).ok_or(ErrorKind::StatePruned)?;
+		let state = self.client.state_at(block).ok_or(Error::StatePruned)?;
 		let nonce = state.nonce(&sender)?;
 		let executed = self.execute_private(source, TransactOptions::with_no_tracing(), block)?;
 		let header = self.client.block_header(block)
-			.ok_or(ErrorKind::StatePruned)
-			.and_then(|h| h.decode().map_err(|_| ErrorKind::StateIncorrect).into())?;
+			.ok_or(Error::StatePruned)
+			.and_then(|h| h.decode().map_err(|_| Error::StateIncorrect).into())?;
 		let (executed_code, executed_state) = (executed.code.unwrap_or_default(), executed.state);
 		let tx_data = Self::generate_constructor(validators, executed_code.clone(), executed_state.clone());
 		let mut tx = Transaction {
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ impl Provider {
 	/// Create encrypted public contract deployment transaction. Returns updated encrypted state.
 	pub fn execute_private_transaction(&self, block: BlockId, source: &SignedTransaction) -> Result<Bytes, Error> {
 		if let Action::Create = source.action {
-			bail!(ErrorKind::BadTransactionType);
+			return Err(Error::BadTransactionType);
 		}
 		let result = self.execute_private(source, TransactOptions::with_no_tracing(), block)?;
 		Ok(result.state)
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ impl Provider {
 	pub fn get_validators(&self, block: BlockId, address: &Address) -> Result<Vec<Address>, Error> {
 		let (data, decoder) = private_contract::functions::get_validators::call();
 		let value = self.client.call_contract(block, *address, data)?;
-		decoder.decode(&value).map_err(|e| ErrorKind::Call(format!("Contract call failed {:?}", e)).into())
+		decoder.decode(&value).map_err(|e| Error::Call(format!("Contract call failed {:?}", e)).into())
 	}
 
 	fn get_contract_version(&self, block: BlockId, address: &Address) -> usize {

ethcore/private-tx/src/private_transactions.rs

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use types::transaction::{UnverifiedTransaction, SignedTransaction};
 use txpool;
 use txpool::{VerifiedTransaction, Verifier};
-use error::{Error, ErrorKind};
+use error::Error;
 
 type Pool = txpool::Pool<VerifiedPrivateTransaction, pool::scoring::NonceAndGasPrice>;
 
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ impl Default for VerificationStore {
 
 impl VerificationStore {
 	/// Adds private transaction for verification into the store
-	pub fn add_transaction<C: pool::client::Client>(
+	pub fn add_transaction<C: pool::client::Client + pool::client::NonceClient + Clone>(
 		&self,
 		transaction: UnverifiedTransaction,
 		validator_account: Option<Address>,
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ impl VerificationStore {
 
 		let options = self.verification_options.clone();
 		// Use pool's verifying pipeline for original transaction's verification
-		let verifier = pool::verifier::Verifier::new(client, options, Default::default(), None);
+		let verifier = pool::verifier::Verifier::new(client.clone(), options, Default::default(), None);
 		let unverified = pool::verifier::Transaction::Unverified(transaction);
 		let verified_tx = verifier.verify_transaction(unverified)?;
 		let signed_tx: SignedTransaction = verified_tx.signed().clone();
@@ -177,8 +177,9 @@ impl VerificationStore {
 			transaction_hash: signed_hash,
 			transaction_sender: signed_sender,
 		};
-		let mut pool = self.verification_pool.write();
-		pool.import(verified)?;
+		let replace = pool::replace::ReplaceByScoreAndReadiness::new(
+			self.verification_pool.read().scoring().clone(), client);
+		self.verification_pool.write().import(verified, &replace)?;
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ impl SigningStore {
 		contract_nonce: U256,
 	) -> Result<(), Error> {
 		if self.transactions.len() > MAX_QUEUE_LEN {
-			bail!(ErrorKind::QueueIsFull);
+			return Err(Error::QueueIsFull);
 		}
 
 		self.transactions.insert(private_hash, PrivateTransactionSigningDesc {
@@ -254,7 +255,7 @@ impl SigningStore {
 
 	/// Adds received signature for the stored private transaction
 	pub fn add_signature(&mut self, private_hash: &H256, signature: Signature) -> Result<(), Error> {
-		let desc = self.transactions.get_mut(private_hash).ok_or_else(|| ErrorKind::PrivateTransactionNotFound)?;
+		let desc = self.transactions.get_mut(private_hash).ok_or_else(|| Error::PrivateTransactionNotFound)?;
 		if !desc.received_signatures.contains(&signature) {
 			desc.received_signatures.push(signature);
 		}

ethcore/res/ethereum/easthub.json

@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-{
-	"name": "Easthub",
-	"dataDir": "easthub",
-	"engine": {
-		"Ethash": {
-			"params": {
-				"minimumDifficulty": "0x020000",
-				"difficultyBoundDivisor": "0x0800",
-				"durationLimit": "0x0d",
-				"blockReward": "0x2B5E3AF16B1880000",
-				"homesteadTransition": "0x0",
-				"bombDefuseTransition": "0x0",
-				"ecip1017EraRounds": 5000000
-			}
-		}
-	},
-	"params": {
-		"gasLimitBoundDivisor": "0x0400",
-		"registrar": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-		"accountStartNonce": "0x00",
-		"maximumExtraDataSize": "0x20",
-		"minGasLimit": "0x1388",
-		"networkID": "0x7",
-		"chainID": "0x7",
-		"eip150Transition": "0x0",
-		"eip160Transition": "0x0",
-		"eip155Transition": "0x0",
-		"eip161abcTransition": "0x7fffffffffffffff",
-		"eip161dTransition": "0x7fffffffffffffff"
-	},
-	"genesis": {
-		"seal": {
-			"ethereum": {
-				"nonce": "0x0000000000000042",
-				"mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-			}
-		},
-		"difficulty": "0x0400000000",
-		"author": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-		"timestamp": "0x00",
-		"parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-		"extraData": "0x323031382045617374636f696e2050726f6a656374",
-		"gasLimit": "0x1388"
-	},
-	"nodes": [
-		"enode://ca57e40edb95a08a81b85a91e91099a0aaab777ad329ea7f3f772bc0fd511a276a5d84944725d181ff80f8c7dc1034814bff25b9723b03363d48617fed4b15f0@13.125.109.174:30303",
-		"enode://57254e23a7e5fe1e081ee5d1b236e37735a120660daeb4bf1fec6943a82c915c5b6fad23eeb1a43a27c23f236e084e8051aaa28f7d4139149f844747facb62bb@18.217.39.51:30303",
-		"enode://ef248f327c73c0318f4d51a62270b0612f3c4a4fd04b77d04854dc355980e137708d1e48811bc91387b0d7eb85cf447d8bbc095404f39bb7064e76751bda9cd4@52.221.160.236:30303",
-		"enode://bf6f0e37dd733cf04f2b079c753d2dea7cc7c59d8637eff9a8e63e17d08e2bfc91229fbb2dff08fe6ee12e51c1b6f8ed969d7042b89d77029e7ea02b05e17be3@18.197.47.177:30303"
-	],
-	"accounts": {
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": { "builtin": { "name": "ecrecover", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 3000, "word": 0 } } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": { "builtin": { "name": "sha256", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 60, "word": 12 } } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": { "builtin": { "name": "ripemd160", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 600, "word": 120 } } } },
-		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": { "builtin": { "name": "identity", "pricing": { "linear": { "base": 15, "word": 3 } } } },
-		"20c1252a8cb33a7a9a257b2a4cfeed8daf87c847": {
-			"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
-		},
-		"9dcd37c8e5aea3a0d37c5d0a2db683362d81febd": {
-			"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
-		},
-		"9eff080302333f44a60bfd8c33bd63015c6d921b": {
-			"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
-		},
-		"c1df2e5de98d5c41fec0642dc302971f5d3500bd": {
-			"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
-		},
-		"2e0fb67cd1d029cbaea4b74c361efcc06b3105fd": {
-			"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
-		},
-		"2b6425cc3cd90654f077889ef7262ac2f5846460": {
-			"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
-		},
-		"28562041230c6d575e233e4ed1b35c514884d964": {
-			"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
-		},
-		"16eb6896a5a83d39ac762d79d21f825f5f980d12": {
-			"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
-		},
-		"f09e3f1de27dd03a1ac0a021b2d9e45bde1b360c": {
-			"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
-		},
-		"2d87547819c6433f208ee3096161cdb2835a2333": {
-			"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
-		}
-	}
-}

ethcore/res/ethereum/foundation.json

@@ -181,8 +181,8 @@
 		"stateRoot": "0xd7f8974fb5ac78d9ac099b9ad5018bedc2ce0a72dad1827a1709da30580f0544"
 	},
 	"hardcodedSync": {
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-		"totalDifficulty": "8531065961847479229671",
+		"header": "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",
+		"totalDifficulty": "9633968582330911261986",
 		"CHTs": [
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 			"0xe10e94515fb5ffb7ffa9bf50db4a959b3f50c2ff75e0b8bd5f5e038749e52a11",
@@ -3598,7 +3598,235 @@
 			"0x43b9d76f1c2bbab800dadc6ccb88b966ccda198e30068364cb9c0b9a346f5f03",
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 			"0xa06a1a6ba91e429f805640faf789214f42be0d8d574065b7daea7daa37b05865",
-			"0xf53ed26aeec7ba846e10a84814e7264197a0b2bf485c74d98e8315f0ddfd4b3d"
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ethcore/res/ethereum/goerli.json

@@ -0,0 +1,917 @@
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ethcore/res/ethereum/kotti.json

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+		},
+		"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000f3": {
+			"balance": "0x1"
+		},
+		"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000f4": {
+			"balance": "0x1"
+		},
+		"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000f5": {
+			"balance": "0x1"
+		},
+		"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000f6": {
+			"balance": "0x1"
+		},
+		"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000f7": {
+			"balance": "0x1"
+		},
+		"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000f8": {
+			"balance": "0x1"
+		},
+		"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000f9": {
+			"balance": "0x1"
+		},
+		"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000fa": {
+			"balance": "0x1"
+		},
+		"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000fb": {
+			"balance": "0x1"
+		},
+		"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000fc": {
+			"balance": "0x1"
+		},
+		"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000fd": {
+			"balance": "0x1"
+		},
+		"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000fe": {
+			"balance": "0x1"
+		},
+		"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000ff": {
+			"balance": "0x1"
+		},
+		"0x25b7955e43adf9c2a01a9475908702cce67f302a": {
+			"balance": "0x84595161401484a000000"
+		},
+		"0x6aaf8cba3c9255a2b863415d4db7bae4f4bbca02": {
+			"balance": "0x4a723dc6b40b8a9a000000"
+		}
+	}
+}

ethcore/res/ethereum/kovan.json

@@ -7,17 +7,31 @@
 				"stepDuration": "0x4",
 				"blockReward": "0x4563918244F40000",
 				"validators": {
-					"list": [
-						"0x00D6Cc1BA9cf89BD2e58009741f4F7325BAdc0ED",
-						"0x00427feae2419c15b89d1c21af10d1b6650a4d3d",
-						"0x4Ed9B08e6354C70fE6F8CB0411b0d3246b424d6c",
-						"0x0020ee4Be0e2027d76603cB751eE069519bA81A1",
-						"0x0010f94b296a852aaac52ea6c5ac72e03afd032d",
-						"0x007733a1FE69CF3f2CF989F81C7b4cAc1693387A",
-						"0x00E6d2b931F55a3f1701c7389d592a7778897879",
-						"0x00e4a10650e5a6D6001C38ff8E64F97016a1645c",
-						"0x00a0a24b9f0e5ec7aa4c7389b8302fd0123194de"
-					]
+					"multi": {
+						"0": {
+							"list": [
+								"0x00D6Cc1BA9cf89BD2e58009741f4F7325BAdc0ED",
+								"0x00427feae2419c15b89d1c21af10d1b6650a4d3d",
+								"0x4Ed9B08e6354C70fE6F8CB0411b0d3246b424d6c",
+								"0x0020ee4Be0e2027d76603cB751eE069519bA81A1",
+								"0x0010f94b296a852aaac52ea6c5ac72e03afd032d",
+								"0x007733a1FE69CF3f2CF989F81C7b4cAc1693387A",
+								"0x00E6d2b931F55a3f1701c7389d592a7778897879",
+								"0x00e4a10650e5a6D6001C38ff8E64F97016a1645c",
+								"0x00a0a24b9f0e5ec7aa4c7389b8302fd0123194de"
+							]
+						},
+						"10960440": {
+							"list": [
+								"0x00D6Cc1BA9cf89BD2e58009741f4F7325BAdc0ED",
+								"0x0010f94b296a852aaac52ea6c5ac72e03afd032d",
+								"0x00a0a24b9f0e5ec7aa4c7389b8302fd0123194de"
+							]
+						},
+						"10960500": {
+							"safeContract": "0xaE71807C1B0a093cB1547b682DC78316D945c9B8"
+						}
+					}
 				},
 				"validateScoreTransition": "0x41a3c4",
 				"validateStepTransition": "0x16e360",
@@ -64,8 +78,8 @@
 		"gasLimit": "0x5B8D80"
 	},
 	"hardcodedSync": {
-		"header": "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",
-		"totalDifficulty": "3324635628632492920129912637269655024947201711",
+		"header": "f90247a0d0c0f490e8e5045fa96fd77ce45ed983900feaab964b2b0ba3a2d3a6b5e0f842a01dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d493479400d6cc1ba9cf89bd2e58009741f4f7325badc0eda0c91e59c81193c4fead4f64ecaa349e97056409dfbb787772ea3c1e55e7582b2ea08be1332f5e7eac286c7e5e5ccf3760e47f4a919548c15e748ad4351bb8405f9aa054e0533aa3433f4d07afa226230c867fc1e2844b5f49b25aba8df17630d9f8c8b901000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe83a26801837a12008306f78d845c9da0b09fde830203088f5061726974792d457468657265756d86312e33332e30827769841727682cb841d6db93a25c84287603ee26e48db0dd301753840cc7283d411d3febd0485e02b2520086bebfb3aec1ab69403f45f0d59249bf0d458f33aa268dc4badefc73c8d300",
+		"totalDifficulty": "3571337622391237938633151520660827524104528124",
 		"CHTs": [
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 			"0xd413800c22172be6e0b7a36348c90098955991f119ddad32c5b928e8db4deb02",
@@ -4909,7 +4923,361 @@
 			"0xe3d68466d0747ab6245e5d8620eaae080a0f3c2aa34a56defe8adaef56d5474a",
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 			"0x8c8f0fff76977593112a64826f15ec0e909d9a1f1589e121a37f73d881e6b696",
-			"0x9ab1411e7ef5b295ab1a9dfe4ee1cd1a740af5b7e4b0a0e9c4a5f37e803c7c94"
+			"0x9ab1411e7ef5b295ab1a9dfe4ee1cd1a740af5b7e4b0a0e9c4a5f37e803c7c94",
+			"0x7a842e2c606aba52515ed7f114116bc782810bdade34b582077c57844e6af18d",
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 	"accounts": {
@@ -5013,6 +5381,7 @@
 		}
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ethcore/res/ethereum/poacore.json

@@ -34,7 +34,10 @@
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+		"eip1014Transition": 8582254,
+		"eip1052Transition": 8582254
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 	"genesis": {
 		"seal": {

ethcore/res/ethereum/rinkeby.json

@@ -0,0 +1,903 @@
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ethcore/res/ethereum/ropsten.json

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+			"0x4ba14d3860d1dee44904719e45a5bfe54dd1e4c9bdafd0a41279e432a021f2e6",
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+			"0xb9504b090b276cbbf86349bc4dbb66b46a42ce6ae8d44d5cd7f39773fdf6112a",
+			"0x38fc273344dc7230790963dfb3dedfabe142c18886d6542d77ace8ed6d117c4f",
+			"0xc76929e9a3a984f6ab6395c4811f007eb6d73a86fe62f8a1c02e860769f2bcde",
+			"0xc4fc2465f71d06102d232858cfd9737e6e82311a45b1cb2ac203de80c881a2f4",
+			"0x34427ee5534de01e7f0510b87e6f45aac6210897472978aee3c051c39776c561",
+			"0xec4f3c6349dac1e7e43b0541b1132b3d0cc8bd422436f31832184d1aa6f9c822",
+			"0x024a848067a1156852c78495581392774b00f22e32021ca531afeab1aafb683e",
+			"0x9bdf793e30326a181d3d8fb3f27818475b755e3d1fea200d8c514cf17024979a",
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+			"0x74614ac3de92173d07434dd80d83aad5c1d551127896298808ad7fba96051e06",
+			"0x7bdb77183ca1e7f50d292e50ef701ad3bfff3e6e28d36629c5325da03cb8d013",
+			"0x3a35dc3d12de1053d204410a577b9e5c36d32fbda761f797aee248c27f7dbb02",
+			"0x430aaeb1dc02bb792375d1702999cda7c384dde1c6f46ef26f1e26e5a55dfd87",
+			"0xe12805d1713ba730fec6aae824bdcd0a896c6d5e12b9bfa5b6e0a2c2be251c17",
+			"0x5a297bd3be2352e56136db83a76c7041ef825128152366b2d8f032abb1d6656f",
+			"0x111782d82f50ea25d684af38689cea53319f1a88557d82c57e46ee5e75f99c05",
+			"0xe12520cda10064d74fdefba22b5ff4c5eb95508f77fd7c8c3fe82fb89e165bf6",
+			"0x6af12e8f4db19aee3865c3d681073e7433d902832bc651b8fc3f5fd038c8bca6",
+			"0x82a4a2ce19ca3fd99007279d62dadba547b6818607800e963b3bc53c5541298a",
+			"0xbf3a444d1b15d01a29ea22d05e71021ee3581338ecc9e770ee23ab6549a19d55",
+			"0x745ff92172b5c83cdd69265b919028b350ef95a01c84810366d630162fd9b07f",
+			"0x6128cd2ff1be9e56396a676362a2049f3e670c70ad2a77be724c090fd4085f0b",
+			"0x8ffc6bf8165e52ecf30ec955d4be1bb093e6074c92a527382a8892ffa3d3e7f7",
+			"0xd65bc11ef24c0fa476640d9effdc57030a86f547b7aa79b209954a6abf4072c4",
+			"0xcd5b5e184a5c0d1c5bdd12f80736ed1a4530210b4ef5f35dacd3feba722a334a",
+			"0xa80657ecf79ef03fb919bf312e02d94ab528c1b5c3858332d9bf82f807b1c232",
+			"0xc67dfe4aca5001e97ba6f401f15b72be85ae45972ba98b965a6dd4954d5c2386",
+			"0x59201e892aeab9e40aef69945585b81b47a7444ed61ba6c6e23e006103ed7edd",
+			"0xf535c920c5316f12f0bfedc298fbad028dd84161927414b14243c4c5ddd4f4f1",
+			"0x66c6e42c8137c043eb49528c718b10e5dbad9164bd3ffcc6b55b4b0501dc507b",
+			"0xa60b9485cb54818e0b0bfe4faeca923915f85bbac0525d09d96f375d0b2b9f81",
+			"0x8f9377dddacb6ed605c8ed8ed2bc6e2323a4e5d0c9b29bccdfbd27f57a9ec315",
+			"0xc48a1940c424c2df4803ba8d5573066ce4bbf0e0fbdaa87abcb2d2f51b0a4602",
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+			"0xfdfafeba7b5551d1e2d6f179be5ddfdbd0350bd2e9dfea40e272fb608549e8c2",
+			"0x50a1356bab9b56d8ed46a3e8f55b8a16af42df6b15fcc68aa548216de484c7eb",
+			"0x681161a307552ff12175074601005bae0c6f7b38cfa6dcb87975a1df205e28d5",
+			"0x2b39456efc2e8863197c95a4d6eef5069612cc2aa6414f0991393ffa672a1a15",
+			"0x571b916a82371fafcb456524655758bd42b4f7b768e13807a1a995e642ec205c",
+			"0xb2821504201eea0e6040a131a709547fc9afb44ba7bfa6a188201735753ba3b7",
+			"0xb16a8af1bfdde1fae0e28f29c6db0b361840df4b55e73bddffbc1cc11bcc5584",
+			"0x1df38b594f536cee38acad293a818bf83fc67830fc71bc19790d7733a2caab60",
+			"0xebb3e8f76f3b6a95285154dc11d4bd94ac4c3a150383ed69f5373499b1983dc3",
+			"0xb0919ed300acac5f912f01611a428861db27ffb8129a80495f735f0ac608ab35",
+			"0x2ee321d9d805b78a97210df2977ab62b352705e308773b90e0f4e923adec377c",
+			"0xee00cb02e9b86978ae10b119924bbe6c38f730c1d1b621d32c9d697e11105871"
 		]
 	},
 	"nodes": [
-		"enode://6332792c4a00e3e4ee0926ed89e0d27ef985424d97b6a45bf0f23e51f0dcb5e66b875777506458aea7af6f9e4ffb69f43f3778ee73c81ed9d34c51c4b16b0b0f@52.232.243.152:30303",
+		"enode://d6cb8cba18828397e22e8852324af7e970b57cadbbd94aba6124790d1895728311b1f274e45d44a7a22b4276726903130a11ac2de19af5bc9294998f948eaad4@144.217.72.209:30303",
 		"enode://94c15d1b9e2fe7ce56e458b9a3b672ef11894ddedd0c6f247e0f1d3487f52b66208fb4aeb8179fce6e3a749ea93ed147c37976d67af557508d199d9594c35f09@192.81.208.223:30303",
 		"enode://30b7ab30a01c124a6cceca36863ece12c4f5fa68e3ba9b0b51407ccc002eeed3b3102d20a88f1c1d3c3154e2449317b8ef95090e77b312d5cc39354f86d5d606@52.176.7.10:30303",
 		"enode://865a63255b3bb68023b6bffd5095118fcc13e79dcf014fe4e47e065c350c7cc72af2e53eff895f11ba1bbb6a2b33271c1116ee870f266618eadfc2e78aa7349c@52.176.100.77:30303",

ethcore/service/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 [package]
+description = "Parity Ethereum (EthCore) Client & Network Service Creation & Registration with the I/O Subsystem"
 name = "ethcore-service"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["Parity Technologies <admin@parity.io>"]

ethcore/service/src/error.rs

@@ -14,17 +14,18 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 // along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
+// Silence: `use of deprecated item 'std::error::Error::cause': replaced by Error::source, which can support downcasting`
+// https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/10302
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 use ethcore;
 use io;
 use ethcore_private_tx;
 
 error_chain! {
-	links {
-		PrivateTransactions(ethcore_private_tx::Error, ethcore_private_tx::ErrorKind);
-	}
-
 	foreign_links {
 		Ethcore(ethcore::error::Error);
 		IoError(io::IoError);
+		PrivateTransactions(ethcore_private_tx::Error);
 	}
 }

ethcore/service/src/service.rs

@@ -30,8 +30,10 @@ use blockchain::{BlockChainDB, BlockChainDBHandler};
 use ethcore::client::{Client, ClientConfig, ChainNotify, ClientIoMessage};
 use ethcore::miner::Miner;
 use ethcore::snapshot::service::{Service as SnapshotService, ServiceParams as SnapServiceParams};
-use ethcore::snapshot::{SnapshotService as _SnapshotService, RestorationStatus};
+use ethcore::snapshot::{SnapshotService as _SnapshotService, RestorationStatus, Error as SnapshotError};
 use ethcore::spec::Spec;
+use ethcore::error::{Error as EthcoreError, ErrorKind};
+
 
 use ethcore_private_tx::{self, Importer, Signer};
 use Error;
@@ -197,6 +199,7 @@ impl ClientService {
 
 	/// Shutdown the Client Service
 	pub fn shutdown(&self) {
+		trace!(target: "shutdown", "Shutting down Client Service");
 		self.snapshot.shutdown();
 	}
 }
@@ -257,7 +260,11 @@ impl IoHandler<ClientIoMessage> for ClientIoHandler {
 
 				let res = thread::Builder::new().name("Periodic Snapshot".into()).spawn(move || {
 					if let Err(e) = snapshot.take_snapshot(&*client, num) {
-						warn!("Failed to take snapshot at block #{}: {}", num, e);
+						match e {
+							EthcoreError(ErrorKind::Snapshot(SnapshotError::SnapshotAborted), _) => info!("Snapshot aborted"),
+							_ => warn!("Failed to take snapshot at block #{}: {}", num, e),
+						}
+
 					}
 				});
 

ethcore/src/block.rs

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 //! `ExecutedBlock` is an underlaying data structure used by all structs above to store block
 //! related info.
 
-use std::cmp;
+use std::{cmp, ops};
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ use vm::{EnvInfo, LastHashes};
 use hash::keccak;
 use rlp::{RlpStream, Encodable, encode_list};
 use types::transaction::{SignedTransaction, Error as TransactionError};
-use types::block::Block;
 use types::header::{Header, ExtendedHeader};
 use types::receipt::{Receipt, TransactionOutcome};
 
@@ -155,69 +154,15 @@ impl ExecutedBlock {
 	}
 }
 
-/// Trait for a object that is a `ExecutedBlock`.
-pub trait IsBlock {
-	/// Get the `ExecutedBlock` associated with this object.
-	fn block(&self) -> &ExecutedBlock;
-
-	/// Get the base `Block` object associated with this.
-	fn to_base(&self) -> Block {
-		Block {
-			header: self.header().clone(),
-			transactions: self.transactions().iter().cloned().map(Into::into).collect(),
-			uncles: self.uncles().to_vec(),
-		}
-	}
-
-	/// Get the header associated with this object's block.
-	fn header(&self) -> &Header { &self.block().header }
-
-	/// Get the final state associated with this object's block.
-	fn state(&self) -> &State<StateDB> { &self.block().state }
-
-	/// Get all information on transactions in this block.
-	fn transactions(&self) -> &[SignedTransaction] { &self.block().transactions }
-
-	/// Get all information on receipts in this block.
-	fn receipts(&self) -> &[Receipt] { &self.block().receipts }
-
-	/// Get all uncles in this block.
-	fn uncles(&self) -> &[Header] { &self.block().uncles }
-}
-
 /// Trait for an object that owns an `ExecutedBlock`
 pub trait Drain {
 	/// Returns `ExecutedBlock`
 	fn drain(self) -> ExecutedBlock;
 }
 
-impl IsBlock for ExecutedBlock {
-	fn block(&self) -> &ExecutedBlock { self }
-}
-
-impl ::parity_machine::LiveBlock for ExecutedBlock {
-	type Header = Header;
-
-	fn header(&self) -> &Header {
-		&self.header
-	}
-
-	fn uncles(&self) -> &[Header] {
-		&self.uncles
-	}
-}
-
-impl ::parity_machine::Transactions for ExecutedBlock {
-	type Transaction = SignedTransaction;
-
-	fn transactions(&self) -> &[SignedTransaction] {
-		&self.transactions
-	}
-}
-
 impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 	/// Create a new `OpenBlock` ready for transaction pushing.
-	pub fn new<'a>(
+	pub fn new<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = ExtendedHeader>>(
 		engine: &'x EthEngine,
 		factories: Factories,
 		tracing: bool,
@@ -228,7 +173,7 @@ impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 		gas_range_target: (U256, U256),
 		extra_data: Bytes,
 		is_epoch_begin: bool,
-		ancestry: &mut Iterator<Item=ExtendedHeader>,
+		ancestry: I,
 	) -> Result<Self, Error> {
 		let number = parent.number() + 1;
 		let state = State::from_existing(db, parent.state_root().clone(), engine.account_start_nonce(number), factories)?;
@@ -250,7 +195,7 @@ impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 		engine.populate_from_parent(&mut r.block.header, parent);
 
 		engine.machine().on_new_block(&mut r.block)?;
-		engine.on_new_block(&mut r.block, is_epoch_begin, ancestry)?;
+		engine.on_new_block(&mut r.block, is_epoch_begin, &mut ancestry.into_iter())?;
 
 		Ok(r)
 	}
@@ -270,7 +215,7 @@ impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 	/// NOTE Will check chain constraints and the uncle number but will NOT check
 	/// that the header itself is actually valid.
 	pub fn push_uncle(&mut self, valid_uncle_header: Header) -> Result<(), BlockError> {
-		let max_uncles = self.engine.maximum_uncle_count(self.block.header().number());
+		let max_uncles = self.engine.maximum_uncle_count(self.block.header.number());
 		if self.block.uncles.len() + 1 > max_uncles {
 			return Err(BlockError::TooManyUncles(OutOfBounds{
 				min: None,
@@ -284,11 +229,6 @@ impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
-	/// Get the environment info concerning this block.
-	pub fn env_info(&self) -> EnvInfo {
-		self.block.env_info()
-	}
-
 	/// Push a transaction into the block.
 	///
 	/// If valid, it will be executed, and archived together with the receipt.
@@ -297,7 +237,7 @@ impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 			return Err(TransactionError::AlreadyImported.into());
 		}
 
