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<h1 class="research-heading">Research</h1>
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<div class="container research-container pt-5 pb-5">
<div class="re-center-this">
<p>We do regular monitoring and evaluation on the impact of our programs and collaborate with researchers
from around the world. Data is collected through digital (blockchain-based) transaction data, journals
and surveys of people using and not using Community Currencies.</p>
<p>Data definitions can be found <a class="re-link"
href="https://gitlab.com/grassrootseconomics/cic-docs/-/blob/master/TransactionDatasets.md">here</a>
and datasets can be downloaded below.</p>
</div>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-center re-dataset-buttons">
<a class="dataset-download" href="../theme/datasets/POA_sarafu_tx_and_users_all_pub_2018-201.zip"
download="POA_sarafu_tx_and_users-2018">2018-2019 POA Blockchain Data</a>
<a class="dataset-download" href="../theme/datasets/Sarafu_xdai_data_July_13_2021.zip"
download="POA_sarafu_tx_and_users-2018">2020-July 13 2021 DAI Blockchain Data</a>
</div>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-center pb-5 re-inline-buttons">
<a class="re-buttons" href="#">Published Research Papers</a>
<a class="re-buttons" href="https://play.grassecon.org/">Demo CIC Creation</a>
<a class="re-buttons" href="https://dashboard.sarafu.network/">CIC Data Dashboard</a>
<a class="re-buttons" href="https://gitlab.com/grassrootseconomics/cic-docs">White paper&docs&code</a>
</div>
<div class="blue-section pt-5 pb-5">
<div class="list-section">
<ul>
<li>Design</li>
<ul>
<li>What do communities need to unlock and direct their collective capacity?</li>
<ul>
<li>What does a post scarcity society look like?</li>
<li>How can variations on currency design support community abundance and harmony with their
environment and other communities?
</li>
<li>Ideology and ethics - Why develop a community currency? (For each part of the
infrastructure and various implementers.)
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>Development</li>
<ul>
<li>How can community currencies and their infrastructure be developed and managed?</li>
<li>How are communities fully empowered and sovereign in their choices?</li>
<li>What regulatory frameworks can be used?</li>
<li>How to achieve institutional integration - Humanitarian orgs, chamas (community groups),
schools, shops, govt. Financial Institution, Faith based organizations, etc
</li>
<li>Network visualization and analytics that help understand, react to and manage CIC systems
</li>
<ul>
<li>Predictive and Agent based modelling</li>
</ul>
<li>How can people and institutions outside of a community interact with the local community?
Aid distribution - redistribute taxes? (voting, algo, etc) ... Also in what medium: Capacity
building, in-kind, cash, stable tokens, etc
</li>
</ul>
<li>Understanding:</li>
<ul>
<li>What are the impacts from pilots and trials? - short and long term effects of such programs
like <a class="re-link" href="../pages/sarafu-network.html">Sarafu Network.</a>
</li>
<li>What characteristics cause community currencies of different designs and communities to have
different impacts?
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="re-center-this">
<p><a class="re-link" href="../pages/contact-us.html">We love to get feedback and link to
studies!</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="crisis-response">
<div class="d-flex">
<div class="me-auto">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Community Currencies as Crisis Response</p>
<p class="re-small-font">Results from a Randomized Control Trial in Kenya</p>
<p class="re-small-font">2021 Rebecca Mqamelo</p>
<a class="re-link"
href="https://1fce7114-8e4a-43c5-bcbd-d2b877364fde.filesusr.com/ugd/2fc0ed_224126ea289648fba1d0c1e0ca8b406d.pdf">(download
pdf)</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="abstract pt-5">
<p class="re-small-font">Abstract:</p>
<p class="re-small-font">In 2020, Grassroots Economics’ Community Inclusion Currency (CIC) model was
adopted