-		let env_info = self.env_info();
+		let env_info = self.block.env_info();
 		let outcome = self.block.state.apply(&env_info, self.engine.machine(), &t, self.block.traces.is_enabled())?;
 
 		self.block.transactions_set.insert(h.unwrap_or_else(||t.hash()));
@@ -344,7 +284,6 @@ impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 		self.block.header.set_difficulty(*header.difficulty());
 		self.block.header.set_gas_limit(*header.gas_limit());
 		self.block.header.set_timestamp(header.timestamp());
-		self.block.header.set_author(*header.author());
 		self.block.header.set_uncles_hash(*header.uncles_hash());
 		self.block.header.set_transactions_root(*header.transactions_root());
 		// TODO: that's horrible. set only for backwards compatibility
@@ -394,22 +333,39 @@ impl<'x> OpenBlock<'x> {
 	pub fn block_mut(&mut self) -> &mut ExecutedBlock { &mut self.block }
 }
 
-impl<'x> IsBlock for OpenBlock<'x> {
-	fn block(&self) -> &ExecutedBlock { &self.block }
+impl<'a> ops::Deref for OpenBlock<'a> {
+	type Target = ExecutedBlock;
+
+	fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+		&self.block
+	}
 }
 
-impl IsBlock for ClosedBlock {
-	fn block(&self) -> &ExecutedBlock { &self.block }
+impl ops::Deref for ClosedBlock {
+	type Target = ExecutedBlock;
+
+	fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+		&self.block
+	}
 }
 
-impl IsBlock for LockedBlock {
-	fn block(&self) -> &ExecutedBlock { &self.block }
+impl ops::Deref for LockedBlock {
+	type Target = ExecutedBlock;
+
+	fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+		&self.block
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::Deref for SealedBlock {
+	type Target = ExecutedBlock;
+
+	fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+		&self.block
+	}
 }
 
 impl ClosedBlock {
-	/// Get the hash of the header without seal arguments.
-	pub fn hash(&self) -> H256 { self.header().bare_hash() }
-
 	/// Turn this into a `LockedBlock`, unable to be reopened again.
 	pub fn lock(self) -> LockedBlock {
 		LockedBlock {
@@ -443,25 +399,25 @@ impl LockedBlock {
 		self.block.header.set_receipts_root(
 			ordered_trie_root(self.block.receipts.iter().map(|r| r.rlp_bytes()))
 		);
-		// compute hash and cache it.
-		self.block.header.compute_hash();
 	}
 
-	/// Get the hash of the header without seal arguments.
-	pub fn hash(&self) -> H256 { self.header().bare_hash() }
-
 	/// Provide a valid seal in order to turn this into a `SealedBlock`.
 	///
 	/// NOTE: This does not check the validity of `seal` with the engine.
-	pub fn seal(self, engine: &EthEngine, seal: Vec<Bytes>) -> Result<SealedBlock, BlockError> {
-		let expected_seal_fields = engine.seal_fields(self.header());
+	pub fn seal(self, engine: &EthEngine, seal: Vec<Bytes>) -> Result<SealedBlock, Error> {
+		let expected_seal_fields = engine.seal_fields(&self.header);
 		let mut s = self;
 		if seal.len() != expected_seal_fields {
-			return Err(BlockError::InvalidSealArity(
-				Mismatch { expected: expected_seal_fields, found: seal.len() }));
+			Err(BlockError::InvalidSealArity(Mismatch {
+				expected: expected_seal_fields,
+				found: seal.len()
+			}))?;
 		}
+
 		s.block.header.set_seal(seal);
+		engine.on_seal_block(&mut s.block)?;
 		s.block.header.compute_hash();
+
 		Ok(SealedBlock {
 			block: s.block
 		})
@@ -470,6 +426,7 @@ impl LockedBlock {
 	/// Provide a valid seal in order to turn this into a `SealedBlock`.
 	/// This does check the validity of `seal` with the engine.
 	/// Returns the `ClosedBlock` back again if the seal is no good.
+	/// TODO(https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/10407): This is currently only used in POW chain call paths, we should really merge it with seal() above.
 	pub fn try_seal(
 		self,
 		engine: &EthEngine,
@@ -510,12 +467,8 @@ impl Drain for SealedBlock {
 	}
 }
 
-impl IsBlock for SealedBlock {
-	fn block(&self) -> &ExecutedBlock { &self.block }
-}
-
 /// Enact the block given by block header, transactions and uncles
-fn enact(
+pub(crate) fn enact(
 	header: Header,
 	transactions: Vec<SignedTransaction>,
 	uncles: Vec<Header>,
@@ -528,13 +481,12 @@ fn enact(
 	is_epoch_begin: bool,
 	ancestry: &mut Iterator<Item=ExtendedHeader>,
 ) -> Result<LockedBlock, Error> {
-	{
-		if ::log::max_level() >= ::log::Level::Trace {
-			let s = State::from_existing(db.boxed_clone(), parent.state_root().clone(), engine.account_start_nonce(parent.number() + 1), factories.clone())?;
-			trace!(target: "enact", "num={}, root={}, author={}, author_balance={}\n",
-				header.number(), s.root(), header.author(), s.balance(&header.author())?);
-		}
-	}
+	// For trace log
+	let trace_state = if log_enabled!(target: "enact", ::log::Level::Trace) {
+		Some(State::from_existing(db.boxed_clone(), parent.state_root().clone(), engine.account_start_nonce(parent.number() + 1), factories.clone())?)
+	} else {
+		None
+	};
 
 	let mut b = OpenBlock::new(
 		engine,
@@ -543,13 +495,23 @@ fn enact(
 		db,
 		parent,
 		last_hashes,
-		Address::new(),
+		// Engine such as Clique will calculate author from extra_data.
+		// this is only important for executing contracts as the 'executive_author'.
+		engine.executive_author(&header)?,
 		(3141562.into(), 31415620.into()),
 		vec![],
 		is_epoch_begin,
 		ancestry,
 	)?;
 
+	if let Some(ref s) = trace_state {
+		let env = b.env_info();
+		let root = s.root();
+		let author_balance = s.balance(&env.author)?;
+		trace!(target: "enact", "num={}, root={}, author={}, author_balance={}\n",
+				b.block.header.number(), root, env.author, author_balance);
+	}
+
 	b.populate_from(&header);
 	b.push_transactions(transactions)?;
 
@@ -615,6 +577,7 @@ mod tests {
 		last_hashes: Arc<LastHashes>,
 		factories: Factories,
 	) -> Result<LockedBlock, Error> {
+
 		let block = Unverified::from_rlp(block_bytes)?;
 		let header = block.header;
 		let transactions: Result<Vec<_>, Error> = block
@@ -644,7 +607,7 @@ mod tests {
 			(3141562.into(), 31415620.into()),
 			vec![],
 			false,
-			&mut Vec::new().into_iter(),
+			None,
 		)?;
 
 		b.populate_from(&header);
@@ -669,7 +632,7 @@ mod tests {
 	) -> Result<SealedBlock, Error> {
 		let header = Unverified::from_rlp(block_bytes.clone())?.header;
 		Ok(enact_bytes(block_bytes, engine, tracing, db, parent, last_hashes, factories)?
-		   .seal(engine, header.seal().to_vec())?)
+			.seal(engine, header.seal().to_vec())?)
 	}
 
 	#[test]
@@ -679,7 +642,7 @@ mod tests {
 		let genesis_header = spec.genesis_header();
 		let db = spec.ensure_db_good(get_temp_state_db(), &Default::default()).unwrap();
 		let last_hashes = Arc::new(vec![genesis_header.hash()]);
-		let b = OpenBlock::new(&*spec.engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, Address::zero(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b = OpenBlock::new(&*spec.engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, Address::zero(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b = b.close_and_lock().unwrap();
 		let _ = b.seal(&*spec.engine, vec![]);
 	}
@@ -693,7 +656,7 @@ mod tests {
 
 		let db = spec.ensure_db_good(get_temp_state_db(), &Default::default()).unwrap();
 		let last_hashes = Arc::new(vec![genesis_header.hash()]);
-		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), Address::zero(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap()
+		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), Address::zero(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap()
 			.close_and_lock().unwrap().seal(engine, vec![]).unwrap();
 		let orig_bytes = b.rlp_bytes();
 		let orig_db = b.drain().state.drop().1;
@@ -717,7 +680,7 @@ mod tests {
 
 		let db = spec.ensure_db_good(get_temp_state_db(), &Default::default()).unwrap();
 		let last_hashes = Arc::new(vec![genesis_header.hash()]);
-		let mut open_block = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), Address::zero(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let mut open_block = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), Address::zero(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let mut uncle1_header = Header::new();
 		uncle1_header.set_extra_data(b"uncle1".to_vec());
 		let mut uncle2_header = Header::new();

ethcore/src/client/client.rs

@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ use blockchain::{BlockReceipts, BlockChain, BlockChainDB, BlockProvider, TreeRou
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use call_contract::{CallContract, RegistryInfo};
 use ethcore_miner::pool::VerifiedTransaction;
-use ethcore_miner::service_transaction_checker::ServiceTransactionChecker;
-use ethereum_types::{H256, Address, U256};
+use ethereum_types::{H256, H264, Address, U256};
 use evm::Schedule;
 use hash::keccak;
 use io::IoChannel;
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ use types::receipt::{Receipt, LocalizedReceipt};
 use types::{BlockNumber, header::{Header, ExtendedHeader}};
 use vm::{EnvInfo, LastHashes};
 
-use block::{IsBlock, LockedBlock, Drain, ClosedBlock, OpenBlock, enact_verified, SealedBlock};
+use block::{LockedBlock, Drain, ClosedBlock, OpenBlock, enact_verified, SealedBlock};
 use client::ancient_import::AncientVerifier;
 use client::{
 	Nonce, Balance, ChainInfo, BlockInfo, TransactionInfo,
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ use client::{
 	IoClient, BadBlocks,
 };
 use client::bad_blocks;
-use engines::{EthEngine, EpochTransition, ForkChoice, EngineError};
+use engines::{MAX_UNCLE_AGE, EthEngine, EpochTransition, ForkChoice, EngineError};
 use engines::epoch::PendingTransition;
 use error::{
 	ImportErrorKind, ExecutionError, CallError, BlockError,
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ pub use types::blockchain_info::BlockChainInfo;
 pub use types::block_status::BlockStatus;
 pub use blockchain::CacheSize as BlockChainCacheSize;
 pub use verification::QueueInfo as BlockQueueInfo;
-use db::Writable;
+use db::{Writable, Readable, keys::BlockDetails};
 
 use_contract!(registry, "res/contracts/registrar.json");
 
@@ -298,19 +297,11 @@ impl Importer {
 
 				match self.check_and_lock_block(&bytes, block, client) {
 					Ok((closed_block, pending)) => {
-						if self.engine.is_proposal(&header) {
-							self.block_queue.mark_as_good(&[hash]);
-							proposed_blocks.push(bytes);
-						} else {
-							imported_blocks.push(hash);
-
-							let transactions_len = closed_block.transactions().len();
-
-							let route = self.commit_block(closed_block, &header, encoded::Block::new(bytes), pending, client);
-							import_results.push(route);
-
-							client.report.write().accrue_block(&header, transactions_len);
-						}
+						imported_blocks.push(hash);
+						let transactions_len = closed_block.transactions.len();
+						let route = self.commit_block(closed_block, &header, encoded::Block::new(bytes), pending, client);
+						import_results.push(route);
+						client.report.write().accrue_block(&header, transactions_len);
 					},
 					Err(err) => {
 						self.bad_blocks.report(bytes, format!("{:?}", err));
@@ -407,6 +398,7 @@ impl Importer {
 		let db = client.state_db.read().boxed_clone_canon(header.parent_hash());
 
 		let is_epoch_begin = chain.epoch_transition(parent.number(), *header.parent_hash()).is_some();
+
 		let enact_result = enact_verified(
 			block,
 			engine,
@@ -431,13 +423,13 @@ impl Importer {
 		// if the expected receipts root header does not match.
 		// (i.e. allow inconsistency in receipts outcome before the transition block)
 		if header.number() < engine.params().validate_receipts_transition
-			&& header.receipts_root() != locked_block.block().header().receipts_root()
+			&& header.receipts_root() != locked_block.header.receipts_root()
 		{
 			locked_block.strip_receipts_outcomes();
 		}
 
 		// Final Verification
-		if let Err(e) = self.verifier.verify_block_final(&header, locked_block.block().header()) {
+		if let Err(e) = self.verifier.verify_block_final(&header, &locked_block.header) {
 			warn!(target: "client", "Stage 5 block verification failed for #{} ({})\nError: {:?}", header.number(), header.hash(), e);
 			bail!(e);
 		}
@@ -445,8 +437,8 @@ impl Importer {
 		let pending = self.check_epoch_end_signal(
 			&header,
 			bytes,
-			locked_block.receipts(),
-			locked_block.state().db(),
+			&locked_block.receipts,
+			locked_block.state.db(),
 			client
 		)?;
 
@@ -772,8 +764,8 @@ impl Client {
 			liveness: AtomicBool::new(awake),
 			mode: Mutex::new(config.mode.clone()),
 			chain: RwLock::new(chain),
-			tracedb: tracedb,
-			engine: engine,
+			tracedb,
+			engine,
 			pruning: config.pruning.clone(),
 			db: RwLock::new(db.clone()),
 			state_db: RwLock::new(state_db),
@@ -786,8 +778,8 @@ impl Client {
 			ancient_blocks_import_lock: Default::default(),
 			queue_consensus_message: IoChannelQueue::new(usize::max_value()),
 			last_hashes: RwLock::new(VecDeque::new()),
-			factories: factories,
-			history: history,
+			factories,
+			history,
 			on_user_defaults_change: Mutex::new(None),
 			registrar_address,
 			exit_handler: Mutex::new(None),
@@ -1117,7 +1109,7 @@ impl Client {
 				let mut ss = self.sleep_state.lock();
 				if let Some(t) = ss.last_activity {
 					if Instant::now() > t + timeout {
-						self.sleep();
+						self.sleep(false);
 						ss.last_activity = None;
 					}
 				}
@@ -1127,7 +1119,7 @@ impl Client {
 				let now = Instant::now();
 				if let Some(t) = ss.last_activity {
 					if now > t + timeout {
-						self.sleep();
+						self.sleep(false);
 						ss.last_activity = None;
 						ss.last_autosleep = Some(now);
 					}
@@ -1146,10 +1138,15 @@ impl Client {
 
 	/// Take a snapshot at the given block.
 	/// If the ID given is "latest", this will default to 1000 blocks behind.
-	pub fn take_snapshot<W: snapshot_io::SnapshotWriter + Send>(&self, writer: W, at: BlockId, p: &snapshot::Progress) -> Result<(), EthcoreError> {
+	pub fn take_snapshot<W: snapshot_io::SnapshotWriter + Send>(
+		&self,
+		writer: W,
+		at: BlockId,
+		p: &snapshot::Progress,
+	) -> Result<(), EthcoreError> {
 		let db = self.state_db.read().journal_db().boxed_clone();
 		let best_block_number = self.chain_info().best_block_number;
-		let block_number = self.block_number(at).ok_or(snapshot::Error::InvalidStartingBlock(at))?;
+		let block_number = self.block_number(at).ok_or_else(|| snapshot::Error::InvalidStartingBlock(at))?;
 
 		if db.is_pruned() && self.pruning_info().earliest_state > block_number {
 			return Err(snapshot::Error::OldBlockPrunedDB.into());
@@ -1176,8 +1173,16 @@ impl Client {
 		};
 
 		let processing_threads = self.config.snapshot.processing_threads;
-		snapshot::take_snapshot(&*self.engine, &self.chain.read(), start_hash, db.as_hash_db(), writer, p, processing_threads)?;
-
+		let chunker = self.engine.snapshot_components().ok_or(snapshot::Error::SnapshotsUnsupported)?;
+		snapshot::take_snapshot(
+			chunker,
+			&self.chain.read(),
+			start_hash,
+			db.as_hash_db(),
+			writer,
+			p,
+			processing_threads,
+		)?;
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
@@ -1213,10 +1218,10 @@ impl Client {
 		}
 	}
 
-	fn sleep(&self) {
+	fn sleep(&self, force: bool) {
 		if self.liveness.load(AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) {
 			// only sleep if the import queue is mostly empty.
-			if self.queue_info().total_queue_size() <= MAX_QUEUE_SIZE_TO_SLEEP_ON {
+			if force || (self.queue_info().total_queue_size() <= MAX_QUEUE_SIZE_TO_SLEEP_ON) {
 				self.liveness.store(false, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
 				self.notify(|n| n.stop());
 				info!(target: "mode", "sleep: Sleeping.");
@@ -1335,37 +1340,60 @@ impl BlockChainReset for Client {
 	fn reset(&self, num: u32) -> Result<(), String> {
 		if num as u64 > self.pruning_history() {
 			return Err("Attempting to reset to block with pruned state".into())
+		} else if num == 0 {
+			return Err("invalid number of blocks to reset".into())
 		}
 
-		let (blocks_to_delete, best_block_hash) = self.chain.read()
-			.block_headers_from_best_block(num)
-			.ok_or("Attempted to reset past genesis block")?;
+		let mut blocks_to_delete = Vec::with_capacity(num as usize);
+		let mut best_block_hash = self.chain.read().best_block_hash();
+		let mut batch = DBTransaction::with_capacity(blocks_to_delete.len());
 
-		let mut db_transaction = DBTransaction::with_capacity((num + 1) as usize);
+		for _ in 0..num {
+			let current_header = self.chain.read().block_header_data(&best_block_hash)
+				.expect("best_block_hash was fetched from db; block_header_data should exist in db; qed");
+			best_block_hash = current_header.parent_hash();
 
-		for hash in &blocks_to_delete {
-			db_transaction.delete(::db::COL_HEADERS, &hash.hash());
-			db_transaction.delete(::db::COL_BODIES, &hash.hash());
-			db_transaction.delete(::db::COL_EXTRA, &hash.hash());
+			let (number, hash) = (current_header.number(), current_header.hash());
+			batch.delete(::db::COL_HEADERS, &hash);
+			batch.delete(::db::COL_BODIES, &hash);
+			Writable::delete::<BlockDetails, H264>
+				(&mut batch, ::db::COL_EXTRA, &hash);
 			Writable::delete::<H256, BlockNumberKey>
-				(&mut db_transaction, ::db::COL_EXTRA, &hash.number());
+				(&mut batch, ::db::COL_EXTRA, &number);
+
+			blocks_to_delete.push((number, hash));
 		}
 
+		let hashes = blocks_to_delete.iter().map(|(_, hash)| hash).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+		info!("Deleting block hashes {}",
+			  Colour::Red
+				  .bold()
+				  .paint(format!("{:#?}", hashes))
+		);
+
+		let mut best_block_details = Readable::read::<BlockDetails, H264>(
+			&**self.db.read().key_value(),
+			::db::COL_EXTRA,
+			&best_block_hash
+		).expect("block was previously imported; best_block_details should exist; qed");
+
+		let (_, last_hash) = blocks_to_delete.last()
+			.expect("num is > 0; blocks_to_delete can't be empty; qed");
+		// remove the last block as a child so that it can be re-imported
+		// ethcore/blockchain/src/blockchain.rs/Blockchain::is_known_child()
+		best_block_details.children.retain(|h| *h != *last_hash);
+		batch.write(
+			::db::COL_EXTRA,
+			&best_block_hash,
+			&best_block_details
+		);
 		// update the new best block hash
-		db_transaction.put(::db::COL_EXTRA, b"best", &*best_block_hash);
+		batch.put(::db::COL_EXTRA, b"best", &best_block_hash);
 
 		self.db.read()
 			.key_value()
-			.write(db_transaction)
-			.map_err(|err| format!("could not complete reset operation; io error occured: {}", err))?;
-
-		let hashes = blocks_to_delete.iter().map(|b| b.hash()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-		info!("Deleting block hashes {}",
-			Colour::Red
-				.bold()
-				.paint(format!("{:#?}", hashes))
-		);
+			.write(batch)
+			.map_err(|err| format!("could not delete blocks; io error occurred: {}", err))?;
 
 		info!("New best block hash {}", Colour::Green.bold().paint(format!("{:?}", best_block_hash)));
 
@@ -1578,22 +1606,27 @@ impl Call for Client {
 			let schedule = machine.schedule(env_info.number);
 			Executive::new(&mut clone, &env_info, &machine, &schedule)
 				.transact_virtual(&tx, options())
-				.ok()
-				.map(|r| r.exception.is_none())
 		};
 
-		let cond = |gas| exec(gas).unwrap_or(false);
+		let cond = |gas| {
+			exec(gas)
+				.ok()
+				.map_or(false, |r| r.exception.is_none())
+		};
 
 		if !cond(upper) {
 			upper = max_upper;
 			match exec(upper) {
-				Some(false) => return Err(CallError::Exceptional),
-				None => {
+				Ok(v) => {
+					if let Some(exception) = v.exception {
+						return Err(CallError::Exceptional(exception))
+					}
+				},
+				Err(_e) => {
 					trace!(target: "estimate_gas", "estimate_gas failed with {}", upper);
 					let err = ExecutionError::Internal(format!("Requires higher than upper limit of {}", upper));
 					return Err(err.into())
-				},
-				_ => {},
+				}
 			}
 		}
 		let lower = t.gas_required(&self.engine.schedule(env_info.number)).into();
@@ -1697,7 +1730,7 @@ impl BlockChainClient for Client {
 		}
 		match new_mode {
 			Mode::Active => self.wake_up(),
-			Mode::Off => self.sleep(),
+			Mode::Off => self.sleep(true),
 			_ => {(*self.sleep_state.lock()).last_activity = Some(Instant::now()); }
 		}
 	}
@@ -1706,15 +1739,17 @@ impl BlockChainClient for Client {
 		self.config.spec_name.clone()
 	}
 
-	fn set_spec_name(&self, new_spec_name: String) {
+	fn set_spec_name(&self, new_spec_name: String) -> Result<(), ()> {
 		trace!(target: "mode", "Client::set_spec_name({:?})", new_spec_name);
 		if !self.enabled.load(AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) {
-			return;
+			return Err(());
 		}
 		if let Some(ref h) = *self.exit_handler.lock() {
 			(*h)(new_spec_name);
+			Ok(())
 		} else {
 			warn!("Not hypervised; cannot change chain.");
+			Err(())
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1924,7 +1959,7 @@ impl BlockChainClient for Client {
 	}
 
 	fn find_uncles(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Vec<H256>> {
-		self.chain.read().find_uncle_hashes(hash, self.engine.maximum_uncle_age())
+		self.chain.read().find_uncle_hashes(hash, MAX_UNCLE_AGE)
 	}
 
 	fn state_data(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<Bytes> {
@@ -2157,10 +2192,14 @@ impl BlockChainClient for Client {
 
 	fn transact_contract(&self, address: Address, data: Bytes) -> Result<(), transaction::Error> {
 		let authoring_params = self.importer.miner.authoring_params();
-		let service_transaction_checker = ServiceTransactionChecker::default();
-		let gas_price = match service_transaction_checker.check_address(self, authoring_params.author) {
-			Ok(true) => U256::zero(),
-			_ => self.importer.miner.sensible_gas_price(),
+		let service_transaction_checker = self.importer.miner.service_transaction_checker();
+		let gas_price = if let Some(checker) = service_transaction_checker {
+			match checker.check_address(self, authoring_params.author) {
+				Ok(true) => U256::zero(),
+				_ => self.importer.miner.sensible_gas_price(),
+			}
+		} else {
+			self.importer.miner.sensible_gas_price()
 		};
 		let transaction = transaction::Transaction {
 			nonce: self.latest_nonce(&authoring_params.author),
@@ -2282,24 +2321,24 @@ impl ReopenBlock for Client {
 	fn reopen_block(&self, block: ClosedBlock) -> OpenBlock {
 		let engine = &*self.engine;
 		let mut block = block.reopen(engine);
-		let max_uncles = engine.maximum_uncle_count(block.header().number());
-		if block.uncles().len() < max_uncles {
+		let max_uncles = engine.maximum_uncle_count(block.header.number());
+		if block.uncles.len() < max_uncles {
 			let chain = self.chain.read();
 			let h = chain.best_block_hash();
 			// Add new uncles
 			let uncles = chain
-				.find_uncle_hashes(&h, engine.maximum_uncle_age())
+				.find_uncle_hashes(&h, MAX_UNCLE_AGE)
 				.unwrap_or_else(Vec::new);
 
 			for h in uncles {
-				if !block.uncles().iter().any(|header| header.hash() == h) {
+				if !block.uncles.iter().any(|header| header.hash() == h) {
 					let uncle = chain.block_header_data(&h).expect("find_uncle_hashes only returns hashes for existing headers; qed");
 					let uncle = uncle.decode().expect("decoding failure");
 					block.push_uncle(uncle).expect("pushing up to maximum_uncle_count;
 												push_uncle is not ok only if more than maximum_uncle_count is pushed;
 												so all push_uncle are Ok;
 												qed");
-					if block.uncles().len() >= max_uncles { break }
+					if block.uncles.len() >= max_uncles { break }
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -2327,15 +2366,15 @@ impl PrepareOpenBlock for Client {
 			gas_range_target,
 			extra_data,
 			is_epoch_begin,
-			&mut chain.ancestry_with_metadata_iter(best_header.hash()),
+			chain.ancestry_with_metadata_iter(best_header.hash()),
 		)?;
 
 		// Add uncles
 		chain
-			.find_uncle_headers(&h, engine.maximum_uncle_age())
+			.find_uncle_headers(&h, MAX_UNCLE_AGE)
 			.unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)
 			.into_iter()
-			.take(engine.maximum_uncle_count(open_block.header().number()))
+			.take(engine.maximum_uncle_count(open_block.header.number()))
 			.foreach(|h| {
 				open_block.push_uncle(h.decode().expect("decoding failure")).expect("pushing maximum_uncle_count;
 												open_block was just created;
@@ -2360,7 +2399,7 @@ impl ImportSealedBlock for Client {
 	fn import_sealed_block(&self, block: SealedBlock) -> EthcoreResult<H256> {
 		let start = Instant::now();
 		let raw = block.rlp_bytes();
-		let header = block.header().clone();
+		let header = block.header.clone();
 		let hash = header.hash();
 		self.notify(|n| n.block_pre_import(&raw, &hash, header.difficulty()));
 
@@ -2383,8 +2422,8 @@ impl ImportSealedBlock for Client {
 			let pending = self.importer.check_epoch_end_signal(
 				&header,
 				&block_data,
-				block.receipts(),
-				block.state().db(),
+				&block.receipts,
+				block.state.db(),
 				self
 			)?;
 			let route = self.importer.commit_block(
@@ -2521,7 +2560,11 @@ impl SnapshotClient for Client {}
 
 impl Drop for Client {
 	fn drop(&mut self) {
-		self.engine.stop();
+		if let Some(c) = Arc::get_mut(&mut self.engine) {
+			c.stop()
+		} else {
+			warn!(target: "shutdown", "unable to get mut ref for engine for shutdown.");
+		}
 	}
 }
 

ethcore/src/client/evm_test_client.rs

@@ -241,16 +241,17 @@ impl<'a> EvmTestClient<'a> {
 		transaction: transaction::SignedTransaction,
 		tracer: T,
 		vm_tracer: V,
-	) -> TransactResult<T::Output, V::Output> {
+	) -> std::result::Result<TransactSuccess<T::Output, V::Output>, TransactErr> {
 		let initial_gas = transaction.gas;
 		// Verify transaction
 		let is_ok = transaction.verify_basic(true, None, false);
 		if let Err(error) = is_ok {
-			return TransactResult::Err {
-				state_root: *self.state.root(),
-				error: error.into(),
-				end_state: (self.dump_state)(&self.state),
-			};
+			return Err(
+				TransactErr{
+					state_root: *self.state.root(),
+					error: error.into(),
+					end_state: (self.dump_state)(&self.state),
+				});
 		}
 
 		// Apply transaction
@@ -283,7 +284,7 @@ impl<'a> EvmTestClient<'a> {
 
 		match result {
 			Ok(result) => {
-				TransactResult::Ok {
+				Ok(TransactSuccess {
 					state_root,
 					gas_left: initial_gas - result.receipt.gas_used,
 					outcome: result.receipt.outcome,
@@ -298,47 +299,48 @@ impl<'a> EvmTestClient<'a> {
 					},
 					end_state,
 				}
-			},
-			Err(error) => TransactResult::Err {
+			)},
+			Err(error) => Err(TransactErr {
 				state_root,
 				error,
 				end_state,
-			},
+			}),
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-/// A result of applying transaction to the state.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum TransactResult<T, V> {
-	/// Successful execution
-	Ok {
-		/// State root
-		state_root: H256,
-		/// Amount of gas left
-		gas_left: U256,
-		/// Output
-		output: Vec<u8>,
-		/// Traces
-		trace: Vec<T>,
-		/// VM Traces
-		vm_trace: Option<V>,
-		/// Created contract address (if any)
-		contract_address: Option<H160>,
-		/// Generated logs
-		logs: Vec<log_entry::LogEntry>,
-		/// outcome
-		outcome: receipt::TransactionOutcome,
-		/// end state if needed
-		end_state: Option<pod_state::PodState>,
-	},
-	/// Transaction failed to run
-	Err {
-		/// State root
-		state_root: H256,
-		/// Execution error
-		error: ::error::Error,
-		/// end state if needed
-		end_state: Option<pod_state::PodState>,
-	},
+/// To be returned inside a std::result::Result::Ok after a successful
+/// transaction completed.
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub struct TransactSuccess<T, V> {
+	/// State root
+	pub state_root: H256,
+	/// Amount of gas left
+	pub gas_left: U256,
+	/// Output
+	pub output: Vec<u8>,
+	/// Traces
+	pub trace: Vec<T>,
+	/// VM Traces
+	pub vm_trace: Option<V>,
+	/// Created contract address (if any)
+	pub contract_address: Option<H160>,
+	/// Generated logs
+	pub logs: Vec<log_entry::LogEntry>,
+	/// outcome
+	pub outcome: receipt::TransactionOutcome,
+	/// end state if needed
+	pub end_state: Option<pod_state::PodState>,
+}
+
+/// To be returned inside a std::result::Result::Err after a failed
+/// transaction.
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub struct TransactErr {
+	/// State root
+	pub state_root: H256,
+	/// Execution error
+	pub error: ::error::Error,
+	/// end state if needed
+	pub end_state: Option<pod_state::PodState>,
 }

ethcore/src/client/mod.rs

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ mod trace;
 pub use self::client::*;
 pub use self::config::{Mode, ClientConfig, DatabaseCompactionProfile, BlockChainConfig, VMType};
 #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-helpers"))]
-pub use self::evm_test_client::{EvmTestClient, EvmTestError, TransactResult};
+pub use self::evm_test_client::{EvmTestClient, EvmTestError, TransactErr, TransactSuccess};
 pub use self::io_message::ClientIoMessage;
 #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-helpers"))]
 pub use self::test_client::{TestBlockChainClient, EachBlockWith};

ethcore/src/client/test_client.rs

@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ impl PrepareOpenBlock for TestBlockChainClient {
 			gas_range_target,
 			extra_data,
 			false,
-			&mut Vec::new().into_iter(),
+			None,
 		)?;
 		// TODO [todr] Override timestamp for predictability
 		open_block.set_timestamp(*self.latest_block_timestamp.read());
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ impl BlockChainClient for TestBlockChainClient {
 
 	fn spec_name(&self) -> String { "foundation".into() }
 
-	fn set_spec_name(&self, _: String) { unimplemented!(); }
+	fn set_spec_name(&self, _: String) -> Result<(), ()> { unimplemented!(); }
 
 	fn disable(&self) { self.disabled.store(true, AtomicOrder::Relaxed); }
 

ethcore/src/client/traits.rs

@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ pub trait BlockChainClient : Sync + Send + AccountData + BlockChain + CallContra
 	fn spec_name(&self) -> String;
 
 	/// Set the chain via a spec name.
-	fn set_spec_name(&self, spec_name: String);
+	fn set_spec_name(&self, spec_name: String) -> Result<(), ()>;
 
 	/// Disable the client from importing blocks. This cannot be undone in this session and indicates
 	/// that a subsystem has reason to believe this executable incapable of syncing the chain.

ethcore/src/engines/authority_round/mod.rs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use std::iter::FromIterator;
 use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, AtomicBool, Ordering as AtomicOrdering};
 use std::sync::{Weak, Arc};
-use std::time::{UNIX_EPOCH, SystemTime, Duration};
+use std::time::{UNIX_EPOCH, Duration};
 
 use block::*;
 use client::EngineClient;
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ use itertools::{self, Itertools};
 use rlp::{encode, Decodable, DecoderError, Encodable, RlpStream, Rlp};
 use ethereum_types::{H256, H520, Address, U128, U256};
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
+use time_utils::CheckedSystemTime;
 use types::BlockNumber;
 use types::header::{Header, ExtendedHeader};
 use types::ancestry_action::AncestryAction;
@@ -512,15 +513,19 @@ fn header_expected_seal_fields(header: &Header, empty_steps_transition: u64) ->
 }
 
 fn header_step(header: &Header, empty_steps_transition: u64) -> Result<u64, ::rlp::DecoderError> {
-	let expected_seal_fields = header_expected_seal_fields(header, empty_steps_transition);
-	Rlp::new(&header.seal().get(0).expect(
-		&format!("was either checked with verify_block_basic or is genesis; has {} fields; qed (Make sure the spec file has a correct genesis seal)", expected_seal_fields))).as_val()
+	Rlp::new(&header.seal().get(0).unwrap_or_else(||
+		panic!("was either checked with verify_block_basic or is genesis; has {} fields; qed (Make sure the spec
+				file has a correct genesis seal)", header_expected_seal_fields(header, empty_steps_transition))
+	))
+	.as_val()
 }
 
 fn header_signature(header: &Header, empty_steps_transition: u64) -> Result<Signature, ::rlp::DecoderError> {
-	let expected_seal_fields = header_expected_seal_fields(header, empty_steps_transition);
-	Rlp::new(&header.seal().get(1).expect(
-		&format!("was checked with verify_block_basic; has {} fields; qed", expected_seal_fields))).as_val::<H520>().map(Into::into)
+	Rlp::new(&header.seal().get(1).unwrap_or_else(||
+		panic!("was checked with verify_block_basic; has {} fields; qed",
+			   header_expected_seal_fields(header, empty_steps_transition))
+	))
+	.as_val::<H520>().map(Into::into)
 }
 
 // extracts the raw empty steps vec from the header seal. should only be called when there are 3 fields in the seal
@@ -570,8 +575,15 @@ fn verify_timestamp(step: &Step, header_step: u64) -> Result<(), BlockError> {
 			// NOTE This error might be returned only in early stage of verification (Stage 1).
 			// Returning it further won't recover the sync process.
 			trace!(target: "engine", "verify_timestamp: block too early");
-			let oob = oob.map(|n| SystemTime::now() + Duration::from_secs(n));
-			Err(BlockError::TemporarilyInvalid(oob).into())
+
+			let found = CheckedSystemTime::checked_add(UNIX_EPOCH, Duration::from_secs(oob.found))
+				.ok_or(BlockError::TimestampOverflow)?;
+			let max = oob.max.and_then(|m| CheckedSystemTime::checked_add(UNIX_EPOCH, Duration::from_secs(m)));
+			let min = oob.min.and_then(|m| CheckedSystemTime::checked_add(UNIX_EPOCH, Duration::from_secs(m)));
+
+			let new_oob = OutOfBounds { min, max, found };
+
+			Err(BlockError::TemporarilyInvalid(new_oob).into())
 		},
 		Ok(_) => Ok(()),
 	}
@@ -607,6 +619,7 @@ fn combine_proofs(signal_number: BlockNumber, set_proof: &[u8], finality_proof:
 	stream.out()
 }
 
+
 fn destructure_proofs(combined: &[u8]) -> Result<(BlockNumber, &[u8], &[u8]), Error> {
 	let rlp = Rlp::new(combined);
 	Ok((
@@ -622,7 +635,7 @@ trait AsMillis {
 
 impl AsMillis for Duration {
 	fn as_millis(&self) -> u64 {
-		self.as_secs()*1_000 + (self.subsec_nanos()/1_000_000) as u64
+		self.as_secs() * 1_000 + (self.subsec_nanos() / 1_000_000) as u64
 	}
 }
 
@@ -934,8 +947,12 @@ impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for AuthorityRound {
 			return BTreeMap::default();
 		}
 
-		let step = header_step(header, self.empty_steps_transition).as_ref().map(ToString::to_string).unwrap_or("".into());
-		let signature = header_signature(header, self.empty_steps_transition).as_ref().map(ToString::to_string).unwrap_or("".into());
+		let step = header_step(header, self.empty_steps_transition).as_ref()
+			.map(ToString::to_string)
+			.unwrap_or_default();
+		let signature = header_signature(header, self.empty_steps_transition).as_ref()
+			.map(ToString::to_string)
+			.unwrap_or_default();
 
 		let mut info = map![
 			"step".into() => step,
@@ -1022,7 +1039,7 @@ impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for AuthorityRound {
 			return Seal::None;
 		}
 
-		let header = block.header();
+		let header = &block.header;
 		let parent_step = header_step(parent, self.empty_steps_transition)
 			.expect("Header has been verified; qed");
 
@@ -1068,7 +1085,7 @@ impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for AuthorityRound {
 			// `EmptyStep(step, parent_hash)` message. If we exceed the maximum amount of `empty_step` rounds we proceed
 			// with the seal.
 			if header.number() >= self.empty_steps_transition &&
-				block.transactions().is_empty() &&
+				block.transactions.is_empty() &&
 				empty_steps.len() < self.maximum_empty_steps {
 
 				if self.step.can_propose.compare_and_swap(true, false, AtomicOrdering::SeqCst) {
@@ -1138,7 +1155,7 @@ impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for AuthorityRound {
 		if self.immediate_transitions || !epoch_begin { return Ok(()) }
 
 		// genesis is never a new block, but might as well check.
-		let header = block.header().clone();
+		let header = block.header.clone();
 		let first = header.number() == 0;
 
 		let mut call = |to, data| {
@@ -1158,8 +1175,8 @@ impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for AuthorityRound {
 	/// Apply the block reward on finalisation of the block.
 	fn on_close_block(&self, block: &mut ExecutedBlock) -> Result<(), Error> {
 		let mut beneficiaries = Vec::new();
-		if block.header().number() >= self.empty_steps_transition {
-			let empty_steps = if block.header().seal().is_empty() {
+		if block.header.number() >= self.empty_steps_transition {
+			let empty_steps = if block.header.seal().is_empty() {
 				// this is a new block, calculate rewards based on the empty steps messages we have accumulated
 				let client = match self.client.read().as_ref().and_then(|weak| weak.upgrade()) {
 					Some(client) => client,
@@ -1169,7 +1186,7 @@ impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for AuthorityRound {
 					},
 				};
 
-				let parent = client.block_header(::client::BlockId::Hash(*block.header().parent_hash()))
+				let parent = client.block_header(::client::BlockId::Hash(*block.header.parent_hash()))
 					.expect("hash is from parent; parent header must exist; qed")
 					.decode()?;
 
@@ -1178,7 +1195,7 @@ impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for AuthorityRound {
 				self.empty_steps(parent_step.into(), current_step.into(), parent.hash())
 			} else {
 				// we're verifying a block, extract empty steps from the seal
-				header_empty_steps(block.header())?
+				header_empty_steps(&block.header)?
 			};
 
 			for empty_step in empty_steps {
@@ -1187,11 +1204,11 @@ impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for AuthorityRound {
 			}
 		}
 
-		let author = *block.header().author();
+		let author = *block.header.author();
 		beneficiaries.push((author, RewardKind::Author));
 
 		let rewards: Vec<_> = match self.block_reward_contract {
-			Some(ref c) if block.header().number() >= self.block_reward_contract_transition => {
+			Some(ref c) if block.header.number() >= self.block_reward_contract_transition => {
 				let mut call = super::default_system_or_code_call(&self.machine, block);
 
 				let rewards = c.reward(&beneficiaries, &mut call)?;
@@ -1405,8 +1422,10 @@ impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for AuthorityRound {
 
 		let first = chain_head.number() == 0;
 
-		// apply immediate transitions.
+		// Apply transitions that don't require finality and should be enacted immediately (e.g from chain spec)
 		if let Some(change) = self.validators.is_epoch_end(first, chain_head) {
+			info!(target: "engine", "Immediately applying validator set change signalled at block {}", chain_head.number());
+			self.epoch_manager.lock().note_new_epoch();
 			let change = combine_proofs(chain_head.number(), &change, &[]);
 			return Some(change)
 		}
@@ -1618,23 +1637,23 @@ mod tests {
 		let db1 = spec.ensure_db_good(get_temp_state_db(), &Default::default()).unwrap();
 		let db2 = spec.ensure_db_good(get_temp_state_db(), &Default::default()).unwrap();
 		let last_hashes = Arc::new(vec![genesis_header.hash()]);
-		let b1 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db1, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b1 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db1, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b1 = b1.close_and_lock().unwrap();
-		let b2 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db2, &genesis_header, last_hashes, addr2, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b2 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db2, &genesis_header, last_hashes, addr2, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b2 = b2.close_and_lock().unwrap();
 
 		engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap.clone(), addr1, "1".into())));
-		if let Seal::Regular(seal) = engine.generate_seal(b1.block(), &genesis_header) {
+		if let Seal::Regular(seal) = engine.generate_seal(&b1, &genesis_header) {
 			assert!(b1.clone().try_seal(engine, seal).is_ok());
 			// Second proposal is forbidden.
-			assert!(engine.generate_seal(b1.block(), &genesis_header) == Seal::None);
+			assert!(engine.generate_seal(&b1, &genesis_header) == Seal::None);
 		}
 
 		engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap, addr2, "2".into())));
-		if let Seal::Regular(seal) = engine.generate_seal(b2.block(), &genesis_header) {
+		if let Seal::Regular(seal) = engine.generate_seal(&b2, &genesis_header) {
 			assert!(b2.clone().try_seal(engine, seal).is_ok());
 			// Second proposal is forbidden.
-			assert!(engine.generate_seal(b2.block(), &genesis_header) == Seal::None);
+			assert!(engine.generate_seal(&b2, &genesis_header) == Seal::None);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1652,19 +1671,19 @@ mod tests {
 		let db2 = spec.ensure_db_good(get_temp_state_db(), &Default::default()).unwrap();
 		let last_hashes = Arc::new(vec![genesis_header.hash()]);
 
-		let b1 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db1, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b1 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db1, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b1 = b1.close_and_lock().unwrap();
-		let b2 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db2, &genesis_header, last_hashes, addr2, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b2 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db2, &genesis_header, last_hashes, addr2, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b2 = b2.close_and_lock().unwrap();
 
 		engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap.clone(), addr1, "1".into())));
-		match engine.generate_seal(b1.block(), &genesis_header) {
+		match engine.generate_seal(&b1, &genesis_header) {
 			Seal::None | Seal::Proposal(_) => panic!("wrong seal"),
 			Seal::Regular(_) => {
 				engine.step();
 
 				engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap.clone(), addr2, "0".into())));
-				match engine.generate_seal(b2.block(), &genesis_header) {
+				match engine.generate_seal(&b2, &genesis_header) {
 					Seal::Regular(_) | Seal::Proposal(_) => panic!("sealed despite wrong difficulty"),
 					Seal::None => {}
 				}
@@ -1888,11 +1907,11 @@ mod tests {
 
 		engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap.clone(), addr1, "1".into())));
 
-		let b1 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db1, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b1 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db1, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b1 = b1.close_and_lock().unwrap();
 
 		// the block is empty so we don't seal and instead broadcast an empty step message
-		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(b1.block(), &genesis_header), Seal::None);
+		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(&b1, &genesis_header), Seal::None);
 
 		// spec starts with step 2
 		let empty_step_rlp = encode(&empty_step(engine, 2, &genesis_header.hash()));
@@ -1902,7 +1921,7 @@ mod tests {
 		let len = notify.messages.read().len();
 
 		// make sure that we don't generate empty step for the second time
-		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(b1.block(), &genesis_header), Seal::None);
+		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(&b1, &genesis_header), Seal::None);
 		assert_eq!(len, notify.messages.read().len());
 	}
 
@@ -1926,16 +1945,16 @@ mod tests {
 		engine.register_client(Arc::downgrade(&client) as _);
 
 		// step 2
-		let b1 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db1, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b1 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db1, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b1 = b1.close_and_lock().unwrap();
 
 		// since the block is empty it isn't sealed and we generate empty steps
 		engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap.clone(), addr1, "1".into())));
-		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(b1.block(), &genesis_header), Seal::None);
+		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(&b1, &genesis_header), Seal::None);
 		engine.step();
 
 		// step 3
-		let mut b2 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db2, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr2, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let mut b2 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db2, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr2, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		b2.push_transaction(Transaction {
 			action: Action::Create,
 			nonce: U256::from(0),
@@ -1948,7 +1967,7 @@ mod tests {
 
 		// we will now seal a block with 1tx and include the accumulated empty step message
 		engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap.clone(), addr2, "0".into())));
-		if let Seal::Regular(seal) = engine.generate_seal(b2.block(), &genesis_header) {
+		if let Seal::Regular(seal) = engine.generate_seal(&b2, &genesis_header) {
 			engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap.clone(), addr1, "1".into())));
 			let empty_step2 = sealed_empty_step(engine, 2, &genesis_header.hash());
 			let empty_steps = ::rlp::encode_list(&vec![empty_step2]);
@@ -1979,28 +1998,28 @@ mod tests {
 		engine.register_client(Arc::downgrade(&client) as _);
 
 		// step 2
-		let b1 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db1, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b1 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db1, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b1 = b1.close_and_lock().unwrap();
 
 		// since the block is empty it isn't sealed and we generate empty steps
 		engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap.clone(), addr1, "1".into())));
-		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(b1.block(), &genesis_header), Seal::None);
+		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(&b1, &genesis_header), Seal::None);
 		engine.step();
 
 		// step 3
-		let b2 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db2, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr2, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b2 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db2, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr2, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b2 = b2.close_and_lock().unwrap();
 		engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap.clone(), addr2, "0".into())));
-		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(b2.block(), &genesis_header), Seal::None);
+		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(&b2, &genesis_header), Seal::None);
 		engine.step();
 
 		// step 4
 		// the spec sets the maximum_empty_steps to 2 so we will now seal an empty block and include the empty step messages
-		let b3 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db3, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b3 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db3, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b3 = b3.close_and_lock().unwrap();
 
 		engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap.clone(), addr1, "1".into())));
-		if let Seal::Regular(seal) = engine.generate_seal(b3.block(), &genesis_header) {
+		if let Seal::Regular(seal) = engine.generate_seal(&b3, &genesis_header) {
 			let empty_step2 = sealed_empty_step(engine, 2, &genesis_header.hash());
 			engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap.clone(), addr2, "0".into())));
 			let empty_step3 = sealed_empty_step(engine, 3, &genesis_header.hash());
@@ -2029,24 +2048,24 @@ mod tests {
 		engine.register_client(Arc::downgrade(&client) as _);
 
 		// step 2
-		let b1 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db1, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b1 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db1, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b1 = b1.close_and_lock().unwrap();
 
 		// since the block is empty it isn't sealed and we generate empty steps
 		engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap.clone(), addr1, "1".into())));
-		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(b1.block(), &genesis_header), Seal::None);
+		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(&b1, &genesis_header), Seal::None);
 		engine.step();
 
 		// step 3
 		// the signer of the accumulated empty step message should be rewarded
-		let b2 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db2, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
-		let addr1_balance = b2.block().state().balance(&addr1).unwrap();
+		let b2 = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db2, &genesis_header, last_hashes.clone(), addr1, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
+		let addr1_balance = b2.state.balance(&addr1).unwrap();
 
 		// after closing the block `addr1` should be reward twice, one for the included empty step message and another for block creation
 		let b2 = b2.close_and_lock().unwrap();
 
 		// the spec sets the block reward to 10
-		assert_eq!(b2.block().state().balance(&addr1).unwrap(), addr1_balance + (10 * 2))
+		assert_eq!(b2.state.balance(&addr1).unwrap(), addr1_balance + (10 * 2))
 	}
 
 	#[test]
@@ -2139,13 +2158,13 @@ mod tests {
 			(3141562.into(), 31415620.into()),
 			vec![],
 			false,
-			&mut Vec::new().into_iter(),
+			None,
 		).unwrap();
 		let b1 = b1.close_and_lock().unwrap();
 
 		// since the block is empty it isn't sealed and we generate empty steps
 		engine.set_signer(Box::new((tap.clone(), addr1, "1".into())));
-		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(b1.block(), &genesis_header), Seal::None);
+		assert_eq!(engine.generate_seal(&b1, &genesis_header), Seal::None);
 		engine.step();
 
 		// step 3
@@ -2161,9 +2180,9 @@ mod tests {
 			(3141562.into(), 31415620.into()),
 			vec![],
 			false,
-			&mut Vec::new().into_iter(),
+			None,
 		).unwrap();
-		let addr1_balance = b2.block().state().balance(&addr1).unwrap();
+		let addr1_balance = b2.state.balance(&addr1).unwrap();
 
 		// after closing the block `addr1` should be reward twice, one for the included empty step
 		// message and another for block creation
@@ -2171,7 +2190,7 @@ mod tests {
 
 		// the contract rewards (1000 + kind) for each benefactor/reward kind
 		assert_eq!(
-			b2.block().state().balance(&addr1).unwrap(),
+			b2.state.balance(&addr1).unwrap(),
 			addr1_balance + (1000 + 0) + (1000 + 2),
 		)
 	}

ethcore/src/engines/basic_authority.rs

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for BasicAuthority {
 
 	/// Attempt to seal the block internally.
 	fn generate_seal(&self, block: &ExecutedBlock, _parent: &Header) -> Seal {
-		let header = block.header();
+		let header = &block.header;
 		let author = header.author();
 		if self.validators.contains(header.parent_hash(), author) {
 			// account should be pernamently unlocked, otherwise sealing will fail
@@ -264,9 +264,9 @@ mod tests {
 		let genesis_header = spec.genesis_header();
 		let db = spec.ensure_db_good(get_temp_state_db(), &Default::default()).unwrap();
 		let last_hashes = Arc::new(vec![genesis_header.hash()]);
-		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, addr, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, addr, (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b = b.close_and_lock().unwrap();
-		if let Seal::Regular(seal) = engine.generate_seal(b.block(), &genesis_header) {
+		if let Seal::Regular(seal) = engine.generate_seal(&b, &genesis_header) {
 			assert!(b.try_seal(engine, seal).is_ok());
 		}
 	}

ethcore/src/engines/block_reward.rs

@@ -24,11 +24,12 @@ use ethereum_types::{H160, Address, U256};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use hash::keccak;
 use error::Error;
-use machine::WithRewards;
-use parity_machine::Machine;
+use machine::Machine;
 use trace;
 use types::BlockNumber;
 use super::{SystemOrCodeCall, SystemOrCodeCallKind};
+use trace::{Tracer, ExecutiveTracer, Tracing};
+use block::ExecutedBlock;
 
 use_contract!(block_reward_contract, "res/contracts/block_reward.json");
 
@@ -152,17 +153,26 @@ impl BlockRewardContract {
 
 /// Applies the given block rewards, i.e. adds the given balance to each beneficiary' address.
 /// If tracing is enabled the operations are recorded.
-pub fn apply_block_rewards<M: Machine + WithRewards>(
+pub fn apply_block_rewards<M: Machine>(
 	rewards: &[(Address, RewardKind, U256)],
-	block: &mut M::LiveBlock,
+	block: &mut ExecutedBlock,
 	machine: &M,
 ) -> Result<(), M::Error> {
 	for &(ref author, _, ref block_reward) in rewards {
 		machine.add_balance(block, author, block_reward)?;
 	}
 
-	let rewards: Vec<_> = rewards.into_iter().map(|&(a, k, r)| (a, k.into(), r)).collect();
-	machine.note_rewards(block, &rewards)
+	if let Tracing::Enabled(ref mut traces) = *block.traces_mut() {
+		let mut tracer = ExecutiveTracer::default();
+
+		for &(address, reward_kind, amount) in rewards {
+			tracer.trace_reward(address, amount, reward_kind.into());
+		}
+
+		traces.push(tracer.drain().into());
+	}
+
+	Ok(())
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]

ethcore/src/engines/clique/block_state.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+// Copyright 2015-2019 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity Ethereum.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use std::collections::{HashMap, BTreeSet, VecDeque};
+use std::fmt;
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use engines::EngineError;
+use engines::clique::util::{extract_signers, recover_creator};
+use engines::clique::{VoteType, DIFF_INTURN, DIFF_NOTURN, NULL_AUTHOR, SIGNING_DELAY_NOTURN_MS};
+use error::{Error, BlockError};
+use ethereum_types::{Address, H64};
+use rand::Rng;
+use time_utils::CheckedSystemTime;
+use types::BlockNumber;
+use types::header::Header;
+use unexpected::Mismatch;
+
+/// Type that keeps track of the state for a given vote
+// Votes that go against the proposal aren't counted since it's equivalent to not voting
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
+pub struct VoteState {
+	kind: VoteType,
+	votes: u64,
+}
+
+/// Type that represent a vote
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
+pub struct Vote {
+	block_number: BlockNumber,
+	beneficiary: Address,
+	kind: VoteType,
+	signer: Address,
+	reverted: bool,
+}
+
+/// Type that represent a pending vote
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
+pub struct PendingVote {
+	signer: Address,
+	beneficiary: Address,
+}
+
+/// Clique state for each block.
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct CliqueBlockState {
+	/// Current votes for a beneficiary
+	votes: HashMap<PendingVote, VoteState>,
+	/// A list of all votes for the given epoch
+	votes_history: Vec<Vote>,
+	/// a list of all valid signer, sorted by ascending order.
+	signers: BTreeSet<Address>,
+	/// a deque of recent signer, new entry should be pushed front, apply() modifies this.
+	recent_signers: VecDeque<Address>,
+	/// inturn signing should wait until this time
+	pub next_timestamp_inturn: Option<SystemTime>,
+	/// noturn signing should wait until this time
+	pub next_timestamp_noturn: Option<SystemTime>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct CliqueBlockState {
+	/// All recorded votes for a given signer, `Vec<PendingVote>` is a stack of votes
+	pub votes: HashMap<PendingVote, VoteState>,
+	/// A list of all votes for the given epoch
+	pub votes_history: Vec<Vote>,
+	/// a list of all valid signer, sorted by ascending order.
+	pub signers: BTreeSet<Address>,
+	/// a deque of recent signer, new entry should be pushed front, apply() modifies this.
+	pub recent_signers: VecDeque<Address>,
+	/// inturn signing should wait until this time
+	pub next_timestamp_inturn: Option<SystemTime>,
+	/// noturn signing should wait until this time
+	pub next_timestamp_noturn: Option<SystemTime>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for CliqueBlockState {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+		let signers: Vec<String> = self.signers.iter()
+			.map(|s|
+				 format!("{} {:?}",
+					s,
+					self.votes.iter().map(|(v, s)| format!("[beneficiary {}, votes: {}]", v.beneficiary, s.votes))
+					.collect::<Vec<_>>()
+				)
+			)
+			.collect();
+
+		let recent_signers: Vec<String> = self.recent_signers.iter().map(|s| format!("{}", s)).collect();
+		let num_votes = self.votes_history.len();
+		let add_votes = self.votes_history.iter().filter(|v| v.kind == VoteType::Add).count();
+		let rm_votes = self.votes_history.iter().filter(|v| v.kind == VoteType::Remove).count();
+		let reverted_votes = self.votes_history.iter().filter(|v| v.reverted).count();
+
+        write!(f,
+			"Votes {{ \n signers: {:?} \n recent_signers: {:?} \n number of votes: {} \n number of add votes {}
+			\r number of remove votes {} \n number of reverted votes: {}}}",
+			signers, recent_signers, num_votes, add_votes, rm_votes, reverted_votes)
+    }
+}
+
+impl CliqueBlockState {
+	/// Create new state with given information, this is used creating new state from Checkpoint block.
+	pub fn new(signers: BTreeSet<Address>) -> Self {
+		CliqueBlockState {
+			signers,
+			..Default::default()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// see https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/master/consensus/clique/clique.go#L474
+	fn verify(&self, header: &Header) -> Result<Address, Error> {
+		let creator = recover_creator(header)?.clone();
+
+		// The signer is not authorized
+		if !self.signers.contains(&creator) {
+			trace!(target: "engine", "current state: {}", self);
+			Err(EngineError::NotAuthorized(creator))?
+		}
+
+		// The signer has signed a block too recently
+		if self.recent_signers.contains(&creator) {
+			trace!(target: "engine", "current state: {}", self);
+			Err(EngineError::CliqueTooRecentlySigned(creator))?
+		}
+
+		// Wrong difficulty
+		let inturn = self.is_inturn(header.number(), &creator);
+
+		if inturn && *header.difficulty() != DIFF_INTURN {
+			Err(BlockError::InvalidDifficulty(Mismatch {
+				expected: DIFF_INTURN,
+				found: *header.difficulty(),
+			}))?
+		}
+
+		if !inturn && *header.difficulty() != DIFF_NOTURN {
+			Err(BlockError::InvalidDifficulty(Mismatch {
+				expected: DIFF_NOTURN,
+				found: *header.difficulty(),
+			}))?
+		}
+
+		Ok(creator)
+	}
+
+	/// Verify and apply a new header to current state
+	pub fn apply(&mut self, header: &Header, is_checkpoint: bool) -> Result<Address, Error> {
+		let creator = self.verify(header)?;
+		self.recent_signers.push_front(creator);
+		self.rotate_recent_signers();
+
+		if is_checkpoint {
+			// checkpoint block should not affect previous tallying, so we check that.
+			let signers = extract_signers(header)?;
+			if self.signers != signers {
+				let invalid_signers: Vec<String> = signers.into_iter()
+					.filter(|s| !self.signers.contains(s))
+					.map(|s| format!("{}", s))
+					.collect();
+				Err(EngineError::CliqueFaultyRecoveredSigners(invalid_signers))?
+			};
+
+			// TODO(niklasad1): I'm not sure if we should shrink here because it is likely that next epoch
+			// will need some memory and might be better for allocation algorithm to decide whether to shrink or not
+			// (typically doubles or halves the allocted memory when necessary)
+			self.votes.clear();
+			self.votes_history.clear();
+			self.votes.shrink_to_fit();
+			self.votes_history.shrink_to_fit();
+		}
+
+		// Contains vote
+		if *header.author() != NULL_AUTHOR {
+			let decoded_seal = header.decode_seal::<Vec<_>>()?;
+			if decoded_seal.len() != 2 {
+				Err(BlockError::InvalidSealArity(Mismatch { expected: 2, found: decoded_seal.len() }))?
+			}
+
+			let nonce: H64 = decoded_seal[1].into();
+			self.update_signers_on_vote(VoteType::from_nonce(nonce)?, creator, *header.author(), header.number())?;
+		}
+
+		Ok(creator)
+	}
+
+	fn update_signers_on_vote(
+		&mut self,
+		kind: VoteType,
+		signer: Address,
+		beneficiary: Address,
+		block_number: u64
+	) -> Result<(), Error> {
+
+		trace!(target: "engine", "Attempt vote {:?} {:?}", kind, beneficiary);
+
+		let pending_vote = PendingVote { signer, beneficiary };
+
+		let reverted = if self.is_valid_vote(&beneficiary, kind) {
+			self.add_vote(pending_vote, kind)
+		} else {
+			// This case only happens if a `signer` wants to revert their previous vote
+			// (does nothing if no previous vote was found)
+			self.revert_vote(pending_vote)
+		};
+
+		// Add all votes to the history
+		self.votes_history.push(
+			Vote {
+			block_number,
+			beneficiary,
+			kind,
+			signer,
+			reverted,
+		});
+
+		// If no vote was found for the beneficiary return `early` but don't propogate an error
+		let (votes, vote_kind) = match self.get_current_votes_and_kind(beneficiary) {
+			Some((v, k)) => (v, k),
+			None => return Ok(()),
+		};
+		let threshold = self.signers.len() / 2;
+
+		debug!(target: "engine", "{}/{} votes to have consensus", votes, threshold + 1);
+		trace!(target: "engine", "votes: {:?}", votes);
+
+		if votes > threshold {
+			match vote_kind {
+				VoteType::Add => {
+					if self.signers.insert(beneficiary) {
+						debug!(target: "engine", "added new signer: {}", beneficiary);
+					}
+				}
+				VoteType::Remove => {
+					if self.signers.remove(&beneficiary) {
+						debug!(target: "engine", "removed signer: {}", beneficiary);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			self.rotate_recent_signers();
+			self.remove_all_votes_from(beneficiary);
+		}
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	/// Calculate the next timestamp for `inturn` and `noturn` fails if any of them can't be represented as
+	/// `SystemTime`
+	// TODO(niklasad1): refactor this method to be in constructor of `CliqueBlockState` instead.
+	// This is a quite bad API because we must mutate both variables even when already `inturn` fails
+	// That's why we can't return early and must have the `if-else` in the end
+	pub fn calc_next_timestamp(&mut self, timestamp: u64, period: u64) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		let inturn = CheckedSystemTime::checked_add(UNIX_EPOCH, Duration::from_secs(timestamp.saturating_add(period)));
+
+		self.next_timestamp_inturn = inturn;
+
+		let delay = Duration::from_millis(
+			rand::thread_rng().gen_range(0u64, (self.signers.len() as u64 / 2 + 1) * SIGNING_DELAY_NOTURN_MS));
+		self.next_timestamp_noturn = inturn.map(|inturn|  {
+			inturn + delay
+		});
+
+		if self.next_timestamp_inturn.is_some() && self.next_timestamp_noturn.is_some() {
+			Ok(())
+		} else {
+			Err(BlockError::TimestampOverflow)?
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// Returns true if the block difficulty should be `inturn`
+	pub fn is_inturn(&self, current_block_number: u64, author: &Address) -> bool {
+		if let Some(pos) = self.signers.iter().position(|x| *author == *x) {
+			return current_block_number % self.signers.len() as u64 == pos as u64;
+		}
+		false
+	}
+
+	/// Returns whether the signer is authorized to sign a block
+	pub fn is_authorized(&self, author: &Address) -> bool {
+		self.signers.contains(author) && !self.recent_signers.contains(author)
+	}
+
+	/// Returns whether it makes sense to cast the specified vote in the
+	/// current state (e.g. don't try to add an already authorized signer).
+	pub fn is_valid_vote(&self, address: &Address, vote_type: VoteType) -> bool {
+		let in_signer = self.signers.contains(address);
+		match vote_type {
+			VoteType::Add => !in_signer,
+			VoteType::Remove => in_signer,
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// Returns the list of current signers
+	pub fn signers(&self) -> &BTreeSet<Address> {
+		&self.signers
+	}
+
+	// Note this method will always return `true` but it is intended for a uniform `API`
+	fn add_vote(&mut self, pending_vote: PendingVote, kind: VoteType) -> bool {
+
+		self.votes.entry(pending_vote)
+			.and_modify(|state| {
+				state.votes = state.votes.saturating_add(1);
+			})
+			.or_insert_with(|| VoteState { kind, votes: 1 });
+		true
+	}
+
+	fn revert_vote(&mut self, pending_vote: PendingVote) -> bool {
+		let mut revert = false;
+		let mut remove = false;
+
+		self.votes.entry(pending_vote).and_modify(|state| {
+			if state.votes.saturating_sub(1) == 0 {
+				remove = true;
+			}
+			revert = true;
+		});
+
+		if remove {
+			self.votes.remove(&pending_vote);
+		}
+
+		revert
+	}
+
+	fn get_current_votes_and_kind(&self, beneficiary: Address) -> Option<(usize, VoteType)> {
+		let kind = self.votes.iter()
+			.find(|(v, _t)| v.beneficiary == beneficiary)
+			.map(|(_v, t)| t.kind)?;
+
+		let votes = self.votes.keys()
+			.filter(|vote| vote.beneficiary == beneficiary)
+			.count();
+
+		Some((votes, kind))
+	}
+
+	fn rotate_recent_signers(&mut self) {
+		if self.recent_signers.len() >= ( self.signers.len() / 2 ) + 1 {
+			self.recent_signers.pop_back();
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn remove_all_votes_from(&mut self, beneficiary: Address) {
+		self.votes = std::mem::replace(&mut self.votes, HashMap::new())
+			.into_iter()
+			.filter(|(v, _t)| v.signer != beneficiary && v.beneficiary != beneficiary)
+			.collect();
+	}
+}

ethcore/src/engines/clique/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,774 @@
+// Copyright 2015-2019 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity Ethereum.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Implementation of the Clique PoA Engine.
+//!
+//! File structure:
+//! - mod.rs -> Provides the engine API implementation, with additional block state tracking
+//! - block_state.rs -> Records the Clique state for given block.
+//! - params.rs -> Contains the parameters for the Clique engine.
+//! - step_service.rs -> An event loop to trigger sealing.
+//! - util.rs -> Various standalone utility functions.
+//! - tests.rs -> Consensus tests as defined in EIP-225.
+
+/// How syncing works:
+///
+/// 1. Client will call:
+///    - `Clique::verify_block_basic()`
+///    - `Clique::verify_block_unordered()`
+///    - `Clique::verify_block_family()`
+/// 2. Using `Clique::state()` we try and retrieve the parent state. If this isn't found
+///    we need to back-fill it from the last known checkpoint.
+/// 3. Once we have a good state, we can record it using `CliqueBlockState::apply()`.
+
+/// How sealing works:
+///
+/// 1. Set a signer using `Engine::set_signer()`. If a miner account was set up through
+///    a config file or CLI flag `MinerService::set_author()` will eventually set the signer
+/// 2. We check that the engine seals internally through `Clique::seals_internally()`
+///    Note: This is always true for Clique
+/// 3. Calling `Clique::new()` will spawn a `StepService` thread. This thread will call `Engine::step()`
+///    periodically. Internally, the Clique `step()` function calls `Client::update_sealing()`, which is
+///    what makes and seals a block.
+/// 4. `Clique::generate_seal()` will then be called by `miner`. This will return a `Seal` which
+///     is either a `Seal::None` or `Seal:Regular`. The following shows how a `Seal` variant is chosen:
+///       a. We return `Seal::None` if no signer is available or the signer is not authorized.
+///       b. If period == 0 and block has transactions, we return `Seal::Regular`, otherwise return `Seal::None`.
+///       c. If we're `INTURN`, wait for at least `period` since last block before trying to seal.
+///       d. If we're not `INTURN`, we wait for a random amount of time using the algorithm specified
+///          in EIP-225 before trying to seal again.
+/// 5. Miner will create new block, in process it will call several engine methods to do following:
+///   a. `Clique::open_block_header_timestamp()` must set timestamp correctly.
+///   b. `Clique::populate_from_parent()` must set difficulty to correct value.
+///       Note: `Clique::populate_from_parent()` is used in both the syncing and sealing code paths.
+/// 6. We call `Clique::on_seal_block()` which will allow us to modify the block header during seal generation.
+/// 7. Finally, `Clique::verify_local_seal()` is called. After this, the syncing code path will be followed
+///    in order to import the new block.
+
+use std::cmp;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
+use std::thread;
+use std::time;
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use block::ExecutedBlock;
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use client::{BlockId, EngineClient};
+use engines::clique::util::{extract_signers, recover_creator};
+use engines::{Engine, EngineError, Seal};
+use error::{BlockError, Error};
+use ethereum_types::{Address, H64, H160, H256, U256};
+use ethkey::Signature;
+use hash::KECCAK_EMPTY_LIST_RLP;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use lru_cache::LruCache;
+use machine::{Call, EthereumMachine};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use rand::Rng;
+use super::signer::EngineSigner;
+use unexpected::{Mismatch, OutOfBounds};
+use time_utils::CheckedSystemTime;
+use types::BlockNumber;
+use types::header::{ExtendedHeader, Header};
+
+use self::block_state::CliqueBlockState;
+use self::params::CliqueParams;
+use self::step_service::StepService;
+
+mod params;
+mod block_state;
+mod step_service;
+mod util;
+
+// TODO(niklasad1): extract tester types into a separate mod to be shared in the code base
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+// Protocol constants
+/// Fixed number of extra-data prefix bytes reserved for signer vanity
+pub const VANITY_LENGTH: usize = 32;
+/// Fixed number of extra-data suffix bytes reserved for signer signature
+pub const SIGNATURE_LENGTH: usize = 65;
+/// Address length of signer
+pub const ADDRESS_LENGTH: usize = 20;
+/// Nonce value for DROP vote
+pub const NONCE_DROP_VOTE: H64 = H64([0; 8]);
+/// Nonce value for AUTH vote
+pub const NONCE_AUTH_VOTE: H64 = H64([0xff; 8]);
+/// Difficulty for INTURN block
+pub const DIFF_INTURN: U256 = U256([2, 0, 0, 0]);
+/// Difficulty for NOTURN block
+pub const DIFF_NOTURN: U256 = U256([1, 0, 0, 0]);
+/// Default empty author field value
+pub const NULL_AUTHOR: Address = H160([0x00; 20]);
+/// Default empty nonce value
+pub const NULL_NONCE: H64 = NONCE_DROP_VOTE;
+/// Default value for mixhash
+pub const NULL_MIXHASH: H256 = H256([0; 32]);
+/// Default value for uncles hash
+pub const NULL_UNCLES_HASH: H256 = KECCAK_EMPTY_LIST_RLP;
+/// Default noturn block wiggle factor defined in spec.
+pub const SIGNING_DELAY_NOTURN_MS: u64 = 500;
+
+/// How many CliqueBlockState to cache in the memory.
+pub const STATE_CACHE_NUM: usize = 128;
+
+/// Vote to add or remove the beneficiary
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
+pub enum VoteType {
+	Add,
+	Remove,
+}
+
+impl VoteType {
+	/// Try to construct a `Vote` from a nonce
+	pub fn from_nonce(nonce: H64) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+		if nonce == NONCE_AUTH_VOTE {
+			Ok(VoteType::Add)
+		} else if nonce == NONCE_DROP_VOTE {
+			Ok(VoteType::Remove)
+		} else {
+			Err(EngineError::CliqueInvalidNonce(nonce))?
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// Get the rlp encoding of the vote
+	pub fn as_rlp(&self) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
+		match self {
+			VoteType::Add => vec![rlp::encode(&NULL_MIXHASH), rlp::encode(&NONCE_AUTH_VOTE)],
+			VoteType::Remove => vec![rlp::encode(&NULL_MIXHASH), rlp::encode(&NONCE_DROP_VOTE)],
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/// Clique Engine implementation
+// block_state_by_hash -> block state indexed by header hash.
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+pub struct Clique {
+	epoch_length: u64,
+	period: u64,
+	machine: EthereumMachine,
+	client: RwLock<Option<Weak<EngineClient>>>,
+	block_state_by_hash: RwLock<LruCache<H256, CliqueBlockState>>,
+	proposals: RwLock<HashMap<Address, VoteType>>,
+	signer: RwLock<Option<Box<EngineSigner>>>,
+	step_service: Option<Arc<StepService>>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+/// Test version of `CliqueEngine` to make all fields public
+pub struct Clique {
+	pub epoch_length: u64,
+	pub period: u64,
+	pub machine: EthereumMachine,
+	pub client: RwLock<Option<Weak<EngineClient>>>,
+	pub block_state_by_hash: RwLock<LruCache<H256, CliqueBlockState>>,
+	pub proposals: RwLock<HashMap<Address, VoteType>>,
+	pub signer: RwLock<Option<Box<EngineSigner>>>,
+	pub step_service: Option<Arc<StepService>>,
+}
+
+impl Clique {
+	/// Initialize Clique engine from empty state.
+	pub fn new(our_params: CliqueParams, machine: EthereumMachine) -> Result<Arc<Self>, Error> {
+		let mut engine = Clique {
+			epoch_length: our_params.epoch,
+			period: our_params.period,
+			client: Default::default(),
+			block_state_by_hash: RwLock::new(LruCache::new(STATE_CACHE_NUM)),
+			proposals: Default::default(),
+			signer: Default::default(),
+			machine,
+			step_service: None,
+		};
+
+		let res = Arc::new(engine);
+
+		if our_params.period > 0 {
+			engine.step_service = Some(StepService::start(Arc::downgrade(&res) as Weak<Engine<_>>));
+		}
+
+		Ok(res)
+	}
+
+	#[cfg(test)]
+	/// Initialize test variant of `CliqueEngine`,
+	/// Note we need to `mock` the miner and it is introduced to test block verification to trigger new blocks
+	/// to mainly test consensus edge cases
+	pub fn with_test(epoch_length: u64, period: u64) -> Self {
+		use spec::Spec;
+
+		Self {
+			epoch_length,
+			period,
+			client: Default::default(),
+			block_state_by_hash: RwLock::new(LruCache::new(STATE_CACHE_NUM)),
+			proposals: Default::default(),
+			signer: Default::default(),
+			machine: Spec::new_test_machine(),
+			step_service: None,
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn sign_header(&self, header: &Header) -> Result<(Signature, H256), Error> {
+
+		match self.signer.read().as_ref() {
+			None => {
+				Err(EngineError::RequiresSigner)?
+			}
+			Some(signer) => {
+				let digest = header.hash();
+				match signer.sign(digest) {
+					Ok(sig) => Ok((sig, digest)),
+					Err(e) => Err(EngineError::Custom(e.into()))?,
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// Construct an new state from given checkpoint header.
+	fn new_checkpoint_state(&self, header: &Header) -> Result<CliqueBlockState, Error> {
+		debug_assert_eq!(header.number() % self.epoch_length, 0);
+
+		let mut state = CliqueBlockState::new(
+			extract_signers(header)?);
+
+		// TODO(niklasad1): refactor to perform this check in the `CliqueBlockState` constructor instead
+		state.calc_next_timestamp(header.timestamp(), self.period)?;
+
+		Ok(state)
+	}
+
+	fn state_no_backfill(&self, hash: &H256) -> Option<CliqueBlockState> {
+		self.block_state_by_hash.write().get_mut(hash).cloned()
+	}
+
+	/// Get `CliqueBlockState` for given header, backfill from last checkpoint if needed.
+	fn state(&self, header: &Header) -> Result<CliqueBlockState, Error> {
+		let mut block_state_by_hash = self.block_state_by_hash.write();
+		if let Some(state) = block_state_by_hash.get_mut(&header.hash()) {
+			return Ok(state.clone());
+		}
+		// If we are looking for an checkpoint block state, we can directly reconstruct it.
+		if header.number() % self.epoch_length == 0 {
+			let state = self.new_checkpoint_state(header)?;
+			block_state_by_hash.insert(header.hash(), state.clone());
+			return Ok(state);
+		}
+		// BlockState is not found in memory, which means we need to reconstruct state from last checkpoint.
+		match self.client.read().as_ref().and_then(|w| w.upgrade()) {
+			None => {
+				return Err(EngineError::RequiresClient)?;
+			}
+			Some(c) => {
+				let last_checkpoint_number = header.number() - header.number() % self.epoch_length as u64;
+				debug_assert_ne!(last_checkpoint_number, header.number());
+
+				// Catching up state, note that we don't really store block state for intermediary blocks,
+				// for speed.
+				let backfill_start = time::Instant::now();
+				trace!(target: "engine",
+						"Back-filling block state. last_checkpoint_number: {}, target: {}({}).",
+						last_checkpoint_number, header.number(), header.hash());
+
+				let mut chain: &mut VecDeque<Header> = &mut VecDeque::with_capacity(
+					(header.number() - last_checkpoint_number + 1) as usize);
+
+				// Put ourselves in.
+				chain.push_front(header.clone());
+
+				// populate chain to last checkpoint
+				loop {
+					let (last_parent_hash, last_num) = {
+						let l = chain.front().expect("chain has at least one element; qed");
+						(*l.parent_hash(), l.number())
+					};
+
+					if last_num == last_checkpoint_number + 1 {
+						break;
+					}
+					match c.block_header(BlockId::Hash(last_parent_hash)) {
+						None => {
+							return Err(BlockError::UnknownParent(last_parent_hash))?;
+						}
+						Some(next) => {
+							chain.push_front(next.decode()?);
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Get the state for last checkpoint.
+				let last_checkpoint_hash = *chain.front()
+					.expect("chain has at least one element; qed")
+					.parent_hash();
+
+				let last_checkpoint_header = match c.block_header(BlockId::Hash(last_checkpoint_hash)) {
+					None => return Err(EngineError::CliqueMissingCheckpoint(last_checkpoint_hash))?,
+					Some(header) => header.decode()?,
+				};
+
+				let last_checkpoint_state = match block_state_by_hash.get_mut(&last_checkpoint_hash) {
+					Some(state) => state.clone(),
+					None => self.new_checkpoint_state(&last_checkpoint_header)?,
+				};
+
+				block_state_by_hash.insert(last_checkpoint_header.hash(), last_checkpoint_state.clone());
+
+				// Backfill!
+				let mut new_state = last_checkpoint_state.clone();
+				for item in chain {
+					new_state.apply(item, false)?;
+				}
+				new_state.calc_next_timestamp(header.timestamp(), self.period)?;
+				block_state_by_hash.insert(header.hash(), new_state.clone());
+
+				let elapsed = backfill_start.elapsed();
+				trace!(target: "engine", "Back-filling succeed, took {} ms.", elapsed.as_millis());
+				Ok(new_state)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for Clique {
+	fn name(&self) -> &str { "Clique" }
+
+	fn machine(&self) -> &EthereumMachine { &self.machine }
+
+	// Clique use same fields, nonce + mixHash
+	fn seal_fields(&self, _header: &Header) -> usize { 2 }
+
+	fn maximum_uncle_count(&self, _block: BlockNumber) -> usize { 0 }
+
+	fn on_new_block(
+		&self,
+		_block: &mut ExecutedBlock,
+		_epoch_begin: bool,
+		_ancestry: &mut Iterator<Item=ExtendedHeader>,
+	) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	// Clique has no block reward.
+	fn on_close_block(&self, _block: &mut ExecutedBlock) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	fn on_seal_block(&self, block: &mut ExecutedBlock) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		trace!(target: "engine", "on_seal_block");
+
+		let header = &mut block.header;
+
+		let state = self.state_no_backfill(header.parent_hash())
+			.ok_or_else(|| BlockError::UnknownParent(*header.parent_hash()))?;
+
+		let is_checkpoint = header.number() % self.epoch_length == 0;
+
+		header.set_author(NULL_AUTHOR);
+
+		// Cast a random Vote if not checkpoint
+		if !is_checkpoint {
+			// TODO(niklasad1): this will always be false because `proposals` is never written to
+			let votes = self.proposals.read().iter()
+				.filter(|(address, vote_type)| state.is_valid_vote(*address, **vote_type))
+				.map(|(address, vote_type)| (*address, *vote_type))
+				.collect_vec();
+
+			if !votes.is_empty() {
+				// Pick a random vote.
+				let random_vote = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(0 as usize, votes.len());
+				let (beneficiary, vote_type) = votes[random_vote];
+
+				trace!(target: "engine", "Casting vote: beneficiary {}, type {:?} ", beneficiary, vote_type);
+
+				header.set_author(beneficiary);
+				header.set_seal(vote_type.as_rlp());
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Work on clique seal.
+
+		let mut seal: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(VANITY_LENGTH + SIGNATURE_LENGTH);
+
+		// At this point, extra_data should only contain miner vanity.
+		if header.extra_data().len() != VANITY_LENGTH {
+			Err(BlockError::ExtraDataOutOfBounds(OutOfBounds {
+				min: Some(VANITY_LENGTH),
+				max: Some(VANITY_LENGTH),
+				found: header.extra_data().len()
+			}))?;
+		}
+		// vanity
+		{
+			seal.extend_from_slice(&header.extra_data()[0..VANITY_LENGTH]);
+		}
+
+		// If we are building an checkpoint block, add all signers now.
+		if is_checkpoint {
+			seal.reserve(state.signers().len() * 20);
+			state.signers().iter().foreach(|addr| {
+				seal.extend_from_slice(&addr[..]);
+			});
+		}
+
+		header.set_extra_data(seal.clone());
+
+		// append signature onto extra_data
+		let (sig, _msg) = self.sign_header(&header)?;
+		seal.extend_from_slice(&sig[..]);
+		header.set_extra_data(seal.clone());
+
+		header.compute_hash();
+
+		// locally sealed block don't go through valid_block_family(), so we have to record state here.
+		let mut new_state = state.clone();
+		new_state.apply(&header, is_checkpoint)?;
+		new_state.calc_next_timestamp(header.timestamp(), self.period)?;
+		self.block_state_by_hash.write().insert(header.hash(), new_state);
+
+		trace!(target: "engine", "on_seal_block: finished, final header: {:?}", header);
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	/// Clique doesn't require external work to seal, so we always return true here.
+	fn seals_internally(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+		Some(true)
+	}
+
+	/// Returns if we are ready to seal, the real sealing (signing extra_data) is actually done in `on_seal_block()`.
+	fn generate_seal(&self, block: &ExecutedBlock, parent: &Header) -> Seal {
+		trace!(target: "engine", "tried to generate_seal");
+		let null_seal = util::null_seal();
+
+		if block.header.number() == 0 {
+			trace!(target: "engine", "attempted to seal genesis block");
+			return Seal::None;
+		}
+
+		// if sealing period is 0, and not an checkpoint block, refuse to seal
+		if self.period == 0 {
+			if block.transactions.is_empty() && block.header.number() % self.epoch_length != 0 {
+				return Seal::None;
+			}
+			return Seal::Regular(null_seal);
+		}
+
+		// Check we actually have authority to seal.
+		if let Some(author) = self.signer.read().as_ref().map(|x| x.address()) {
+
+			// ensure the voting state exists
+			match self.state(&parent) {
+				Err(e) => {
+					warn!(target: "engine", "generate_seal: can't get parent state(number: {}, hash: {}): {} ",
+							parent.number(), parent.hash(), e);
+					return Seal::None;
+				}
+				Ok(state) => {
+					// Are we authorized to seal?
+					if !state.is_authorized(&author) {
+						trace!(target: "engine", "generate_seal: Not authorized to sign right now.");
+						// wait for one third of period to try again.
+						thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(self.period / 3 + 1));
+						return Seal::None;
+					}
+
+					let inturn = state.is_inturn(block.header.number(), &author);
+
+					let now = SystemTime::now();
+
+					let limit = match inturn {
+						true => state.next_timestamp_inturn.unwrap_or(now),
+						false => state.next_timestamp_noturn.unwrap_or(now),
+					};
+
+					// Wait for the right moment.
+					if now < limit {
+						trace!(target: "engine",
+								"generate_seal: sleeping to sign: inturn: {}, now: {:?}, to: {:?}.",
+								inturn, now, limit);
+						match limit.duration_since(SystemTime::now()) {
+							Ok(duration) => {
+								thread::sleep(duration);
+							},
+							Err(e) => {
+								warn!(target:"engine", "generate_seal: unable to sleep, err: {}", e);
+								return Seal::None;
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					trace!(target: "engine", "generate_seal: seal ready for block {}, txs: {}.",
+							block.header.number(), block.transactions.len());
+					return Seal::Regular(null_seal);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		Seal::None
+	}
+
+	fn verify_local_seal(&self, _header: &Header) -> Result<(), Error> { Ok(()) }
+
+	fn verify_block_basic(&self, header: &Header) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		// Largely same as https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/master/consensus/clique/clique.go#L275
+
+		// Ignore genesis block.
+		if header.number() == 0 {
+			return Ok(());
+		}
+
+		// Don't waste time checking blocks from the future
+		{
+			let limit = CheckedSystemTime::checked_add(SystemTime::now(), Duration::from_secs(self.period))
+				.ok_or(BlockError::TimestampOverflow)?;
+
+			// This should succeed under the contraints that the system clock works
+			let limit_as_dur = limit.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).map_err(|e| {
+				Box::new(format!("Converting SystemTime to Duration failed: {}", e))
+			})?;
+
+			let hdr = Duration::from_secs(header.timestamp());
+			if hdr > limit_as_dur {
+				let found = CheckedSystemTime::checked_add(UNIX_EPOCH, hdr).ok_or(BlockError::TimestampOverflow)?;
+
+				Err(BlockError::TemporarilyInvalid(OutOfBounds {
+					min: None,
+					max: Some(limit),
+					found,
+				}))?
+			}
+		}
+
+		let is_checkpoint = header.number() % self.epoch_length == 0;
+
+		if is_checkpoint && *header.author() != NULL_AUTHOR {
+			return Err(EngineError::CliqueWrongAuthorCheckpoint(Mismatch {
+				expected: 0.into(),
+				found: *header.author(),
+			}))?;
+		}
+
+		let seal_fields = header.decode_seal::<Vec<_>>()?;
+		if seal_fields.len() != 2 {
+			Err(BlockError::InvalidSealArity(Mismatch {
+				expected: 2,
+				found: seal_fields.len(),
+			}))?
+		}
+
+		let mixhash: H256 = seal_fields[0].into();
+		let nonce: H64 = seal_fields[1].into();
+
+		// Nonce must be 0x00..0 or 0xff..f
+		if nonce != NONCE_DROP_VOTE && nonce != NONCE_AUTH_VOTE {
+			Err(EngineError::CliqueInvalidNonce(nonce))?;
+		}
+
+		if is_checkpoint && nonce != NULL_NONCE {
+			Err(EngineError::CliqueInvalidNonce(nonce))?;
+		}
+
+		// Ensure that the mix digest is zero as Clique don't have fork protection currently
+		if mixhash != NULL_MIXHASH {
+			Err(BlockError::MismatchedH256SealElement(Mismatch {
+				expected: NULL_MIXHASH,
+				found: mixhash,
+			}))?
+		}
+
+		let extra_data_len = header.extra_data().len();
+
+		if extra_data_len < VANITY_LENGTH {
+			Err(EngineError::CliqueMissingVanity)?
+		}
+
+		if extra_data_len < VANITY_LENGTH + SIGNATURE_LENGTH {
+			Err(EngineError::CliqueMissingSignature)?
+		}
+
+		let signers = extra_data_len - (VANITY_LENGTH + SIGNATURE_LENGTH);
+
+		// Checkpoint blocks must at least contain one signer
+		if is_checkpoint && signers == 0 {
+			Err(EngineError::CliqueCheckpointNoSigner)?
+		}
+
+		// Addresses must be be divisable by 20
+		if is_checkpoint && signers % ADDRESS_LENGTH != 0 {
+			Err(EngineError::CliqueCheckpointInvalidSigners(signers))?
+		}
+
+		// Ensure that the block doesn't contain any uncles which are meaningless in PoA
+		if *header.uncles_hash() != NULL_UNCLES_HASH {
+			Err(BlockError::InvalidUnclesHash(Mismatch {
+				expected: NULL_UNCLES_HASH,
+				found: *header.uncles_hash(),
+			}))?
+		}
+
+		// Ensure that the block's difficulty is meaningful (may not be correct at this point)
+		if *header.difficulty() != DIFF_INTURN && *header.difficulty() != DIFF_NOTURN {
+			Err(BlockError::DifficultyOutOfBounds(OutOfBounds {
+				min: Some(DIFF_NOTURN),
+				max: Some(DIFF_INTURN),
+				found: *header.difficulty(),
+			}))?
+		}
+
+		// All basic checks passed, continue to next phase
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	fn verify_block_unordered(&self, _header: &Header) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		// Nothing to check here.
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	/// Verify block family by looking up parent state (backfill if needed), then try to apply current header.
+	/// see https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/master/consensus/clique/clique.go#L338
+	fn verify_block_family(&self, header: &Header, parent: &Header) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		// Ignore genesis block.
+		if header.number() == 0 {
+			return Ok(());
+		}
+
+		// parent sanity check
+		if parent.hash() != *header.parent_hash() || header.number() != parent.number() + 1 {
+			Err(BlockError::UnknownParent(parent.hash()))?
+		}
+
+		// Ensure that the block's timestamp isn't too close to it's parent
+		let limit = parent.timestamp().saturating_add(self.period);
+		if limit > header.timestamp() {
+			let max = CheckedSystemTime::checked_add(UNIX_EPOCH, Duration::from_secs(header.timestamp()));
+			let found = CheckedSystemTime::checked_add(UNIX_EPOCH, Duration::from_secs(limit))
+				.ok_or(BlockError::TimestampOverflow)?;
+
+			Err(BlockError::InvalidTimestamp(OutOfBounds {
+				min: None,
+				max,
+				found,
+			}))?
+		}
+
+		// Retrieve the parent state
+		let parent_state = self.state(&parent)?;
+		// Try to apply current state, apply() will further check signer and recent signer.
+		let mut new_state = parent_state.clone();
+		new_state.apply(header, header.number() % self.epoch_length == 0)?;
+		new_state.calc_next_timestamp(header.timestamp(), self.period)?;
+		self.block_state_by_hash.write().insert(header.hash(), new_state);
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	fn genesis_epoch_data(&self, header: &Header, _call: &Call) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+		let mut state = self.new_checkpoint_state(header).expect("Unable to parse genesis data.");
+		state.calc_next_timestamp(header.timestamp(), self.period).map_err(|e| format!("{}", e))?;
+		self.block_state_by_hash.write().insert(header.hash(), state);
+
+		// no proof.
+		Ok(Vec::new())
+	}
+
+	// Our task here is to set difficulty
+	fn populate_from_parent(&self, header: &mut Header, parent: &Header) {
+		// TODO(https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/10410): this is a horrible hack,
+		// it is due to the fact that enact and miner both use OpenBlock::new() which will both call
+		// this function. more refactoring is definitely needed.
+		if header.extra_data().len() < VANITY_LENGTH + SIGNATURE_LENGTH {
+			trace!(target: "engine", "populate_from_parent in sealing");
+
+			// It's unclear how to prevent creating new blocks unless we are authorized, the best way (and geth does this too)
+			// it's just to ignore setting an correct difficulty here, we will check authorization in next step in generate_seal anyway.
+			if let Some(signer) = self.signer.read().as_ref() {
+				let state = match self.state(&parent) {
+					Err(e) =>  {
+						trace!(target: "engine", "populate_from_parent: Unable to find parent state: {}, ignored.", e);
+						return;
+					}
+					Ok(state) => state,
+				};
+
+				if state.is_authorized(&signer.address()) {
+					if state.is_inturn(header.number(), &signer.address()) {
+						header.set_difficulty(DIFF_INTURN);
+					} else {
+						header.set_difficulty(DIFF_NOTURN);
+					}
+				}
+
+				let zero_padding_len = VANITY_LENGTH - header.extra_data().len();
+				if zero_padding_len > 0 {
+					let mut resized_extra_data = header.extra_data().clone();
+					resized_extra_data.resize(VANITY_LENGTH, 0);
+					header.set_extra_data(resized_extra_data);
+				}
+			} else {
+				trace!(target: "engine", "populate_from_parent: no signer registered");
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn set_signer(&self, signer: Box<EngineSigner>) {
+		trace!(target: "engine", "set_signer: {}", signer.address());
+		*self.signer.write() = Some(signer);
+	}
+
+	fn register_client(&self, client: Weak<EngineClient>) {
+		*self.client.write() = Some(client.clone());
+	}
+
+	fn step(&self) {
+		if self.signer.read().is_some() {
+			if let Some(ref weak) = *self.client.read() {
+				if let Some(c) = weak.upgrade() {
+					c.update_sealing();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn stop(&mut self) {
+		if let Some(mut s) = self.step_service.as_mut() {
+			Arc::get_mut(&mut s).map(|x| x.stop());
+		} else {
+			warn!(target: "engine", "Stopping `CliqueStepService` failed requires mutable access");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// Clique timestamp is set to parent + period , or current time which ever is higher.
+	fn open_block_header_timestamp(&self, parent_timestamp: u64) -> u64 {
+		let now = time::SystemTime::now().duration_since(time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap_or_default();
+		cmp::max(now.as_secs() as u64, parent_timestamp.saturating_add(self.period))
+	}
+
+	fn is_timestamp_valid(&self, header_timestamp: u64, parent_timestamp: u64) -> bool {
+		header_timestamp >= parent_timestamp.saturating_add(self.period)
+	}
+
+	fn fork_choice(&self, new: &ExtendedHeader, current: &ExtendedHeader) -> super::ForkChoice {
+		super::total_difficulty_fork_choice(new, current)
+	}
+
+	// Clique uses the author field for voting, the real author is hidden in the `extra_data` field.
+	// So when executing tx's (like in `enact()`) we want to use the executive author
+	fn executive_author(&self, header: &Header) -> Result<Address, Error> {
+		recover_creator(header)
+	}
+}

ethcore/src/engines/clique/params.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright 2015-2019 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity Ethereum.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Clique specific parameters.
+
+use ethjson;
+
+/// `Clique` params.
+pub struct CliqueParams {
+	/// Period as defined in EIP
+	pub period: u64,
+	/// Epoch length as defined in EIP
+	pub epoch: u64,
+}
+
+impl From<ethjson::spec::CliqueParams> for CliqueParams {
+	fn from(p: ethjson::spec::CliqueParams) -> Self {
+		let period = p.period.map_or_else(|| 30000 as u64, Into::into);
+		let epoch =  p.epoch.map_or_else(|| 15 as u64, Into::into);
+
+		assert!(epoch > 0);
+
+		CliqueParams {
+			period,
+			epoch,
+		}
+	}
+}

ethcore/src/engines/clique/step_service.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Copyright 2015-2019 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity Ethereum.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+use std::sync::Weak;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::time::Duration;
+use std::thread;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use engines::Engine;
+use machine::Machine;
+
+/// Service that is managing the engine
+pub struct StepService {
+	shutdown: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+	thread: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
+}
+
+impl StepService {
+	/// Start the `StepService`
+	pub fn start<M: Machine + 'static>(engine: Weak<Engine<M>>) -> Arc<Self> {
+		let shutdown = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+		let s = shutdown.clone();
+
+		let thread = thread::Builder::new()
+			.name("CliqueStepService".into())
+			.spawn(move || {
+				// startup delay.
+				thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5));
+
+				loop {
+					// see if we are in shutdown.
+					if shutdown.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
+							trace!(target: "miner", "CliqueStepService: received shutdown signal!");
+							break;
+					}
+
+					trace!(target: "miner", "CliqueStepService: triggering sealing");
+
+					// Try sealing
+					engine.upgrade().map(|x| x.step());
+
+					// Yield
+					thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(2000));
+				}
+				trace!(target: "miner", "CliqueStepService: shutdown.");
+			}).expect("CliqueStepService thread failed");
+
+		Arc::new(StepService {
+			shutdown: s,
+			thread: Some(thread),
+		})
+	}
+
+	/// Stop the `StepService`
+	pub fn stop(&mut self) {
+		trace!(target: "miner", "CliqueStepService: shutting down.");
+		self.shutdown.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+		if let Some(t) = self.thread.take() {
+			t.join().expect("CliqueStepService thread panicked!");
+		}
+	}
+}

ethcore/src/engines/clique/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,804 @@
+// Copyright 2015-2019 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity Ethereum.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Consensus tests for `PoA Clique Engine`, see http://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-225 for more information
+
+use block::*;
+use engines::Engine;
+use error::{Error, ErrorKind};
+use ethereum_types::{Address, H256};
+use ethkey::{Secret, KeyPair};
+use state_db::StateDB;
+use super::*;
+use test_helpers::get_temp_state_db;
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+/// Possible signers
+pub const SIGNER_TAGS: [char; 6] = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F'];
+
+/// Clique block types
+pub enum CliqueBlockType {
+	/// Epoch transition block must contain list of signers
+	Checkpoint,
+	/// Block with no votes
+	Empty,
+	/// Vote
+	Vote(VoteType),
+}
+
+/// Clique tester
+pub struct CliqueTester {
+	/// Mocked Clique
+	pub clique: Clique,
+	/// Mocked genesis state
+	pub genesis: Header,
+	/// StateDB
+	pub db: StateDB,
+	/// List of signers
+	pub signers: HashMap<char, KeyPair>,
+}
+
+impl CliqueTester {
+	/// Create a `Clique` tester with settings
+	pub fn with(epoch: u64, period: u64, initial_signers: Vec<char>) -> Self {
+		assert_eq!(initial_signers.iter().all(|s| SIGNER_TAGS.contains(s)), true,
+				   "Not all the initial signers is in SIGNER_TAGS, possible keys are 'A' ..= 'F'");
+
+		let clique = Clique::with_test(epoch, period);
+		let mut genesis = Header::default();
+		let mut signers = HashMap::new();
+
+		let call = |_a, _b| {
+			unimplemented!("Clique doesn't use Engine::Call");
+		};
+
+		let mut extra_data = vec![0; VANITY_LENGTH];
+
+		for &signer in SIGNER_TAGS.iter() {
+			let secret = Secret::from(H256::from(signer as u64));
+			let keypair = KeyPair::from_secret(secret).unwrap();
+			if initial_signers.contains(&signer) {
+				extra_data.extend(&*keypair.address());
+			}
+			signers.insert(signer, keypair);
+		}
+
+		// append dummy signature
+		extra_data.extend(std::iter::repeat(0).take(SIGNATURE_LENGTH));
+
+		genesis.set_extra_data(extra_data);
+		genesis.set_gas_limit(U256::from(0xa00000));
+		genesis.set_difficulty(U256::from(1));
+		genesis.set_seal(util::null_seal());
+
+		clique.genesis_epoch_data(&genesis, &call).expect("Create genesis failed");
+		Self {clique, genesis, db: get_temp_state_db(), signers}
+	}
+
+	/// Get difficulty for a given block
+	pub fn get_difficulty(&self, block_num: BlockNumber, header: &Header, signer: &Address) -> U256 {
+		let state = self.clique.state(header).unwrap();
+		if state.is_inturn(block_num, signer) {
+			DIFF_INTURN
+		} else {
+			DIFF_NOTURN
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// Get the state of a given block
+	// Note, this will read the cache and `will` not work with more than 128 blocks
+	pub fn get_state_at_block(&self, hash: &H256) -> CliqueBlockState {
+		self.clique.block_state_by_hash.write()
+			.get_mut(hash)
+			.expect("CliqueBlockState not found tested failed")
+			.clone()
+	}
+
+	/// Get signers after a certain state
+	// This is generally used to fetch the state after a test has been executed and checked against
+	// the intial list of signers provided in the test
+	pub fn clique_signers(&self, hash: &H256) -> impl Iterator<Item = Address> {
+		self.get_state_at_block(hash).signers().clone().into_iter()
+	}
+
+	/// Fetches all addresses at current `block` and converts them back to `tags (char)` and sorts them
+	/// Addresses are supposed sorted based on address but these tests are using `tags` just for simplicity
+	/// and the order is not important!
+	pub fn into_tags<T: Iterator<Item = Address>>(&self, addr: T) -> Vec<char> {
+		let mut tags: Vec<char> = addr.filter_map(|addr| {
+			for (t, kp) in self.signers.iter() {
+				if addr == kp.address() {
+					return Some(*t)
+				}
+			}
+			None
+		})
+		.collect();
+
+		tags.sort();
+		tags
+	}
+
+	/// Create a new `Clique` block and import
+	pub fn new_block_and_import(
+		&self,
+		block_type: CliqueBlockType,
+		last_header: &Header,
+		beneficary: Option<Address>,
+		signer: char,
+		) -> Result<Header, Error> {
+
+		let mut extra_data = vec![0; VANITY_LENGTH];
+		let mut seal = util::null_seal();
+		let last_hash = last_header.hash();
+
+		match block_type {
+			CliqueBlockType::Checkpoint => {
+				let signers = self.clique.state(&last_header).unwrap().signers().clone();
+				for signer in signers {
+					extra_data.extend(&*signer);
+				}
+			}
+			CliqueBlockType::Vote(v) => seal = v.as_rlp(),
+			CliqueBlockType::Empty => (),
+		};
+
+		let db = self.db.boxed_clone();
+
+		let mut block = OpenBlock::new(
+			&self.clique,
+			Default::default(),
+			false,
+			db,
+			&last_header.clone(),
+			Arc::new(vec![last_hash]),
+			beneficary.unwrap_or_default(),
+			(3141562.into(), 31415620.into()),
+			extra_data,
+			false,
+			None,
+		).unwrap();
+
+		{
+			let difficulty = self.get_difficulty(block.header.number(), last_header, &self.signers[&signer].address());
+			let b = block.block_mut();
+			b.header.set_timestamp(last_header.timestamp() + self.clique.period);
+			b.header.set_difficulty(difficulty);
+			b.header.set_seal(seal);
+
+			let sign = ethkey::sign(self.signers[&signer].secret(), &b.header.hash()).unwrap();
+			let mut extra_data = b.header.extra_data().clone();
+			extra_data.extend_from_slice(&*sign);
+			b.header.set_extra_data(extra_data);
+		}
+
+		let current_header = &block.header;
+		self.clique.verify_block_basic(current_header)?;
+		self.clique.verify_block_family(current_header, &last_header)?;
+
+		Ok(current_header.clone())
+	}
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn one_signer_with_no_votes() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(10, 1, vec!['A']);
+
+	let empty_block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &tester.genesis, None, 'A').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&empty_block.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn one_signer_two_votes() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(10, 1, vec!['A']);
+
+	// Add a vote for `B` signed by `A`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &tester.genesis,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'B'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&vote.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B']);
+
+	// Add a empty block signed by `B`
+	let empty = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &vote, None, 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Add vote for `C` signed by A but should not be accepted
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &empty,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&vote.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn two_signers_six_votes_deny_last() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(10, 1, vec!['A', 'B']);
+
+	let mut prev_header = tester.genesis.clone();
+
+	// Add two votes for `C` signed by `A` and `B`
+	for &signer in SIGNER_TAGS.iter().take(2) {
+		let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &prev_header,
+											   Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), signer).unwrap();
+		prev_header = vote.clone();
+	}
+
+	// Add two votes for `D` signed by `A` and `B`
+	for &signer in SIGNER_TAGS.iter().take(2) {
+		let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &prev_header,
+											   Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), signer).unwrap();
+		prev_header = vote.clone();
+	}
+
+	// Add a empty block signed by `C`
+	let empty = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &prev_header, None, 'C').unwrap();
+	prev_header = empty.clone();
+
+	// Add two votes for `E` signed by `A` and `B`
+	for &signer in SIGNER_TAGS.iter().take(2) {
+		let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &prev_header,
+											   Some(tester.signers[&'E'].address()), signer).unwrap();
+		prev_header = vote.clone();
+	}
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&prev_header.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn one_signer_dropping_itself() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(10, 1, vec!['A']);
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &tester.genesis,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'A'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+	let signers = tester.clique_signers(&vote.hash());
+	assert!(signers.count() == 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn two_signers_one_remove_vote_no_consensus() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(10, 1, vec!['A', 'B']);
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &tester.genesis,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'B'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&vote.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn two_signers_consensus_remove_b() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(10, 1, vec!['A', 'B']);
+	let first_vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &tester.genesis,
+												 Some(tester.signers[&'B'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+	let second_vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &first_vote,
+												 Some(tester.signers[&'B'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&second_vote.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn three_signers_consensus_remove_c() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(10, 1, vec!['A', 'B', 'C']);
+	let first_vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &tester.genesis,
+												 Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+	let second_vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &first_vote,
+												 Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&second_vote.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn four_signers_half_no_consensus() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(10, 1, vec!['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+	let first_vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &tester.genesis,
+												 Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	let second_vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &first_vote,
+												  Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&second_vote.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn four_signers_three_consensus_rm() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(10, 1, vec!['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+
+	let mut prev_header = tester.genesis.clone();
+
+	// Three votes to remove `D` signed by ['A', 'B', 'C']
+	for signer in SIGNER_TAGS.iter().take(3) {
+		let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &prev_header,
+											   Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), *signer).unwrap();
+		prev_header = vote.clone();
+	}
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&prev_header.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B', 'C']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vote_add_only_counted_once_per_signer() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(10, 1, vec!['A', 'B']);
+
+	// Add a vote for `C` signed by `A`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &tester.genesis,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+	// Empty block signed by B`
+	let empty = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &vote, None, 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Add a vote for `C` signed by `A`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &empty,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+	// Empty block signed by `B`
+	let empty = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &vote, None, 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Add a vote for `C` signed by `A`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &empty,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&vote.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vote_add_concurrently_is_permitted() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(10, 1, vec!['A', 'B']);
+
+	// Add a vote for `C` signed by `A`
+	let b = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &tester.genesis,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `B`
+	let b = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &b, None, 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Add a vote for `D` signed by `A`
+	let b = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &b,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `B`
+	let b = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &b, None, 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `A`
+	let b = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &b, None, 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Add a vote for `D` signed by `B`
+	let b = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &b,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `A`
+	let b = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &b, None, 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Add a vote for `C` signed by `B`
+	let b = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &b,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&b.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vote_rm_only_counted_once_per_signer() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(10, 1, vec!['A', 'B']);
+
+	let mut prev_header = tester.genesis.clone();
+
+	for _ in 0..2 {
+		// Vote to remove `B` signed by `A`
+		let b = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &prev_header,
+											   Some(tester.signers[&'B'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+		// Empty block signed by `B`
+		let b = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &b, None, 'B').unwrap();
+
+		prev_header = b.clone();
+	}
+
+	// Add a vote for `B` signed by `A`
+	let b = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &prev_header,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'B'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&b.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vote_rm_concurrently_is_permitted() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(100, 1, vec!['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+
+	// Add a vote for `C` signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &tester.genesis,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'B').unwrap();
+	// Empty block signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'C').unwrap();
+
+	// Add a vote for `D` signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'B').unwrap();
+	// Empty block signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'C').unwrap();
+	// Empty block signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Add a vote for `D` signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+	// Add a vote for `D` signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'C').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'A').unwrap();
+	// Add a vote for `C` signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&block.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vote_to_rm_are_immediate_and_ensure_votes_are_rm() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(100, 1, vec!['A', 'B', 'C']);
+
+	// Vote to remove `B` signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &tester.genesis,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'B'].address()), 'C').unwrap();
+	// Vote to remove `C` signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+	// Vote to remove `C` signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+	// Vote to remove `B` signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'B'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&block.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vote_to_rm_are_immediate_and_votes_should_be_dropped_from_kicked_signer() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(100, 1, vec!['A', 'B', 'C']);
+
+	// Vote to add `D` signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &tester.genesis,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'C').unwrap();
+	// Vote to remove `C` signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote to remove `C` signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote to add `D` signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&block.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cascading_not_allowed() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(100, 1, vec!['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+
+	// Vote against `C` signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &tester.genesis,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'C').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote against `D` signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote against `C` signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'C').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote against `D` signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote against `D` signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'C').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&block.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B', 'C']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn consensus_out_of_bounds_consensus_execute_on_touch() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(100, 1, vec!['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+
+	// Vote against `C` signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &tester.genesis,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'C').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote against `D` signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote against `C` signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'C').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote against `D` signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote against `D` signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'C').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&block.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B', 'C'], "D should have been removed after 3/4 remove votes");
+
+	// Empty block signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote for `C` signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'C').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&block.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn consensus_out_of_bounds_first_touch() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(100, 1, vec!['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+
+	// Vote against `C` signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &tester.genesis,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'C').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote against `D` signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote against `C` signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'C').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote against `D` signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote against `D` signed by `C`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'D'].address()), 'C').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&block.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B', 'C']);
+
+	// Empty block signed by `A`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Vote for `C` signed by `B`
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&block.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B', 'C']);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pending_votes_doesnt_survive_authorization_changes() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(100, 1, vec!['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']);
+
+	let mut prev_header = tester.genesis.clone();
+
+	// Vote for `F` from [`A`, `B`, `C`]
+	for sign in SIGNER_TAGS.iter().take(3) {
+		let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &prev_header,
+												Some(tester.signers[&'F'].address()), *sign).unwrap();
+		prev_header = block.clone();
+	}
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&prev_header.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F'], "F should have been added");
+
+	// Vote against `F` from [`D`, `E`, `B`, `C`]
+	for sign in SIGNER_TAGS.iter().skip(3).chain(SIGNER_TAGS.iter().skip(1).take(2)) {
+		let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &prev_header,
+												Some(tester.signers[&'F'].address()), *sign).unwrap();
+		prev_header = block.clone();
+	}
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&prev_header.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'], "F should have been removed");
+
+	// Vote for `F` from [`D`, `E`]
+	for sign in SIGNER_TAGS.iter().skip(3).take(2) {
+		let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &prev_header,
+												Some(tester.signers[&'F'].address()), *sign).unwrap();
+		prev_header = block.clone();
+	}
+
+	// Vote against `A` from [`B`, `C`, `D`]
+	for sign in SIGNER_TAGS.iter().skip(1).take(3) {
+		let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Remove), &prev_header,
+												Some(tester.signers[&'A'].address()), *sign).unwrap();
+		prev_header = block.clone();
+	}
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&prev_header.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['B', 'C', 'D', 'E'], "A should have been removed");
+
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &prev_header,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'F'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&block.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F'], "F should have been added again");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn epoch_transition_reset_all_votes() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(3, 1, vec!['A', 'B']);
+
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &tester.genesis,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'B').unwrap();
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Checkpoint, &block, None, 'A').unwrap();
+
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &block,
+											Some(tester.signers[&'C'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&block.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B'], "Votes should have been reset after checkpoint");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unauthorized_signer_should_not_be_able_to_sign_block() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(3, 1, vec!['A']);
+	let err = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &tester.genesis, None, 'B').unwrap_err();
+
+	match err.kind() {
+		ErrorKind::Engine(EngineError::NotAuthorized(_)) => (),
+		_ => assert!(true == false, "Wrong error kind"),
+	}
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn signer_should_not_be_able_to_sign_two_consequtive_blocks() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(3, 1, vec!['A', 'B']);
+	let b = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &tester.genesis, None, 'A').unwrap();
+	let err = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &b, None, 'A').unwrap_err();
+
+	match err.kind() {
+		ErrorKind::Engine(EngineError::CliqueTooRecentlySigned(_)) => (),
+		_ => assert!(true == false, "Wrong error kind"),
+	}
+}
+
+
+#[test]
+fn recent_signers_should_not_reset_on_checkpoint() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(3, 1, vec!['A', 'B', 'C']);
+
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &tester.genesis, None, 'A').unwrap();
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'B').unwrap();
+	let block = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Checkpoint, &block, None, 'A').unwrap();
+
+	let err = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &block, None, 'A').unwrap_err();
+
+	match err.kind() {
+		ErrorKind::Engine(EngineError::CliqueTooRecentlySigned(_)) => (),
+		_ => assert!(true == false, "Wrong error kind"),
+	}
+}
+
+// Not part of http://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-225
+#[test]
+fn bonus_consensus_should_keep_track_of_votes_before_latest_per_signer() {
+	let tester = CliqueTester::with(100, 1, vec!['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+
+	// Add a vote for `E` signed by `A`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &tester.genesis,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'E'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+	// Empty block signed by `B`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &vote, None, 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `C`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &vote, None, 'C').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `D`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &vote, None, 'D').unwrap();
+
+	// Add a vote for `F` signed by `A`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &vote,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'F'].address()), 'A').unwrap();
+	// Empty block signed by `C`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &vote, None, 'C').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `D`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &vote, None, 'D').unwrap();
+
+	// Add a vote for `E` signed by `B`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &vote,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'E'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+	// Empty block signed by `A`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &vote, None, 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `C`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &vote, None, 'C').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by `D`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &vote, None, 'D').unwrap();
+
+	// Add a vote for `F` signed by `B`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &vote,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'F'].address()), 'B').unwrap();
+
+	// Empty block signed by A`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Empty, &vote, None, 'A').unwrap();
+
+	// Add a vote for `E` signed by `C`
+	let vote = tester.new_block_and_import(CliqueBlockType::Vote(VoteType::Add), &vote,
+										   Some(tester.signers[&'E'].address()), 'C').unwrap();
+
+	let tags = tester.into_tags(tester.clique_signers(&vote.hash()));
+	assert_eq!(&tags, &['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']);
+}

ethcore/src/engines/clique/util.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Copyright 2015-2019 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity Ethereum.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use engines::EngineError;
+use engines::clique::{ADDRESS_LENGTH, SIGNATURE_LENGTH, VANITY_LENGTH, NULL_NONCE, NULL_MIXHASH};
+use error::Error;
+use ethereum_types::{Address, H256};
+use ethkey::{public_to_address, recover as ec_recover, Signature};
+use lru_cache::LruCache;
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use rlp::encode;
+use types::header::Header;
+
+/// How many recovered signature to cache in the memory.
+pub const CREATOR_CACHE_NUM: usize = 4096;
+lazy_static! {
+	/// key: header hash
+	/// value: creator address
+	static ref CREATOR_BY_HASH: RwLock<LruCache<H256, Address>> = RwLock::new(LruCache::new(CREATOR_CACHE_NUM));
+}
+
+/// Recover block creator from signature
+pub fn recover_creator(header: &Header) -> Result<Address, Error> {
+	// Initialization
+	let mut cache = CREATOR_BY_HASH.write();
+
+	if let Some(creator) = cache.get_mut(&header.hash()) {
+		return Ok(*creator);
+	}
+
+	let data = header.extra_data();
+	if data.len() < VANITY_LENGTH {
+		Err(EngineError::CliqueMissingVanity)?
+	}
+
+	if data.len() < VANITY_LENGTH + SIGNATURE_LENGTH {
+		Err(EngineError::CliqueMissingSignature)?
+	}
+
+	// Split `signed_extra data` and `signature`
+	let (signed_data_slice, signature_slice) = data.split_at(data.len() - SIGNATURE_LENGTH);
+
+	// convert `&[u8]` to `[u8; 65]`
+	let signature = {
+		let mut s = [0; SIGNATURE_LENGTH];
+		s.copy_from_slice(signature_slice);
+		s
+	};
+
+	// modify header and hash it
+	let unsigned_header = &mut header.clone();
+	unsigned_header.set_extra_data(signed_data_slice.to_vec());
+	let msg = unsigned_header.hash();
+
+	let pubkey = ec_recover(&Signature::from(signature), &msg)?;
+	let creator = public_to_address(&pubkey);
+
+	cache.insert(header.hash(), creator.clone());
+	Ok(creator)
+}
+
+/// Extract signer list from extra_data.
+///
+/// Layout of extra_data:
+/// ----
+/// VANITY: 32 bytes
+/// Signers: N * 32 bytes as hex encoded (20 characters)
+/// Signature: 65 bytes
+/// --
+pub fn extract_signers(header: &Header) -> Result<BTreeSet<Address>, Error> {
+	let data = header.extra_data();
+
+	if data.len() <= VANITY_LENGTH + SIGNATURE_LENGTH {
+		Err(EngineError::CliqueCheckpointNoSigner)?
+	}
+
+	// extract only the portion of extra_data which includes the signer list
+	let signers_raw = &data[(VANITY_LENGTH)..data.len() - (SIGNATURE_LENGTH)];
+
+	if signers_raw.len() % ADDRESS_LENGTH != 0 {
+		Err(EngineError::CliqueCheckpointInvalidSigners(signers_raw.len()))?
+	}
+
+	let num_signers = signers_raw.len() / 20;
+
+	let signers: BTreeSet<Address> = (0..num_signers)
+		.map(|i| {
+			let start = i * ADDRESS_LENGTH;
+			let end = start + ADDRESS_LENGTH;
+			signers_raw[start..end].into()
+		})
+		.collect();
+
+	Ok(signers)
+}
+
+/// Retrieve `null_seal`
+pub fn null_seal() -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
+	vec![encode(&NULL_MIXHASH.to_vec()), encode(&NULL_NONCE.to_vec())]
+}

ethcore/src/engines/instant_seal.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@
 // along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 use engines::{Engine, Seal};
-use parity_machine::{Machine, Transactions, TotalScoredHeader};
+use machine::Machine;
+use types::header::{Header, ExtendedHeader};
+use block::ExecutedBlock;
 
 /// `InstantSeal` params.
 #[derive(Default, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -48,11 +50,7 @@ impl<M> InstantSeal<M> {
 	}
 }
 
-impl<M: Machine> Engine<M> for InstantSeal<M>
-  where M::LiveBlock: Transactions,
-        M::ExtendedHeader: TotalScoredHeader,
-        <M::ExtendedHeader as TotalScoredHeader>::Value: Ord
-{
+impl<M: Machine> Engine<M> for InstantSeal<M> {
 	fn name(&self) -> &str {
 		"InstantSeal"
 	}
@@ -61,11 +59,15 @@ impl<M: Machine> Engine<M> for InstantSeal<M>
 
 	fn seals_internally(&self) -> Option<bool> { Some(true) }
 
-	fn generate_seal(&self, block: &M::LiveBlock, _parent: &M::Header) -> Seal {
-		if block.transactions().is_empty() { Seal::None } else { Seal::Regular(Vec::new()) }
+	fn generate_seal(&self, block: &ExecutedBlock, _parent: &Header) -> Seal {
+		if block.transactions.is_empty() {
+			Seal::None
+		} else {
+			Seal::Regular(Vec::new())
+		}
 	}
 
-	fn verify_local_seal(&self, _header: &M::Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> {
+	fn verify_local_seal(&self, _header: &Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> {
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
@@ -84,7 +86,7 @@ impl<M: Machine> Engine<M> for InstantSeal<M>
 		header_timestamp >= parent_timestamp
 	}
 
-	fn fork_choice(&self, new: &M::ExtendedHeader, current: &M::ExtendedHeader) -> super::ForkChoice {
+	fn fork_choice(&self, new: &ExtendedHeader, current: &ExtendedHeader) -> super::ForkChoice {
 		super::total_difficulty_fork_choice(new, current)
 	}
 }
@@ -106,9 +108,9 @@ mod tests {
 		let db = spec.ensure_db_good(get_temp_state_db(), &Default::default()).unwrap();
 		let genesis_header = spec.genesis_header();
 		let last_hashes = Arc::new(vec![genesis_header.hash()]);
-		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, Address::default(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, Address::default(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b = b.close_and_lock().unwrap();
-		if let Seal::Regular(seal) = engine.generate_seal(b.block(), &genesis_header) {
+		if let Seal::Regular(seal) = engine.generate_seal(&b, &genesis_header) {
 			assert!(b.try_seal(engine, seal).is_ok());
 		}
 	}

ethcore/src/engines/mod.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 mod authority_round;
 mod basic_authority;
+mod clique;
 mod instant_seal;
 mod null_engine;
 mod validator_set;
@@ -27,14 +28,14 @@ pub mod signer;
 
 pub use self::authority_round::AuthorityRound;
 pub use self::basic_authority::BasicAuthority;
-pub use self::epoch::{EpochVerifier, Transition as EpochTransition};
 pub use self::instant_seal::{InstantSeal, InstantSealParams};
 pub use self::null_engine::NullEngine;
 pub use self::signer::EngineSigner;
+pub use self::clique::Clique;
 
 // TODO [ToDr] Remove re-export (#10130)
 pub use types::engines::ForkChoice;
-pub use types::engines::epoch;
+pub use types::engines::epoch::{self, Transition as EpochTransition};
 
 use std::sync::{Weak, Arc};
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
@@ -44,21 +45,24 @@ use builtin::Builtin;
 use vm::{EnvInfo, Schedule, CreateContractAddress, CallType, ActionValue};
 use error::Error;
 use types::BlockNumber;
-use types::header::Header;
+use types::header::{Header, ExtendedHeader};
 use snapshot::SnapshotComponents;
 use spec::CommonParams;
 use types::transaction::{self, UnverifiedTransaction, SignedTransaction};
 
 use ethkey::{Signature};
-use parity_machine::{Machine, LocalizedMachine as Localized, TotalScoredHeader};
-use ethereum_types::{H256, U256, Address};
+use machine::{self, Machine, AuxiliaryRequest, AuxiliaryData};
+use ethereum_types::{H64, H256, U256, Address};
 use unexpected::{Mismatch, OutOfBounds};
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use types::ancestry_action::AncestryAction;
+use block::ExecutedBlock;
 
 /// Default EIP-210 contract code.
 /// As defined in https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/pull/210
 pub const DEFAULT_BLOCKHASH_CONTRACT: &'static str = "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";
+/// The number of generations back that uncles can be.
+pub const MAX_UNCLE_AGE: usize = 6;
 
 /// Voting errors.
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -83,12 +87,45 @@ pub enum EngineError {
 	RequiresClient,
 	/// Invalid engine specification or implementation.
 	InvalidEngine,
+	/// Requires signer ref, but none registered.
+	RequiresSigner,
+	/// Checkpoint is missing
+	CliqueMissingCheckpoint(H256),
+	/// Missing vanity data
+	CliqueMissingVanity,
+	/// Missing signature
+	CliqueMissingSignature,
+	/// Missing signers
+	CliqueCheckpointNoSigner,
+	/// List of signers is invalid
+	CliqueCheckpointInvalidSigners(usize),
+	/// Wrong author on a checkpoint
+	CliqueWrongAuthorCheckpoint(Mismatch<Address>),
+	/// Wrong checkpoint authors recovered
+	CliqueFaultyRecoveredSigners(Vec<String>),
+	/// Invalid nonce (should contain vote)
+	CliqueInvalidNonce(H64),
+	/// The signer signed a block to recently
+	CliqueTooRecentlySigned(Address),
+	/// Custom
+	Custom(String),
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for EngineError {
 	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
 		use self::EngineError::*;
 		let msg = match *self {
+			CliqueMissingCheckpoint(ref hash) => format!("Missing checkpoint block: {}", hash),
+			CliqueMissingVanity => format!("Extra data is missing vanity data"),
+			CliqueMissingSignature => format!("Extra data is missing signature"),
+			CliqueCheckpointInvalidSigners(len) => format!("Checkpoint block list was of length: {} of checkpoint but
+															it needs to be bigger than zero and a divisible by 20", len),
+			CliqueCheckpointNoSigner => format!("Checkpoint block list of signers was empty"),
+			CliqueInvalidNonce(ref mis) => format!("Unexpected nonce {} expected {} or {}", mis, 0_u64, u64::max_value()),
+			CliqueWrongAuthorCheckpoint(ref oob) => format!("Unexpected checkpoint author: {}", oob),
+			CliqueFaultyRecoveredSigners(ref mis) => format!("Faulty recovered signers {:?}", mis),
+			CliqueTooRecentlySigned(ref address) => format!("The signer: {} has signed a block too recently", address),
+			Custom(ref s) => s.clone(),
 			DoubleVote(ref address) => format!("Author {} issued too many blocks.", address),
 			NotProposer(ref mis) => format!("Author is not a current proposer: {}", mis),
 			NotAuthorized(ref address) => format!("Signer {} is not authorized.", address),
@@ -98,6 +135,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for EngineError {
 			FailedSystemCall(ref msg) => format!("Failed to make system call: {}", msg),
 			MalformedMessage(ref msg) => format!("Received malformed consensus message: {}", msg),
 			RequiresClient => format!("Call requires client but none registered"),
+			RequiresSigner => format!("Call requires signer but none registered"),
 			InvalidEngine => format!("Invalid engine specification or implementation"),
 		};
 
@@ -118,7 +156,7 @@ pub enum Seal {
 	Proposal(Vec<Bytes>),
 	/// Regular block seal; should be part of the blockchain.
 	Regular(Vec<Bytes>),
-	/// Engine does generate seal for this block right now.
+	/// Engine does not generate seal for this block right now.
 	None,
 }
 
@@ -176,8 +214,7 @@ pub type PendingTransitionStore<'a> = Fn(H256) -> Option<epoch::PendingTransitio
 /// Proof dependent on state.
 pub trait StateDependentProof<M: Machine>: Send + Sync {
 	/// Generate a proof, given the state.
-	// TODO: make this into an &M::StateContext
-	fn generate_proof<'a>(&self, state: &<M as Localized<'a>>::StateContext) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String>;
+	fn generate_proof<'a>(&self, state: &machine::Call) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String>;
 	/// Check a proof generated elsewhere (potentially by a peer).
 	// `engine` needed to check state proofs, while really this should
 	// just be state machine params.
@@ -217,7 +254,7 @@ impl<'a, M: Machine> ConstructedVerifier<'a, M> {
 /// Results of a query of whether an epoch change occurred at the given block.
 pub enum EpochChange<M: Machine> {
 	/// Cannot determine until more data is passed.
-	Unsure(M::AuxiliaryRequest),
+	Unsure(AuxiliaryRequest),
 	/// No epoch change.
 	No,
 	/// The epoch will change, with proof.
@@ -235,17 +272,14 @@ pub trait Engine<M: Machine>: Sync + Send {
 	fn machine(&self) -> &M;
 
 	/// The number of additional header fields required for this engine.
-	fn seal_fields(&self, _header: &M::Header) -> usize { 0 }
+	fn seal_fields(&self, _header: &Header) -> usize { 0 }
 
 	/// Additional engine-specific information for the user/developer concerning `header`.
-	fn extra_info(&self, _header: &M::Header) -> BTreeMap<String, String> { BTreeMap::new() }
+	fn extra_info(&self, _header: &Header) -> BTreeMap<String, String> { BTreeMap::new() }
 
 	/// Maximum number of uncles a block is allowed to declare.
 	fn maximum_uncle_count(&self, _block: BlockNumber) -> usize { 0 }
 
-	/// The number of generations back that uncles can be.
-	fn maximum_uncle_age(&self) -> usize { 6 }
-
 	/// Optional maximum gas limit.
 	fn maximum_gas_limit(&self) -> Option<U256> { None }
 
@@ -253,18 +287,21 @@ pub trait Engine<M: Machine>: Sync + Send {
 	/// `epoch_begin` set to true if this block kicks off an epoch.
 	fn on_new_block(
 		&self,
-		_block: &mut M::LiveBlock,
+		_block: &mut ExecutedBlock,
 		_epoch_begin: bool,
-		_ancestry: &mut Iterator<Item=M::ExtendedHeader>,
+		_ancestry: &mut Iterator<Item = ExtendedHeader>,
 	) -> Result<(), M::Error> {
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
 	/// Block transformation functions, after the transactions.
-	fn on_close_block(&self, _block: &mut M::LiveBlock) -> Result<(), M::Error> {
+	fn on_close_block(&self, _block: &mut ExecutedBlock) -> Result<(), M::Error> {
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
+	/// Allow mutating the header during seal generation. Currently only used by Clique.
+	fn on_seal_block(&self, _block: &mut ExecutedBlock) -> Result<(), Error> { Ok(()) }
+
 	/// None means that it requires external input (e.g. PoW) to seal a block.
 	/// Some(true) means the engine is currently prime for seal generation (i.e. node is the current validator).
 	/// Some(false) means that the node might seal internally but is not qualified now.
@@ -279,7 +316,7 @@ pub trait Engine<M: Machine>: Sync + Send {
 	///
 	/// It is fine to require access to state or a full client for this function, since
 	/// light clients do not generate seals.
-	fn generate_seal(&self, _block: &M::LiveBlock, _parent: &M::Header) -> Seal { Seal::None }
+	fn generate_seal(&self, _block: &ExecutedBlock, _parent: &Header) -> Seal { Seal::None }
 
 	/// Verify a locally-generated seal of a header.
 	///
@@ -291,25 +328,25 @@ pub trait Engine<M: Machine>: Sync + Send {
 	///
 	/// It is fine to require access to state or a full client for this function, since
 	/// light clients do not generate seals.
-	fn verify_local_seal(&self, header: &M::Header) -> Result<(), M::Error>;
+	fn verify_local_seal(&self, header: &Header) -> Result<(), M::Error>;
 
 	/// Phase 1 quick block verification. Only does checks that are cheap. Returns either a null `Ok` or a general error detailing the problem with import.
 	/// The verification module can optionally avoid checking the seal (`check_seal`), if seal verification is disabled this method won't be called.
-	fn verify_block_basic(&self, _header: &M::Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> { Ok(()) }
+	fn verify_block_basic(&self, _header: &Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> { Ok(()) }
 
 	/// Phase 2 verification. Perform costly checks such as transaction signatures. Returns either a null `Ok` or a general error detailing the problem with import.
 	/// The verification module can optionally avoid checking the seal (`check_seal`), if seal verification is disabled this method won't be called.
-	fn verify_block_unordered(&self, _header: &M::Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> { Ok(()) }
+	fn verify_block_unordered(&self, _header: &Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> { Ok(()) }
 
 	/// Phase 3 verification. Check block information against parent. Returns either a null `Ok` or a general error detailing the problem with import.
-	fn verify_block_family(&self, _header: &M::Header, _parent: &M::Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> { Ok(()) }
+	fn verify_block_family(&self, _header: &Header, _parent: &Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> { Ok(()) }
 
 	/// Phase 4 verification. Verify block header against potentially external data.
 	/// Should only be called when `register_client` has been called previously.
-	fn verify_block_external(&self, _header: &M::Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> { Ok(()) }
+	fn verify_block_external(&self, _header: &Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> { Ok(()) }
 
 	/// Genesis epoch data.
-	fn genesis_epoch_data<'a>(&self, _header: &M::Header, _state: &<M as Localized<'a>>::StateContext) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> { Ok(Vec::new()) }
+	fn genesis_epoch_data<'a>(&self, _header: &Header, _state: &machine::Call) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> { Ok(Vec::new()) }
 
 	/// Whether an epoch change is signalled at the given header but will require finality.
 	/// If a change can be enacted immediately then return `No` from this function but
@@ -320,7 +357,7 @@ pub trait Engine<M: Machine>: Sync + Send {
 	/// Return `Yes` or `No` when the answer is definitively known.
 	///
 	/// Should not interact with state.
-	fn signals_epoch_end<'a>(&self, _header: &M::Header, _aux: <M as Localized<'a>>::AuxiliaryData)
+	fn signals_epoch_end<'a>(&self, _header: &Header, _aux: AuxiliaryData<'a>)
 		-> EpochChange<M>
 	{
 		EpochChange::No
@@ -336,9 +373,9 @@ pub trait Engine<M: Machine>: Sync + Send {
 	/// Return optional transition proof.
 	fn is_epoch_end(
 		&self,
-		_chain_head: &M::Header,
+		_chain_head: &Header,
 		_finalized: &[H256],
-		_chain: &Headers<M::Header>,
+		_chain: &Headers<Header>,
 		_transition_store: &PendingTransitionStore,
 	) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
 		None
@@ -355,8 +392,8 @@ pub trait Engine<M: Machine>: Sync + Send {
 	/// Return optional transition proof.
 	fn is_epoch_end_light(
 		&self,
-		_chain_head: &M::Header,
-		_chain: &Headers<M::Header>,
+		_chain_head: &Header,
+		_chain: &Headers<Header>,
 		_transition_store: &PendingTransitionStore,
 	) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
 		None
@@ -364,22 +401,18 @@ pub trait Engine<M: Machine>: Sync + Send {
 
 	/// Create an epoch verifier from validation proof and a flag indicating
 	/// whether finality is required.
-	fn epoch_verifier<'a>(&self, _header: &M::Header, _proof: &'a [u8]) -> ConstructedVerifier<'a, M> {
-		ConstructedVerifier::Trusted(Box::new(self::epoch::NoOp))
+	fn epoch_verifier<'a>(&self, _header: &Header, _proof: &'a [u8]) -> ConstructedVerifier<'a, M> {
+		ConstructedVerifier::Trusted(Box::new(NoOp))
 	}
 
 	/// Populate a header's fields based on its parent's header.
 	/// Usually implements the chain scoring rule based on weight.
-	fn populate_from_parent(&self, _header: &mut M::Header, _parent: &M::Header) { }
+	fn populate_from_parent(&self, _header: &mut Header, _parent: &Header) { }
 
 	/// Handle any potential consensus messages;
 	/// updating consensus state and potentially issuing a new one.
 	fn handle_message(&self, _message: &[u8]) -> Result<(), EngineError> { Err(EngineError::UnexpectedMessage) }
 
-	/// Find out if the block is a proposal block and should not be inserted into the DB.
-	/// Takes a header of a fully verified block.
-	fn is_proposal(&self, _verified_header: &M::Header) -> bool { false }
-
 	/// Register a component which signs consensus messages.
 	fn set_signer(&self, _signer: Box<EngineSigner>) {}
 
@@ -393,7 +426,7 @@ pub trait Engine<M: Machine>: Sync + Send {
 	fn step(&self) {}
 
 	/// Stops any services that the may hold the Engine and makes it safe to drop.
-	fn stop(&self) {}
+	fn stop(&mut self) {}
 
 	/// Create a factory for building snapshot chunks and restoring from them.
 	/// Returning `None` indicates that this engine doesn't support snapshot creation.
@@ -421,16 +454,21 @@ pub trait Engine<M: Machine>: Sync + Send {
 
 	/// Gather all ancestry actions. Called at the last stage when a block is committed. The Engine must guarantee that
 	/// the ancestry exists.
-	fn ancestry_actions(&self, _header: &M::Header, _ancestry: &mut Iterator<Item=M::ExtendedHeader>) -> Vec<AncestryAction> {
+	fn ancestry_actions(&self, _header: &Header, _ancestry: &mut Iterator<Item = ExtendedHeader>) -> Vec<AncestryAction> {
 		Vec::new()
 	}
 
 	/// Check whether the given new block is the best block, after finalization check.
-	fn fork_choice(&self, new: &M::ExtendedHeader, best: &M::ExtendedHeader) -> ForkChoice;
+	fn fork_choice(&self, new: &ExtendedHeader, best: &ExtendedHeader) -> ForkChoice;
+
+	/// Returns author should used when executing tx's for this block.
+	fn executive_author(&self, header: &Header) -> Result<Address, Error> {
+		Ok(*header.author())
+	}
 }
 
 /// Check whether a given block is the best block based on the default total difficulty rule.
-pub fn total_difficulty_fork_choice<T: TotalScoredHeader>(new: &T, best: &T) -> ForkChoice where <T as TotalScoredHeader>::Value: Ord {
+pub fn total_difficulty_fork_choice(new: &ExtendedHeader, best: &ExtendedHeader) -> ForkChoice {
 	if new.total_score() > best.total_score() {
 		ForkChoice::New
 	} else {
@@ -523,3 +561,29 @@ pub trait EthEngine: Engine<::machine::EthereumMachine> {
 
 // convenience wrappers for existing functions.
 impl<T> EthEngine for T where T: Engine<::machine::EthereumMachine> { }
+
+/// Verifier for all blocks within an epoch with self-contained state.
+pub trait EpochVerifier<M: machine::Machine>: Send + Sync {
+	/// Lightly verify the next block header.
+	/// This may not be a header belonging to a different epoch.
+	fn verify_light(&self, header: &Header) -> Result<(), M::Error>;
+
+	/// Perform potentially heavier checks on the next block header.
+	fn verify_heavy(&self, header: &Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> {
+		self.verify_light(header)
+	}
+
+	/// Check a finality proof against this epoch verifier.
+	/// Returns `Some(hashes)` if the proof proves finality of these hashes.
+	/// Returns `None` if the proof doesn't prove anything.
+	fn check_finality_proof(&self, _proof: &[u8]) -> Option<Vec<H256>> {
+		None
+	}
+}
+
+/// Special "no-op" verifier for stateless, epoch-less engines.
+pub struct NoOp;
+
+impl<M: machine::Machine> EpochVerifier<M> for NoOp {
+	fn verify_light(&self, _header: &Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> { Ok(()) }
+}

ethcore/src/engines/null_engine.rs

@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@
 use engines::Engine;
 use engines::block_reward::{self, RewardKind};
 use ethereum_types::U256;
-use machine::WithRewards;
-use parity_machine::{Machine, Header, LiveBlock, TotalScoredHeader};
+use machine::Machine;
 use types::BlockNumber;
+use types::header::{Header, ExtendedHeader};
+use block::ExecutedBlock;
 
 /// Params for a null engine.
 #[derive(Clone, Default)]
@@ -58,26 +59,23 @@ impl<M: Default> Default for NullEngine<M> {
 	}
 }
 
-impl<M: Machine + WithRewards> Engine<M> for NullEngine<M>
-  where M::ExtendedHeader: TotalScoredHeader,
-        <M::ExtendedHeader as TotalScoredHeader>::Value: Ord
-{
+impl<M: Machine> Engine<M> for NullEngine<M> {
 	fn name(&self) -> &str {
 		"NullEngine"
 	}
 
 	fn machine(&self) -> &M { &self.machine }
 
-	fn on_close_block(&self, block: &mut M::LiveBlock) -> Result<(), M::Error> {
+	fn on_close_block(&self, block: &mut ExecutedBlock) -> Result<(), M::Error> {
 		use std::ops::Shr;
 
-		let author = *LiveBlock::header(&*block).author();
-		let number = LiveBlock::header(&*block).number();
+		let author = *block.header.author();
+		let number = block.header.number();
 
 		let reward = self.params.block_reward;
 		if reward == U256::zero() { return Ok(()) }
 
-		let n_uncles = LiveBlock::uncles(&*block).len();
+		let n_uncles = block.uncles.len();
 
 		let mut rewards = Vec::new();
 
@@ -86,7 +84,7 @@ impl<M: Machine + WithRewards> Engine<M> for NullEngine<M>
 		rewards.push((author, RewardKind::Author, result_block_reward));
 
 		// bestow uncle rewards.
-		for u in LiveBlock::uncles(&*block) {
+		for u in &block.uncles {
 			let uncle_author = u.author();
 			let result_uncle_reward = (reward * U256::from(8 + u.number() - number)).shr(3);
 			rewards.push((*uncle_author, RewardKind::uncle(number, u.number()), result_uncle_reward));
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ impl<M: Machine + WithRewards> Engine<M> for NullEngine<M>
 
 	fn maximum_uncle_count(&self, _block: BlockNumber) -> usize { 2 }
 
-	fn verify_local_seal(&self, _header: &M::Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> {
+	fn verify_local_seal(&self, _header: &Header) -> Result<(), M::Error> {
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
@@ -105,7 +103,7 @@ impl<M: Machine + WithRewards> Engine<M> for NullEngine<M>
 		Some(Box::new(::snapshot::PowSnapshot::new(10000, 10000)))
 	}
 
-	fn fork_choice(&self, new: &M::ExtendedHeader, current: &M::ExtendedHeader) -> super::ForkChoice {
+	fn fork_choice(&self, new: &ExtendedHeader, current: &ExtendedHeader) -> super::ForkChoice {
 		super::total_difficulty_fork_choice(new, current)
 	}
 }

ethcore/src/engines/validator_set/multi.rs

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ impl Multi {
 impl ValidatorSet for Multi {
 	fn default_caller(&self, block_id: BlockId) -> Box<Call> {
 		self.correct_set(block_id).map(|set| set.default_caller(block_id))
-			.unwrap_or(Box::new(|_, _| Err("No validator set for given ID.".into())))
+			.unwrap_or_else(|| Box::new(|_, _| Err("No validator set for given ID.".into())))
 	}
 
 	fn on_epoch_begin(&self, _first: bool, header: &Header, call: &mut SystemCall) -> Result<(), ::error::Error> {
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl ValidatorSet for Multi {
 		*self.block_number.write() = Box::new(move |id| client
 			.upgrade()
 			.ok_or_else(|| "No client!".into())
-			.and_then(|c| c.block_number(id).ok_or("Unknown block".into())));
+			.and_then(|c| c.block_number(id).ok_or_else(|| "Unknown block".into())));
 	}
 }
 

ethcore/src/error.rs

@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@
 
 //! General error types for use in ethcore.
 
+// Silence: `use of deprecated item 'std::error::Error::cause': replaced by Error::source, which can support downcasting`
+// https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/10302
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
 use std::{fmt, error};
 use std::time::SystemTime;
 
@@ -33,7 +37,7 @@ use engines::EngineError;
 
 pub use executed::{ExecutionError, CallError};
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Eq)]
 /// Errors concerning block processing.
 pub enum BlockError {
 	/// Block has too many uncles.
@@ -84,7 +88,7 @@ pub enum BlockError {
 	/// Timestamp header field is too far in future.
 	TemporarilyInvalid(OutOfBounds<SystemTime>),
 	/// Log bloom header field is invalid.
-	InvalidLogBloom(Mismatch<Bloom>),
+	InvalidLogBloom(Box<Mismatch<Bloom>>),
 	/// Number field of header is invalid.
 	InvalidNumber(Mismatch<BlockNumber>),
 	/// Block number isn't sensible.

ethcore/src/ethereum/ethash.rs

@@ -241,17 +241,16 @@ impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for Arc<Ethash> {
 	/// This assumes that all uncles are valid uncles (i.e. of at least one generation before the current).
 	fn on_close_block(&self, block: &mut ExecutedBlock) -> Result<(), Error> {
 		use std::ops::Shr;
-		use parity_machine::LiveBlock;
 
-		let author = *LiveBlock::header(&*block).author();
-		let number = LiveBlock::header(&*block).number();
+		let author = *block.header.author();
+		let number = block.header.number();
 
 		let rewards = match self.ethash_params.block_reward_contract {
 			Some(ref c) if number >= self.ethash_params.block_reward_contract_transition => {
 				let mut beneficiaries = Vec::new();
 
 				beneficiaries.push((author, RewardKind::Author));
-				for u in LiveBlock::uncles(&*block) {
+				for u in &block.uncles {
 					let uncle_author = u.author();
 					beneficiaries.push((*uncle_author, RewardKind::uncle(number, u.number())));
 				}
@@ -274,7 +273,8 @@ impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for Arc<Ethash> {
 				let eras_rounds = self.ethash_params.ecip1017_era_rounds;
 				let (eras, reward) = ecip1017_eras_block_reward(eras_rounds, reward, number);
 
-				let n_uncles = LiveBlock::uncles(&*block).len();
+				//let n_uncles = LiveBlock::uncles(&*block).len();
+				let n_uncles = block.uncles.len();
 
 				// Bestow block rewards.
 				let mut result_block_reward = reward + reward.shr(5) * U256::from(n_uncles);
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ impl Engine<EthereumMachine> for Arc<Ethash> {
 				rewards.push((author, RewardKind::Author, result_block_reward));
 
 				// Bestow uncle rewards.
-				for u in LiveBlock::uncles(&*block) {
+				for u in &block.uncles {
 					let uncle_author = u.author();
 					let result_uncle_reward = if eras == 0 {
 						(reward * U256::from(8 + u.number() - number)).shr(3)
@@ -540,9 +540,9 @@ mod tests {
 		let genesis_header = spec.genesis_header();
 		let db = spec.ensure_db_good(get_temp_state_db(), &Default::default()).unwrap();
 		let last_hashes = Arc::new(vec![genesis_header.hash()]);
-		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, Address::zero(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, Address::zero(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b = b.close().unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(b.state().balance(&Address::zero()).unwrap(), U256::from_str("4563918244f40000").unwrap());
+		assert_eq!(b.state.balance(&Address::zero()).unwrap(), U256::from_str("4563918244f40000").unwrap());
 	}
 
 	#[test]
@@ -589,15 +589,15 @@ mod tests {
 		let genesis_header = spec.genesis_header();
 		let db = spec.ensure_db_good(get_temp_state_db(), &Default::default()).unwrap();
 		let last_hashes = Arc::new(vec![genesis_header.hash()]);
-		let mut b = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, Address::zero(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let mut b = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, Address::zero(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let mut uncle = Header::new();
 		let uncle_author: Address = "ef2d6d194084c2de36e0dabfce45d046b37d1106".into();
 		uncle.set_author(uncle_author);
 		b.push_uncle(uncle).unwrap();
 
 		let b = b.close().unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(b.state().balance(&Address::zero()).unwrap(), "478eae0e571ba000".into());
-		assert_eq!(b.state().balance(&uncle_author).unwrap(), "3cb71f51fc558000".into());
+		assert_eq!(b.state.balance(&Address::zero()).unwrap(), "478eae0e571ba000".into());
+		assert_eq!(b.state.balance(&uncle_author).unwrap(), "3cb71f51fc558000".into());
 	}
 
 	#[test]
@@ -607,14 +607,14 @@ mod tests {
 		let genesis_header = spec.genesis_header();
 		let db = spec.ensure_db_good(get_temp_state_db(), &Default::default()).unwrap();
 		let last_hashes = Arc::new(vec![genesis_header.hash()]);
-		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, Address::zero(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, &mut Vec::new().into_iter()).unwrap();
+		let b = OpenBlock::new(engine, Default::default(), false, db, &genesis_header, last_hashes, Address::zero(), (3141562.into(), 31415620.into()), vec![], false, None).unwrap();
 		let b = b.close().unwrap();
 
 		let ubi_contract: Address = "00efdd5883ec628983e9063c7d969fe268bbf310".into();
 		let dev_contract: Address = "00756cf8159095948496617f5fb17ed95059f536".into();
-		assert_eq!(b.state().balance(&Address::zero()).unwrap(), U256::from_str("d8d726b7177a80000").unwrap());
-		assert_eq!(b.state().balance(&ubi_contract).unwrap(), U256::from_str("2b5e3af16b1880000").unwrap());
-		assert_eq!(b.state().balance(&dev_contract).unwrap(), U256::from_str("c249fdd327780000").unwrap());
+		assert_eq!(b.state.balance(&Address::zero()).unwrap(), U256::from_str("d8d726b7177a80000").unwrap());
+		assert_eq!(b.state.balance(&ubi_contract).unwrap(), U256::from_str("2b5e3af16b1880000").unwrap());
+		assert_eq!(b.state.balance(&dev_contract).unwrap(), U256::from_str("c249fdd327780000").unwrap());
 	}
 
 	#[test]

ethcore/src/ethereum/mod.rs

@@ -57,9 +57,14 @@ pub fn new_poanet<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
 	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/poacore.json"))
 }
 
-/// Create a new Tobalaba mainnet chain spec.
-pub fn new_tobalaba<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
-	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/tobalaba.json"))
+/// Create a new Volta mainnet chain spec.
+pub fn new_volta<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
+	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/volta.json"))
+}
+
+/// Create a new EWC mainnet chain spec.
+pub fn new_ewc<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
+	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/ewc.json"))
 }
 
 /// Create a new Expanse mainnet chain spec.
@@ -79,21 +84,16 @@ pub fn new_ellaism<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
 	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/ellaism.json"))
 }
 
-/// Create a new Easthub mainnet chain spec.
-pub fn new_easthub<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
-	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/easthub.json"))
-}
-
-/// Create a new Ethereum Social mainnet chain spec.
-pub fn new_social<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
-	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/social.json"))
-}
-
 /// Create a new MIX mainnet chain spec.
 pub fn new_mix<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
 	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/mix.json"))
 }
 
+/// Create a new Callisto chain spec
+pub fn new_callisto<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
+	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/callisto.json"))
+}
+
 /// Create a new Morden testnet chain spec.
 pub fn new_morden<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
 	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/morden.json"))
@@ -109,16 +109,26 @@ pub fn new_kovan<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
 	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/kovan.json"))
 }
 
+/// Create a new Rinkeby testnet chain spec.
+pub fn new_rinkeby<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
+	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/rinkeby.json"))
+}
+
+/// Create a new Görli testnet chain spec.
+pub fn new_goerli<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
+	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/goerli.json"))
+}
+
+/// Create a new Kotti testnet chain spec.
+pub fn new_kotti<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
+	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/kotti.json"))
+}
+
 /// Create a new POA Sokol testnet chain spec.
 pub fn new_sokol<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
 	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/poasokol.json"))
 }
 
-/// Create a new Callisto chaun spec
-pub fn new_callisto<'a, T: Into<SpecParams<'a>>>(params: T) -> Spec {
-	load(params.into(), include_bytes!("../../res/ethereum/callisto.json"))
-}
-
 // For tests
 
 /// Create a new Foundation Frontier-era chain spec as though it never changes to Homestead.

ethcore/src/executed.rs

@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ pub enum CallError {
 	/// Couldn't find requested block's state in the chain.
 	StatePruned,
 	/// Couldn't find an amount of gas that didn't result in an exception.
-	Exceptional,
+	Exceptional(vm::Error),
 	/// Corrupt state.
 	StateCorrupt,
 	/// Error executing.
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for CallError {
 		let msg = match *self {
 			TransactionNotFound => "Transaction couldn't be found in the chain".into(),
 			StatePruned => "Couldn't find the transaction block's state in the chain".into(),
-			Exceptional => "An exception happened in the execution".into(),
+			Exceptional(ref e) => format!("An exception ({}) happened in the execution", e),
 			StateCorrupt => "Stored state found to be corrupted.".into(),
 			Execution(ref e) => format!("{}", e),
 		};
@@ -197,4 +197,4 @@ impl fmt::Display for CallError {
 }
 
 /// Transaction execution result.
-pub type ExecutionResult = Result<Executed, ExecutionError>;
+pub type ExecutionResult = Result<Box<Executed>, ExecutionError>;

ethcore/src/executive.rs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ use externalities::*;
 use trace::{self, Tracer, VMTracer};
 use types::transaction::{Action, SignedTransaction};
 use transaction_ext::Transaction;
-use crossbeam;
+use crossbeam_utils::thread;
 pub use executed::{Executed, ExecutionResult};
 
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
@@ -976,11 +976,18 @@ impl<'a, B: 'a + StateBackend> Executive<'a, B> {
 		if stack_depth != depth_threshold {
 			self.call_with_stack_depth(params, substate, stack_depth, tracer, vm_tracer)
 		} else {
-			crossbeam::scope(|scope| {
-				scope.builder().stack_size(::std::cmp::max(self.schedule.max_depth.saturating_sub(depth_threshold) * STACK_SIZE_PER_DEPTH, local_stack_size)).spawn(move || {
-					self.call_with_stack_depth(params, substate, stack_depth, tracer, vm_tracer)
-				}).expect("Sub-thread creation cannot fail; the host might run out of resources; qed")
-			}).join().expect("Sub-thread never panics; qed")
+			thread::scope(|scope| {
+				let stack_size = cmp::max(self.schedule.max_depth.saturating_sub(depth_threshold) * STACK_SIZE_PER_DEPTH, local_stack_size);
+				scope.builder()
+					.stack_size(stack_size)
+					.spawn(|_| {
+						self.call_with_stack_depth(params, substate, stack_depth, tracer, vm_tracer)
+					})
+					.expect("Sub-thread creation cannot fail; the host might run out of resources; qed")
+					.join()
+			})
+			.expect("Sub-thread never panics; qed")
+			.expect("Sub-thread never panics; qed")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1060,11 +1067,18 @@ impl<'a, B: 'a + StateBackend> Executive<'a, B> {
 		if stack_depth != depth_threshold {
 			self.create_with_stack_depth(params, substate, stack_depth, tracer, vm_tracer)
 		} else {
-			crossbeam::scope(|scope| {
-				scope.builder().stack_size(::std::cmp::max(self.schedule.max_depth.saturating_sub(depth_threshold) * STACK_SIZE_PER_DEPTH, local_stack_size)).spawn(move || {
-					self.create_with_stack_depth(params, substate, stack_depth, tracer, vm_tracer)
-				}).expect("Sub-thread creation cannot fail; the host might run out of resources; qed")
-			}).join().expect("Sub-thread never panics; qed")
+			thread::scope(|scope| {
+				let stack_size = cmp::max(self.schedule.max_depth.saturating_sub(depth_threshold) * STACK_SIZE_PER_DEPTH, local_stack_size);
+				scope.builder()
+					.stack_size(stack_size)
+					.spawn(|_| {
+						self.create_with_stack_depth(params, substate, stack_depth, tracer, vm_tracer)
+					})
+					.expect("Sub-thread creation cannot fail; the host might run out of resources; qed")
+					.join()
+			})
+			.expect("Sub-thread never panics; qed")
+			.expect("Sub-thread never panics; qed")
 		}
 	}
 

ethcore/src/externalities.rs

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl<'a, T: 'a, V: 'a, B: 'a> Ext for Externalities<'a, T, V, B>
 {
 	fn initial_storage_at(&self, key: &H256) -> vm::Result<H256> {
 		if self.state.is_base_storage_root_unchanged(&self.origin_info.address)? {
-			self.state.checkpoint_storage_at(0, &self.origin_info.address, key).map(|v| v.unwrap_or(H256::zero())).map_err(Into::into)
+			self.state.checkpoint_storage_at(0, &self.origin_info.address, key).map(|v| v.unwrap_or_default()).map_err(Into::into)
 		} else {
 			warn!(target: "externalities", "Detected existing account {:#x} where a forced contract creation happened.", self.origin_info.address);
 			Ok(H256::zero())
@@ -314,7 +314,11 @@ impl<'a, T: 'a, V: 'a, B: 'a> Ext for Externalities<'a, T, V, B>
 	}
 
 	fn extcodehash(&self, address: &Address) -> vm::Result<Option<H256>> {
-		Ok(self.state.code_hash(address)?)
+		if self.state.exists_and_not_null(address)? {
+			Ok(self.state.code_hash(address)?)
+		} else {
+			Ok(None)
+		}
 	}
 
 	fn extcodesize(&self, address: &Address) -> vm::Result<Option<usize>> {

ethcore/src/json_tests/state.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use super::test_common::*;
 use pod_state::PodState;
 use trace;
-use client::{EvmTestClient, EvmTestError, TransactResult};
+use client::{EvmTestClient, EvmTestError, TransactErr, TransactSuccess};
 use ethjson;
 use types::transaction::SignedTransaction;
 use vm::EnvInfo;
@@ -90,18 +90,18 @@ pub fn json_chain_test<H: FnMut(&str, HookType)>(json_data: &[u8], start_stop_ho
 							flushln!("{} fail", info);
 							failed.push(name.clone());
 						},
-						Ok(TransactResult::Ok { state_root, .. }) if state_root != post_root => {
+						Ok(Ok(TransactSuccess { state_root, .. })) if state_root != post_root => {
 							println!("{} !!! State mismatch (got: {}, expect: {}", info, state_root, post_root);
 							flushln!("{} fail", info);
 							failed.push(name.clone());
 						},
-						Ok(TransactResult::Err { state_root, ref error, .. }) if state_root != post_root => {
+						Ok(Err(TransactErr { state_root, ref error, .. })) if state_root != post_root => {
 							println!("{} !!! State mismatch (got: {}, expect: {}", info, state_root, post_root);
 							println!("{} !!! Execution error: {:?}", info, error);
 							flushln!("{} fail", info);
 							failed.push(name.clone());
 						},
-						Ok(TransactResult::Err { error, .. }) => {
+						Ok(Err(TransactErr { error, .. })) => {
 							flushln!("{} ok ({:?})", info, error);
 						},
 						Ok(_) => {

ethcore/src/lib.rs

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ extern crate ansi_term;
 extern crate bn;
 extern crate byteorder;
 extern crate common_types as types;
-extern crate crossbeam;
+extern crate crossbeam_utils;
 extern crate ethabi;
 extern crate ethash;
 extern crate ethcore_blockchain as blockchain;
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ extern crate num;
 extern crate num_cpus;
 extern crate parity_bytes as bytes;
 extern crate parity_crypto;
-extern crate parity_machine;
 extern crate parity_snappy as snappy;
 extern crate parking_lot;
 extern crate trie_db as trie;
@@ -100,6 +99,7 @@ extern crate rlp;
 extern crate rustc_hex;
 extern crate serde;
 extern crate stats;
+extern crate time_utils;
 extern crate triehash_ethereum as triehash;
 extern crate unexpected;
 extern crate using_queue;

ethcore/src/machine/impls.rs

@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ use ethereum_types::{U256, H256, Address};
 use rlp::Rlp;
 use types::transaction::{self, SYSTEM_ADDRESS, UNSIGNED_SENDER, UnverifiedTransaction, SignedTransaction};
 use types::BlockNumber;
-use types::header::{Header, ExtendedHeader};
+use types::header::Header;
 use vm::{CallType, ActionParams, ActionValue, ParamsType};
 use vm::{EnvInfo, Schedule, CreateContractAddress};
 
-use block::{ExecutedBlock, IsBlock};
+use block::ExecutedBlock;
 use builtin::Builtin;
 use call_contract::CallContract;
 use client::BlockInfo;
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ use error::Error;
 use executive::Executive;
 use spec::CommonParams;
 use state::{CleanupMode, Substate};
-use trace::{NoopTracer, NoopVMTracer, Tracer, ExecutiveTracer, RewardType, Tracing};
+use trace::{NoopTracer, NoopVMTracer};
 use tx_filter::TransactionFilter;
 
 /// Parity tries to round block.gas_limit to multiple of this constant
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ impl EthereumMachine {
 		data: Option<Vec<u8>>,
 	) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
 		let (code, code_hash) = {
-			let state = block.state();
+			let state = &block.state;
 
 			(state.code(&contract_address)?,
 			 state.code_hash(&contract_address)?)
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ impl EthereumMachine {
 			origin: SYSTEM_ADDRESS,
 			gas,
 			gas_price: 0.into(),
-			value: value.unwrap_or(ActionValue::Transfer(0.into())),
+			value: value.unwrap_or_else(|| ActionValue::Transfer(0.into())),
 			code,
 			code_hash,
 			data,
@@ -193,12 +193,12 @@ impl EthereumMachine {
 	/// Push last known block hash to the state.
 	fn push_last_hash(&self, block: &mut ExecutedBlock) -> Result<(), Error> {
 		let params = self.params();
-		if block.header().number() == params.eip210_transition {
+		if block.header.number() == params.eip210_transition {
 			let state = block.state_mut();
 			state.init_code(&params.eip210_contract_address, params.eip210_contract_code.clone())?;
 		}
-		if block.header().number() >= params.eip210_transition {
-			let parent_hash = block.header().parent_hash().clone();
+		if block.header.number() >= params.eip210_transition {
+			let parent_hash = *block.header.parent_hash();
 			let _ = self.execute_as_system(
 				block,
 				params.eip210_contract_address,
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ impl EthereumMachine {
 		self.push_last_hash(block)?;
 
 		if let Some(ref ethash_params) = self.ethash_extensions {
-			if block.header().number() == ethash_params.dao_hardfork_transition {
+			if block.header.number() == ethash_params.dao_hardfork_transition {
 				let state = block.state_mut();
 				for child in &ethash_params.dao_hardfork_accounts {
 					let beneficiary = &ethash_params.dao_hardfork_beneficiary;
@@ -428,19 +428,13 @@ pub enum AuxiliaryRequest {
 	Both,
 }
 
-impl ::parity_machine::Machine for EthereumMachine {
-	type Header = Header;
-	type ExtendedHeader = ExtendedHeader;
-
-	type LiveBlock = ExecutedBlock;
+impl super::Machine for EthereumMachine {
 	type EngineClient = ::client::EngineClient;
-	type AuxiliaryRequest = AuxiliaryRequest;
-	type AncestryAction = ::types::ancestry_action::AncestryAction;
 
 	type Error = Error;
 
 	fn balance(&self, live: &ExecutedBlock, address: &Address) -> Result<U256, Error> {
-		live.state().balance(address).map_err(Into::into)
+		live.state.balance(address).map_err(Into::into)
 	}
 
 	fn add_balance(&self, live: &mut ExecutedBlock, address: &Address, amount: &U256) -> Result<(), Error> {
@@ -448,42 +442,6 @@ impl ::parity_machine::Machine for EthereumMachine {
 	}
 }
 
-impl<'a> ::parity_machine::LocalizedMachine<'a> for EthereumMachine {
-	type StateContext = Call<'a>;
-	type AuxiliaryData = AuxiliaryData<'a>;
-}
-
-/// A state machine that uses block rewards.
-pub trait WithRewards: ::parity_machine::Machine {
-	/// Note block rewards, traces each reward storing information about benefactor, amount and type
-	/// of reward.
-	fn note_rewards(
-		&self,
-		live: &mut Self::LiveBlock,
-		rewards: &[(Address, RewardType, U256)],
-	) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
-}
-
-impl WithRewards for EthereumMachine {
-	fn note_rewards(
-		&self,
-		live: &mut Self::LiveBlock,
-		rewards: &[(Address, RewardType, U256)],
-	) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-		if let Tracing::Enabled(ref mut traces) = *live.traces_mut() {
-			let mut tracer = ExecutiveTracer::default();
-
-			for &(address, ref reward_type, amount) in rewards {
-				tracer.trace_reward(address, amount, reward_type.clone());
-			}
-
-			traces.push(tracer.drain().into());
-		}
-
-		Ok(())
-	}
-}
-
 // Try to round gas_limit a bit so that:
 // 1) it will still be in desired range
 // 2) it will be a nearest (with tendency to increase) multiple of PARITY_GAS_LIMIT_DETERMINANT

ethcore/src/machine/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! Generalization of a state machine for a consensus engine.
+
+mod impls;
+mod traits;
+
+pub use self::impls::*;
+pub use self::traits::*;

ethcore/src/machine/traits.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2015-2019 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+// This file is part of Parity Ethereum.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// Parity Ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Parity Ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Generalization of a state machine for a consensus engine.
+//! This will define traits for the header, block, and state of a blockchain.
+
+use ethereum_types::{U256, Address};
+use block::ExecutedBlock;
+
+/// Generalization of types surrounding blockchain-suitable state machines.
+pub trait Machine: Send + Sync {
+	/// A handle to a blockchain client for this machine.
+	type EngineClient: ?Sized;
+
+	/// Errors which can occur when querying or interacting with the machine.
+	type Error;
+
+	/// Get the balance, in base units, associated with an account.
+	/// Extracts data from the live block.
+	fn balance(&self, live: &ExecutedBlock, address: &Address) -> Result<U256, Self::Error>;
+
+	/// Increment the balance of an account in the state of the live block.
+	fn add_balance(&self, live: &mut ExecutedBlock, address: &Address, amount: &U256) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+}

ethcore/src/miner/miner.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use call_contract::CallContract;
 use ethcore_miner::gas_pricer::GasPricer;
 use ethcore_miner::local_accounts::LocalAccounts;
 use ethcore_miner::pool::{self, TransactionQueue, VerifiedTransaction, QueueStatus, PrioritizationStrategy};
+use ethcore_miner::service_transaction_checker::ServiceTransactionChecker;
 #[cfg(feature = "work-notify")]
 use ethcore_miner::work_notify::NotifyWork;
 use ethereum_types::{H256, U256, Address};
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ use types::header::Header;
 use types::receipt::RichReceipt;
 use using_queue::{UsingQueue, GetAction};
 
-use block::{ClosedBlock, IsBlock, SealedBlock};
+use block::{ClosedBlock, SealedBlock};
 use client::{
 	BlockChain, ChainInfo, BlockProducer, SealedBlockImporter, Nonce, TransactionInfo, TransactionId
 };
@@ -214,7 +215,6 @@ impl Author {
 	}
 }
 
-
 struct SealingWork {
 	queue: UsingQueue<ClosedBlock>,
 	enabled: bool,
@@ -247,6 +247,7 @@ pub struct Miner {
 	engine: Arc<EthEngine>,
 	accounts: Arc<LocalAccounts>,
 	io_channel: RwLock<Option<IoChannel<ClientIoMessage>>>,
+	service_transaction_checker: Option<ServiceTransactionChecker>,
 }
 
 impl Miner {
@@ -273,6 +274,7 @@ impl Miner {
 		let verifier_options = options.pool_verification_options.clone();
 		let tx_queue_strategy = options.tx_queue_strategy;
 		let nonce_cache_size = cmp::max(4096, limits.max_count / 4);
+		let refuse_service_transactions = options.refuse_service_transactions;
 
 		Miner {
 			sealing: Mutex::new(SealingWork {
@@ -293,6 +295,11 @@ impl Miner {
 			accounts: Arc::new(accounts),
 			engine: spec.engine.clone(),
 			io_channel: RwLock::new(None),
+			service_transaction_checker: if refuse_service_transactions {
+				None
+			} else {
+				Some(ServiceTransactionChecker::default())
+			},
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -351,6 +358,11 @@ impl Miner {
 		});
 	}
 
+	/// Returns ServiceTransactionChecker
+	pub fn service_transaction_checker(&self) -> Option<ServiceTransactionChecker> {
+		self.service_transaction_checker.clone()
+	}
+
 	/// Retrieves an existing pending block iff it's not older than given block number.
 	///
 	/// NOTE: This will not prepare a new pending block if it's not existing.
@@ -362,7 +374,7 @@ impl Miner {
 			.and_then(|b| {
 				// to prevent a data race between block import and updating pending block
 				// we allow the number to be equal.
-				if b.block().header().number() >= latest_block_number {
+				if b.header.number() >= latest_block_number {
 					Some(f(b))
 				} else {
 					None
@@ -378,7 +390,7 @@ impl Miner {
 			&self.nonce_cache,
 			&*self.engine,
 			&*self.accounts,
-			self.options.refuse_service_transactions,
+			self.service_transaction_checker.as_ref(),
 		)
 	}
 
@@ -392,7 +404,7 @@ impl Miner {
 		// Open block
 		let (mut open_block, original_work_hash) = {
 			let mut sealing = self.sealing.lock();
-			let last_work_hash = sealing.queue.peek_last_ref().map(|pb| pb.block().header().hash());
+			let last_work_hash = sealing.queue.peek_last_ref().map(|pb| pb.header.hash());
 			let best_hash = chain_info.best_block_hash;
 
 			// check to see if last ClosedBlock in would_seals is actually same parent block.
@@ -401,7 +413,7 @@ impl Miner {
 			//   if at least one was pushed successfully, close and enqueue new ClosedBlock;
 			//   otherwise, leave everything alone.
 			// otherwise, author a fresh block.
-			let mut open_block = match sealing.queue.get_pending_if(|b| b.block().header().parent_hash() == &best_hash) {
+			let mut open_block = match sealing.queue.get_pending_if(|b| b.header.parent_hash() == &best_hash) {
 				Some(old_block) => {
 					trace!(target: "miner", "prepare_block: Already have previous work; updating and returning");
 					// add transactions to old_block
@@ -436,7 +448,7 @@ impl Miner {
 		let mut invalid_transactions = HashSet::new();
 		let mut not_allowed_transactions = HashSet::new();
 		let mut senders_to_penalize = HashSet::new();
-		let block_number = open_block.block().header().number();
+		let block_number = open_block.header.number();
 
 		let mut tx_count = 0usize;
 		let mut skipped_transactions = 0usize;
@@ -453,7 +465,7 @@ impl Miner {
 		let max_transactions = if min_tx_gas.is_zero() {
 			usize::max_value()
 		} else {
-			MAX_SKIPPED_TRANSACTIONS.saturating_add(cmp::min(*open_block.block().header().gas_limit() / min_tx_gas, u64::max_value().into()).as_u64() as usize)
+			MAX_SKIPPED_TRANSACTIONS.saturating_add(cmp::min(*open_block.header.gas_limit() / min_tx_gas, u64::max_value().into()).as_u64() as usize)
 		};
 
 		let pending: Vec<Arc<_>> = self.transaction_queue.pending(
@@ -630,13 +642,16 @@ impl Miner {
 		}
 	}
 
-	/// Attempts to perform internal sealing (one that does not require work) and handles the result depending on the type of Seal.
+	// TODO: (https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/10407)
+	// This is only used in authority_round path, and should be refactored to merge with the other seal() path.
+	// Attempts to perform internal sealing (one that does not require work) and handles the result depending on the
+	// type of Seal.
 	fn seal_and_import_block_internally<C>(&self, chain: &C, block: ClosedBlock) -> bool
 		where C: BlockChain + SealedBlockImporter,
 	{
 		{
 			let sealing = self.sealing.lock();
-			if block.transactions().is_empty()
+			if block.transactions.is_empty()
 				&& !self.forced_sealing()
 				&& Instant::now() <= sealing.next_mandatory_reseal
 			{
@@ -646,7 +661,7 @@ impl Miner {
 
 		trace!(target: "miner", "seal_block_internally: attempting internal seal.");
 
-		let parent_header = match chain.block_header(BlockId::Hash(*block.header().parent_hash())) {
+		let parent_header = match chain.block_header(BlockId::Hash(*block.header.parent_hash())) {
 			Some(h) => {
 				match h.decode() {
 					Ok(decoded_hdr) => decoded_hdr,
@@ -656,7 +671,7 @@ impl Miner {
 			None => return false,
 		};
 
-		match self.engine.generate_seal(block.block(), &parent_header) {
+		match self.engine.generate_seal(&block, &parent_header) {
 			// Save proposal for later seal submission and broadcast it.
 			Seal::Proposal(seal) => {
 				trace!(target: "miner", "Received a Proposal seal.");
@@ -705,11 +720,11 @@ impl Miner {
 	/// Prepares work which has to be done to seal.
 	fn prepare_work(&self, block: ClosedBlock, original_work_hash: Option<H256>) {
 		let (work, is_new) = {
-			let block_header = block.block().header().clone();
+			let block_header = block.header.clone();
 			let block_hash = block_header.hash();
 
 			let mut sealing = self.sealing.lock();
-			let last_work_hash = sealing.queue.peek_last_ref().map(|pb| pb.block().header().hash());
+			let last_work_hash = sealing.queue.peek_last_ref().map(|pb| pb.header.hash());
 
 			trace!(
 				target: "miner",
@@ -742,7 +757,7 @@ impl Miner {
 			trace!(
 				target: "miner",
 				"prepare_work: leaving (last={:?})",
-				sealing.queue.peek_last_ref().map(|b| b.block().header().hash())
+				sealing.queue.peek_last_ref().map(|b| b.header.hash())
 			);
 			(work, is_new)
 		};
@@ -994,7 +1009,7 @@ impl miner::MinerService for Miner {
 
 		let from_pending = || {
 			self.map_existing_pending_block(|sealing| {
-				sealing.transactions()
+				sealing.transactions
 					.iter()
 					.map(|signed| signed.hash())
 					.collect()
@@ -1041,7 +1056,7 @@ impl miner::MinerService for Miner {
 
 		let from_pending = || {
 			self.map_existing_pending_block(|sealing| {
-				sealing.transactions()
+				sealing.transactions
 					.iter()
 					.map(|signed| pool::VerifiedTransaction::from_pending_block_transaction(signed.clone()))
 					.map(Arc::new)
@@ -1086,9 +1101,9 @@ impl miner::MinerService for Miner {
 
 	fn pending_receipts(&self, best_block: BlockNumber) -> Option<Vec<RichReceipt>> {
 		self.map_existing_pending_block(|pending| {
-			let receipts = pending.receipts();
-			pending.transactions()
-				.into_iter()
+			let receipts = &pending.receipts;
+			pending.transactions
+				.iter()
 				.enumerate()
 				.map(|(index, tx)| {
 					let prev_gas = if index == 0 { Default::default() } else { receipts[index - 1].gas_used };
@@ -1102,7 +1117,7 @@ impl miner::MinerService for Miner {
 							Action::Call(_) => None,
 							Action::Create => {
 								let sender = tx.sender();
-								Some(contract_address(self.engine.create_address_scheme(pending.header().number()), &sender, &tx.nonce, &tx.data).0)
+								Some(contract_address(self.engine.create_address_scheme(pending.header.number()), &sender, &tx.nonce, &tx.data).0)
 							}
 						},
 						logs: receipt.logs.clone(),
@@ -1139,10 +1154,10 @@ impl miner::MinerService for Miner {
 
 		// refuse to seal the first block of the chain if it contains hard forks
 		// which should be on by default.
-		if block.block().header().number() == 1 {
+		if block.header.number() == 1 {
 			if let Some(name) = self.engine.params().nonzero_bugfix_hard_fork() {
 				warn!("Your chain specification contains one or more hard forks which are required to be \
-					   on by default. Please remove these forks and start your chain again: {}.", name);
+						on by default. Please remove these forks and start your chain again: {}.", name);
 				return;
 			}
 		}
@@ -1180,7 +1195,7 @@ impl miner::MinerService for Miner {
 		self.prepare_pending_block(chain);
 
 		self.sealing.lock().queue.use_last_ref().map(|b| {
-			let header = b.header();
+			let header = &b.header;
 			(header.hash(), header.number(), header.timestamp(), *header.difficulty())
 		})
 	}
@@ -1194,9 +1209,9 @@ impl miner::MinerService for Miner {
 				} else {
 					GetAction::Take
 				},
-				|b| &b.hash() == &block_hash
+				|b| &b.header.bare_hash() == &block_hash
 			) {
-				trace!(target: "miner", "Submitted block {}={}={} with seal {:?}", block_hash, b.hash(), b.header().bare_hash(), seal);
+				trace!(target: "miner", "Submitted block {}={} with seal {:?}", block_hash, b.header.bare_hash(), seal);
 				b.lock().try_seal(&*self.engine, seal).or_else(|e| {
 					warn!(target: "miner", "Mined solution rejected: {}", e);
 					Err(ErrorKind::PowInvalid.into())
@@ -1207,8 +1222,8 @@ impl miner::MinerService for Miner {
 			};
 
 		result.and_then(|sealed| {
-			let n = sealed.header().number();
-			let h = sealed.header().hash();
+			let n = sealed.header.number();
+			let h = sealed.header.hash();
 			info!(target: "miner", "Submitted block imported OK. #{}: {}", Colour::White.bold().paint(format!("{}", n)), Colour::White.bold().paint(format!("{:x}", h)));
 			Ok(sealed)
 		})
@@ -1281,7 +1296,7 @@ impl miner::MinerService for Miner {
 				let nonce_cache = self.nonce_cache.clone();
 				let engine = self.engine.clone();
 				let accounts = self.accounts.clone();
-				let refuse_service_transactions = self.options.refuse_service_transactions;
+				let service_transaction_checker = self.service_transaction_checker.clone();
 
 				let cull = move |chain: &::client::Client| {
 					let client = PoolClient::new(
@@ -1289,7 +1304,7 @@ impl miner::MinerService for Miner {
 						&nonce_cache,
 						&*engine,
 						&*accounts,
-						refuse_service_transactions,
+						service_transaction_checker.as_ref(),
 					);
 					queue.cull(client);
 				};
@@ -1301,22 +1316,39 @@ impl miner::MinerService for Miner {
 				self.transaction_queue.cull(client);
 			}
 		}
+		if let Some(ref service_transaction_checker) = self.service_transaction_checker {
+			match service_transaction_checker.refresh_cache(chain) {
+				Ok(true) => {
+					trace!(target: "client", "Service transaction cache was refreshed successfully");
+				},
+				Ok(false) => {
+					trace!(target: "client", "Registrar or/and service transactions contract does not exist");
+				},
+				Err(e) => error!(target: "client", "Error occurred while refreshing service transaction cache: {}", e)
+			};
+		};
 	}
 
 	fn pending_state(&self, latest_block_number: BlockNumber) -> Option<Self::State> {
-		self.map_existing_pending_block(|b| b.state().clone(), latest_block_number)
+		self.map_existing_pending_block(|b| b.state.clone(), latest_block_number)
 	}
 
 	fn pending_block_header(&self, latest_block_number: BlockNumber) -> Option<Header> {
-		self.map_existing_pending_block(|b| b.header().clone(), latest_block_number)
+		self.map_existing_pending_block(|b| b.header.clone(), latest_block_number)
 	}
 
 	fn pending_block(&self, latest_block_number: BlockNumber) -> Option<Block> {
-		self.map_existing_pending_block(|b| b.to_base(), latest_block_number)
+		self.map_existing_pending_block(|b| {
+			Block {
+				header: b.header.clone(),
+				transactions: b.transactions.iter().cloned().map(Into::into).collect(),
+				uncles: b.uncles.to_vec(),
+			}
+		}, latest_block_number)
 	}
 
 	fn pending_transactions(&self, latest_block_number: BlockNumber) -> Option<Vec<SignedTransaction>> {
-		self.map_existing_pending_block(|b| b.transactions().into_iter().cloned().collect(), latest_block_number)
+		self.map_existing_pending_block(|b| b.transactions.iter().cloned().collect(), latest_block_number)
 	}
 }
 

ethcore/src/miner/pool_client.rs

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ pub struct PoolClient<'a, C: 'a> {
 	engine: &'a EthEngine,
 	accounts: &'a LocalAccounts,
 	best_block_header: Header,
-	service_transaction_checker: Option<ServiceTransactionChecker>,
+	service_transaction_checker: Option<&'a ServiceTransactionChecker>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, C: 'a> Clone for PoolClient<'a, C> {
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl<'a, C: 'a> PoolClient<'a, C> where
 		cache: &'a NonceCache,
 		engine: &'a EthEngine,
 		accounts: &'a LocalAccounts,
-		refuse_service_transactions: bool,
+		service_transaction_checker: Option<&'a ServiceTransactionChecker>,
 	) -> Self {
 		let best_block_header = chain.best_block_header();
 		PoolClient {
@@ -109,11 +109,7 @@ impl<'a, C: 'a> PoolClient<'a, C> where
 			engine,
 			accounts,
 			best_block_header,
-			service_transaction_checker: if refuse_service_transactions {
-				None
-			} else {
-				Some(Default::default())
-			},
+			service_transaction_checker,
 		}
 	}
 

ethcore/src/snapshot/account.rs

@@ -24,9 +24,10 @@ use ethtrie::{TrieDB, TrieDBMut};
 use hash::{KECCAK_EMPTY, KECCAK_NULL_RLP};
 use hash_db::HashDB;
 use rlp::{RlpStream, Rlp};
-use snapshot::Error;
+use snapshot::{Error, Progress};
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use trie::{Trie, TrieMut};
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 
 // An empty account -- these were replaced with RLP null data for a space optimization in v1.
 const ACC_EMPTY: BasicAccount = BasicAccount {
@@ -65,8 +66,16 @@ impl CodeState {
 // walk the account's storage trie, returning a vector of RLP items containing the
 // account address hash, account properties and the storage. Each item contains at most `max_storage_items`
 // storage records split according to snapshot format definition.
-pub fn to_fat_rlps(account_hash: &H256, acc: &BasicAccount, acct_db: &AccountDB, used_code: &mut HashSet<H256>, first_chunk_size: usize, max_chunk_size: usize) -> Result<Vec<Bytes>, Error> {
-	let db = &(acct_db as &HashDB<_,_>);
+pub fn to_fat_rlps(
+	account_hash: &H256,
+	acc: &BasicAccount,
+	acct_db: &AccountDB,
+	used_code: &mut HashSet<H256>,
+	first_chunk_size: usize,
+	max_chunk_size: usize,
+	p: &Progress,
+) -> Result<Vec<Bytes>, Error> {
+	let db = &(acct_db as &dyn HashDB<_,_>);
 	let db = TrieDB::new(db, &acc.storage_root)?;
 	let mut chunks = Vec::new();
 	let mut db_iter = db.iter()?;
@@ -112,6 +121,10 @@ pub fn to_fat_rlps(account_hash: &H256, acc: &BasicAccount, acct_db: &AccountDB,
 		}
 
 		loop {
+			if p.abort.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+				trace!(target: "snapshot", "to_fat_rlps: aborting snapshot");
+				return Err(Error::SnapshotAborted);
+			}
 			match db_iter.next() {
 				Some(Ok((k, v))) => {
 					let pair = {
@@ -211,6 +224,7 @@ mod tests {
 	use types::basic_account::BasicAccount;
 	use test_helpers::get_temp_state_db;
 	use snapshot::tests::helpers::fill_storage;
+	use snapshot::Progress;
 
 	use hash::{KECCAK_EMPTY, KECCAK_NULL_RLP, keccak};
 	use ethereum_types::{H256, Address};
@@ -236,8 +250,8 @@ mod tests {
 
 		let thin_rlp = ::rlp::encode(&account);
 		assert_eq!(::rlp::decode::<BasicAccount>(&thin_rlp).unwrap(), account);
-
-		let fat_rlps = to_fat_rlps(&keccak(&addr), &account, &AccountDB::new(db.as_hash_db(), &addr), &mut Default::default(), usize::max_value(), usize::max_value()).unwrap();
+		let p = Progress::default();
+		let fat_rlps = to_fat_rlps(&keccak(&addr), &account, &AccountDB::new(db.as_hash_db(), &addr), &mut Default::default(), usize::max_value(), usize::max_value(), &p).unwrap();
 		let fat_rlp = Rlp::new(&fat_rlps[0]).at(1).unwrap();
 		assert_eq!(from_fat_rlp(&mut AccountDBMut::new(db.as_hash_db_mut(), &addr), fat_rlp, H256::zero()).unwrap().0, account);
 	}
@@ -262,7 +276,9 @@ mod tests {
 		let thin_rlp = ::rlp::encode(&account);
 		assert_eq!(::rlp::decode::<BasicAccount>(&thin_rlp).unwrap(), account);
 
-		let fat_rlp = to_fat_rlps(&keccak(&addr), &account, &AccountDB::new(db.as_hash_db(), &addr), &mut Default::default(), usize::max_value(), usize::max_value()).unwrap();
+		let p = Progress::default();
+
+		let fat_rlp = to_fat_rlps(&keccak(&addr), &account, &AccountDB::new(db.as_hash_db(), &addr), &mut Default::default(), usize::max_value(), usize::max_value(), &p).unwrap();
 		let fat_rlp = Rlp::new(&fat_rlp[0]).at(1).unwrap();
 		assert_eq!(from_fat_rlp(&mut AccountDBMut::new(db.as_hash_db_mut(), &addr), fat_rlp, H256::zero()).unwrap().0, account);
 	}
@@ -287,7 +303,8 @@ mod tests {
 		let thin_rlp = ::rlp::encode(&account);
 		assert_eq!(::rlp::decode::<BasicAccount>(&thin_rlp).unwrap(), account);
 
-		let fat_rlps = to_fat_rlps(&keccak(addr), &account, &AccountDB::new(db.as_hash_db(), &addr), &mut Default::default(), 500, 1000).unwrap();
+		let p = Progress::default();
+		let fat_rlps = to_fat_rlps(&keccak(addr), &account, &AccountDB::new(db.as_hash_db(), &addr), &mut Default::default(), 500, 1000, &p).unwrap();
 		let mut root = KECCAK_NULL_RLP;
 		let mut restored_account = None;
 		for rlp in fat_rlps {
@@ -319,20 +336,21 @@ mod tests {
 			nonce: 50.into(),
 			balance: 123456789.into(),
 			storage_root: KECCAK_NULL_RLP,
-			code_hash: code_hash,
+			code_hash,
 		};
 
 		let account2 = BasicAccount {
 			nonce: 400.into(),
 			balance: 98765432123456789usize.into(),
 			storage_root: KECCAK_NULL_RLP,
-			code_hash: code_hash,
+			code_hash,
 		};
 
 		let mut used_code = HashSet::new();
-
-		let fat_rlp1 = to_fat_rlps(&keccak(&addr1), &account1, &AccountDB::new(db.as_hash_db(), &addr1), &mut used_code, usize::max_value(), usize::max_value()).unwrap();
-		let fat_rlp2 = to_fat_rlps(&keccak(&addr2), &account2, &AccountDB::new(db.as_hash_db(), &addr2), &mut used_code, usize::max_value(), usize::max_value()).unwrap();
+		let p1 = Progress::default();
+		let p2 = Progress::default();
+		let fat_rlp1 = to_fat_rlps(&keccak(&addr1), &account1, &AccountDB::new(db.as_hash_db(), &addr1), &mut used_code, usize::max_value(), usize::max_value(), &p1).unwrap();
+		let fat_rlp2 = to_fat_rlps(&keccak(&addr2), &account2, &AccountDB::new(db.as_hash_db(), &addr2), &mut used_code, usize::max_value(), usize::max_value(), &p2).unwrap();
 		assert_eq!(used_code.len(), 1);
 
 		let fat_rlp1 = Rlp::new(&fat_rlp1[0]).at(1).unwrap();
@@ -350,6 +368,6 @@ mod tests {
 	#[test]
 	fn encoding_empty_acc() {
 		let mut db = get_temp_state_db();
-		assert_eq!(from_fat_rlp(&mut AccountDBMut::new(db.as_hash_db_mut(), &Address::default()), Rlp::new(&::rlp::NULL_RLP), H256::zero()).unwrap(), (ACC_EMPTY, None));
+		assert_eq!(from_fat_rlp(&mut AccountDBMut::new(db.as_hash_db_mut(), &Address::zero()), Rlp::new(&::rlp::NULL_RLP), H256::zero()).unwrap(), (ACC_EMPTY, None));
 	}
 }

ethcore/src/snapshot/consensus/authority.rs

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl SnapshotComponents for PoaSnapshot {
 			}
 
 			let header = chain.block_header_data(&transition.block_hash)
-				.ok_or(Error::BlockNotFound(transition.block_hash))?;
+				.ok_or_else(|| Error::BlockNotFound(transition.block_hash))?;
 
 			let entry = {
 				let mut entry_stream = RlpStream::new_list(2);
@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@ impl SnapshotComponents for PoaSnapshot {
 
 		let (block, receipts) = chain.block(&block_at)
 			.and_then(|b| chain.block_receipts(&block_at).map(|r| (b, r)))
-			.ok_or(Error::BlockNotFound(block_at))?;
+			.ok_or_else(|| Error::BlockNotFound(block_at))?;
 		let block = block.decode()?;
 
 		let parent_td = chain.block_details(block.header.parent_hash())
 			.map(|d| d.total_difficulty)
-			.ok_or(Error::BlockNotFound(block_at))?;
+			.ok_or_else(|| Error::BlockNotFound(block_at))?;
 
 		rlps.push({
 			let mut stream = RlpStream::new_list(5);

ethcore/src/snapshot/consensus/work.rs

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ impl<'a> PowWorker<'a> {
 
 			let (block, receipts) = self.chain.block(&self.current_hash)
 				.and_then(|b| self.chain.block_receipts(&self.current_hash).map(|r| (b, r)))
-				.ok_or(Error::BlockNotFound(self.current_hash))?;
+				.ok_or_else(|| Error::BlockNotFound(self.current_hash))?;
 
 			let abridged_rlp = AbridgedBlock::from_block_view(&block.view()).into_inner();
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ impl<'a> PowWorker<'a> {
 
 		let (last_header, last_details) = self.chain.block_header_data(&last)
 			.and_then(|n| self.chain.block_details(&last).map(|d| (n, d)))
-			.ok_or(Error::BlockNotFound(last))?;
+			.ok_or_else(|| Error::BlockNotFound(last))?;
 
 		let parent_number = last_header.number() - 1;
 		let parent_hash = last_header.parent_hash();

ethcore/src/snapshot/error.rs

@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ pub enum Error {
 	ChunkTooLarge,
 	/// Snapshots not supported by the consensus engine.
 	SnapshotsUnsupported,
+	/// Aborted snapshot
+	SnapshotAborted,
 	/// Bad epoch transition.
 	BadEpochProof(u64),
 	/// Wrong chunk format.
@@ -91,6 +93,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Error {
 			Error::ChunkTooSmall => write!(f, "Chunk size is too small."),
 			Error::ChunkTooLarge => write!(f, "Chunk size is too large."),
 			Error::SnapshotsUnsupported => write!(f, "Snapshots unsupported by consensus engine."),
+			Error::SnapshotAborted => write!(f, "Snapshot was aborted."),
 			Error::BadEpochProof(i) => write!(f, "Bad epoch proof for transition to epoch {}", i),
 			Error::WrongChunkFormat(ref msg) => write!(f, "Wrong chunk format: {}", msg),
 			Error::UnlinkedAncientBlockChain => write!(f, "Unlinked ancient blocks chain"),

ethcore/src/snapshot/io.rs

@@ -310,10 +310,7 @@ impl LooseReader {
 
 		dir.pop();
 
-		Ok(LooseReader {
-			dir: dir,
-			manifest: manifest,
-		})
+		Ok(LooseReader { dir, manifest })
 	}
 }
 

ethcore/src/snapshot/mod.rs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::cmp;
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
 use hash::{keccak, KECCAK_NULL_RLP, KECCAK_EMPTY};
 
 use account_db::{AccountDB, AccountDBMut};
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ use self::io::SnapshotWriter;
 use super::state_db::StateDB;
 use super::state::Account as StateAccount;
 
-use crossbeam::scope;
+use crossbeam_utils::thread;
 use rand::{Rng, OsRng};
 
 pub use self::error::Error;
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl Default for SnapshotConfiguration {
 	fn default() -> Self {
 		SnapshotConfiguration {
 			no_periodic: false,
-			processing_threads: ::std::cmp::max(1, num_cpus::get() / 2),
+			processing_threads: ::std::cmp::max(1, num_cpus::get_physical() / 2),
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -117,8 +117,9 @@ impl Default for SnapshotConfiguration {
 pub struct Progress {
 	accounts: AtomicUsize,
 	blocks: AtomicUsize,
-	size: AtomicUsize, // Todo [rob] use Atomicu64 when it stabilizes.
+	size: AtomicU64,
 	done: AtomicBool,
+	abort: AtomicBool,
 }
 
 impl Progress {
@@ -127,6 +128,7 @@ impl Progress {
 		self.accounts.store(0, Ordering::Release);
 		self.blocks.store(0, Ordering::Release);
 		self.size.store(0, Ordering::Release);
+		self.abort.store(false, Ordering::Release);
 
 		// atomic fence here to ensure the others are written first?
 		// logs might very rarely get polluted if not.
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ impl Progress {
 	pub fn blocks(&self) -> usize { self.blocks.load(Ordering::Acquire) }
 
 	/// Get the written size of the snapshot in bytes.
-	pub fn size(&self) -> usize { self.size.load(Ordering::Acquire) }
+	pub fn size(&self) -> u64 { self.size.load(Ordering::Acquire) }
 
 	/// Whether the snapshot is complete.
 	pub fn done(&self) -> bool  { self.done.load(Ordering::Acquire) }
@@ -148,27 +150,28 @@ impl Progress {
 }
 /// Take a snapshot using the given blockchain, starting block hash, and database, writing into the given writer.
 pub fn take_snapshot<W: SnapshotWriter + Send>(
-	engine: &EthEngine,
+	chunker: Box<dyn SnapshotComponents>,
 	chain: &BlockChain,
-	block_at: H256,
-	state_db: &HashDB<KeccakHasher, DBValue>,
+	block_hash: H256,
+	state_db: &dyn HashDB<KeccakHasher, DBValue>,
 	writer: W,
 	p: &Progress,
 	processing_threads: usize,
 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-	let start_header = chain.block_header_data(&block_at)
-		.ok_or(Error::InvalidStartingBlock(BlockId::Hash(block_at)))?;
+	let start_header = chain.block_header_data(&block_hash)
+		.ok_or_else(|| Error::InvalidStartingBlock(BlockId::Hash(block_hash)))?;
 	let state_root = start_header.state_root();
-	let number = start_header.number();
+	let block_number = start_header.number();
 
-	info!("Taking snapshot starting at block {}", number);
+	info!("Taking snapshot starting at block {}", block_number);
 
+	let version = chunker.current_version();
 	let writer = Mutex::new(writer);
-	let chunker = engine.snapshot_components().ok_or(Error::SnapshotsUnsupported)?;
-	let snapshot_version = chunker.current_version();
-	let (state_hashes, block_hashes) = scope(|scope| -> Result<(Vec<H256>, Vec<H256>), Error> {
+	let (state_hashes, block_hashes) = thread::scope(|scope| -> Result<(Vec<H256>, Vec<H256>), Error> {
 		let writer = &writer;
-		let block_guard = scope.spawn(move || chunk_secondary(chunker, chain, block_at, writer, p));
+		let block_guard = scope.spawn(move |_| {
+			chunk_secondary(chunker, chain, block_hash, writer, p)
+		});
 
 		// The number of threads must be between 1 and SNAPSHOT_SUBPARTS
 		assert!(processing_threads >= 1, "Cannot use less than 1 threads for creating snapshots");
@@ -178,12 +181,12 @@ pub fn take_snapshot<W: SnapshotWriter + Send>(
 		let mut state_guards = Vec::with_capacity(num_threads as usize);
 
 		for thread_idx in 0..num_threads {
-			let state_guard = scope.spawn(move || -> Result<Vec<H256>, Error> {
+			let state_guard = scope.spawn(move |_| -> Result<Vec<H256>, Error> {
 				let mut chunk_hashes = Vec::new();
 
 				for part in (thread_idx..SNAPSHOT_SUBPARTS).step_by(num_threads) {
 					debug!(target: "snapshot", "Chunking part {} in thread {}", part, thread_idx);
-					let mut hashes = chunk_state(state_db, &state_root, writer, p, Some(part))?;
+					let mut hashes = chunk_state(state_db, &state_root, writer, p, Some(part), thread_idx)?;
 					chunk_hashes.append(&mut hashes);
 				}
 
@@ -202,17 +205,17 @@ pub fn take_snapshot<W: SnapshotWriter + Send>(
 
 		debug!(target: "snapshot", "Took a snapshot of {} accounts", p.accounts.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
 		Ok((state_hashes, block_hashes))
-	})?;
+	}).expect("Sub-thread never panics; qed")?;
 
 	info!(target: "snapshot", "produced {} state chunks and {} block chunks.", state_hashes.len(), block_hashes.len());
 
 	let manifest_data = ManifestData {
-		version: snapshot_version,
-		state_hashes: state_hashes,
-		block_hashes: block_hashes,
-		state_root: state_root,
-		block_number: number,
-		block_hash: block_at,
+		version,
+		state_hashes,
+		block_hashes,
+		state_root,
+		block_number,
+		block_hash,
 	};
 
 	writer.into_inner().finish(manifest_data)?;
@@ -228,7 +231,13 @@ pub fn take_snapshot<W: SnapshotWriter + Send>(
 /// Secondary chunks are engine-specific, but they intend to corroborate the state data
 /// in the state chunks.
 /// Returns a list of chunk hashes, with the first having the blocks furthest from the genesis.
-pub fn chunk_secondary<'a>(mut chunker: Box<SnapshotComponents>, chain: &'a BlockChain, start_hash: H256, writer: &Mutex<SnapshotWriter + 'a>, progress: &'a Progress) -> Result<Vec<H256>, Error> {
+pub fn chunk_secondary<'a>(
+	mut chunker: Box<dyn SnapshotComponents>,
+	chain: &'a BlockChain,
+	start_hash: H256,
+	writer: &Mutex<dyn SnapshotWriter + 'a>,
+	progress: &'a Progress
+) -> Result<Vec<H256>, Error> {
 	let mut chunk_hashes = Vec::new();
 	let mut snappy_buffer = vec![0; snappy::max_compressed_len(PREFERRED_CHUNK_SIZE)];
 
@@ -243,7 +252,7 @@ pub fn chunk_secondary<'a>(mut chunker: Box<SnapshotComponents>, chain: &'a Bloc
 			trace!(target: "snapshot", "wrote secondary chunk. hash: {:x}, size: {}, uncompressed size: {}",
 				hash, size, raw_data.len());
 
-			progress.size.fetch_add(size, Ordering::SeqCst);
+			progress.size.fetch_add(size as u64, Ordering::SeqCst);
 			chunk_hashes.push(hash);
 			Ok(())
 		};
@@ -266,8 +275,9 @@ struct StateChunker<'a> {
 	rlps: Vec<Bytes>,
 	cur_size: usize,
 	snappy_buffer: Vec<u8>,
-	writer: &'a Mutex<SnapshotWriter + 'a>,
+	writer: &'a Mutex<dyn SnapshotWriter + 'a>,
 	progress: &'a Progress,
+	thread_idx: usize,
 }
 
 impl<'a> StateChunker<'a> {
@@ -297,10 +307,10 @@ impl<'a> StateChunker<'a> {
 		let hash = keccak(&compressed);
 
 		self.writer.lock().write_state_chunk(hash, compressed)?;
-		trace!(target: "snapshot", "wrote state chunk. size: {}, uncompressed size: {}", compressed_size, raw_data.len());
+		trace!(target: "snapshot", "Thread {} wrote state chunk. size: {}, uncompressed size: {}", self.thread_idx, compressed_size, raw_data.len());
 
 		self.progress.accounts.fetch_add(num_entries, Ordering::SeqCst);
-		self.progress.size.fetch_add(compressed_size, Ordering::SeqCst);
+		self.progress.size.fetch_add(compressed_size as u64, Ordering::SeqCst);
 
 		self.hashes.push(hash);
 		self.cur_size = 0;
@@ -321,7 +331,14 @@ impl<'a> StateChunker<'a> {
 ///
 /// Returns a list of hashes of chunks created, or any error it may
 /// have encountered.
-pub fn chunk_state<'a>(db: &HashDB<KeccakHasher, DBValue>, root: &H256, writer: &Mutex<SnapshotWriter + 'a>, progress: &'a Progress, part: Option<usize>) -> Result<Vec<H256>, Error> {
+pub fn chunk_state<'a>(
+	db: &dyn HashDB<KeccakHasher, DBValue>,
+	root: &H256,
+	writer: &Mutex<dyn SnapshotWriter + 'a>,
+	progress: &'a Progress,
+	part: Option<usize>,
+	thread_idx: usize,
+) -> Result<Vec<H256>, Error> {
 	let account_trie = TrieDB::new(&db, &root)?;
 
 	let mut chunker = StateChunker {
@@ -329,8 +346,9 @@ pub fn chunk_state<'a>(db: &HashDB<KeccakHasher, DBValue>, root: &H256, writer:
 		rlps: Vec::new(),
 		cur_size: 0,
 		snappy_buffer: vec![0; snappy::max_compressed_len(PREFERRED_CHUNK_SIZE)],
-		writer: writer,
-		progress: progress,
+		writer,
+		progress,
+		thread_idx,
 	};
 
 	let mut used_code = HashSet::new();
@@ -365,7 +383,7 @@ pub fn chunk_state<'a>(db: &HashDB<KeccakHasher, DBValue>, root: &H256, writer:
 		let account = ::rlp::decode(&*account_data)?;
 		let account_db = AccountDB::from_hash(db, account_key_hash);
 
-		let fat_rlps = account::to_fat_rlps(&account_key_hash, &account, &account_db, &mut used_code, PREFERRED_CHUNK_SIZE - chunker.chunk_size(), PREFERRED_CHUNK_SIZE)?;
+		let fat_rlps = account::to_fat_rlps(&account_key_hash, &account, &account_db, &mut used_code, PREFERRED_CHUNK_SIZE - chunker.chunk_size(), PREFERRED_CHUNK_SIZE, progress)?;
 		for (i, fat_rlp) in fat_rlps.into_iter().enumerate() {
 			if i > 0 {
 				chunker.write_chunk()?;
@@ -383,7 +401,7 @@ pub fn chunk_state<'a>(db: &HashDB<KeccakHasher, DBValue>, root: &H256, writer:
 
 /// Used to rebuild the state trie piece by piece.
 pub struct StateRebuilder {
-	db: Box<JournalDB>,
+	db: Box<dyn JournalDB>,
 	state_root: H256,
 	known_code: HashMap<H256, H256>, // code hashes mapped to first account with this code.
 	missing_code: HashMap<H256, Vec<H256>>, // maps code hashes to lists of accounts missing that code.
@@ -393,7 +411,7 @@ pub struct StateRebuilder {
 
 impl StateRebuilder {
 	/// Create a new state rebuilder to write into the given backing DB.
-	pub fn new(db: Arc<KeyValueDB>, pruning: Algorithm) -> Self {
+	pub fn new(db: Arc<dyn KeyValueDB>, pruning: Algorithm) -> Self {
 		StateRebuilder {
 			db: journaldb::new(db.clone(), pruning, ::db::COL_STATE),
 			state_root: KECCAK_NULL_RLP,
@@ -411,7 +429,7 @@ impl StateRebuilder {
 		let mut pairs = Vec::with_capacity(rlp.item_count()?);
 
 		// initialize the pairs vector with empty values so we have slots to write into.
-		pairs.resize(rlp.item_count()?, (H256::new(), Vec::new()));
+		pairs.resize(rlp.item_count()?, (H256::zero(), Vec::new()));
 
 		let status = rebuild_accounts(
 			self.db.as_hash_db_mut(),
@@ -468,7 +486,7 @@ impl StateRebuilder {
 	/// Finalize the restoration. Check for accounts missing code and make a dummy
 	/// journal entry.
 	/// Once all chunks have been fed, there should be nothing missing.
-	pub fn finalize(mut self, era: u64, id: H256) -> Result<Box<JournalDB>, ::error::Error> {
+	pub fn finalize(mut self, era: u64, id: H256) -> Result<Box<dyn JournalDB>, ::error::Error> {
 		let missing = self.missing_code.keys().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();
 		if !missing.is_empty() { return Err(Error::MissingCode(missing).into()) }
 
@@ -493,7 +511,7 @@ struct RebuiltStatus {
 // rebuild a set of accounts and their storage.
 // returns a status detailing newly-loaded code and accounts missing code.
 fn rebuild_accounts(
-	db: &mut HashDB<KeccakHasher, DBValue>,
+	db: &mut dyn HashDB<KeccakHasher, DBValue>,
 	account_fat_rlps: Rlp,
 	out_chunk: &mut [(H256, Bytes)],
 	known_code: &HashMap<H256, H256>,
@@ -512,7 +530,7 @@ fn rebuild_accounts(
 			// fill out the storage trie and code while decoding.
 			let (acc, maybe_code) = {
 				let mut acct_db = AccountDBMut::from_hash(db, hash);
-				let storage_root = known_storage_roots.get(&hash).cloned().unwrap_or(H256::zero());
+				let storage_root = known_storage_roots.get(&hash).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
 				account::from_fat_rlp(&mut acct_db, fat_rlp, storage_root)?
 			};
 
@@ -560,7 +578,7 @@ const POW_VERIFY_RATE: f32 = 0.02;
 /// Verify an old block with the given header, engine, blockchain, body. If `always` is set, it will perform
 /// the fullest verification possible. If not, it will take a random sample to determine whether it will
 /// do heavy or light verification.
-pub fn verify_old_block(rng: &mut OsRng, header: &Header, engine: &EthEngine, chain: &BlockChain, always: bool) -> Result<(), ::error::Error> {
+pub fn verify_old_block(rng: &mut OsRng, header: &Header, engine: &dyn EthEngine, chain: &BlockChain, always: bool) -> Result<(), ::error::Error> {
 	engine.verify_block_basic(header)?;
 
 	if always || rng.gen::<f32>() <= POW_VERIFY_RATE {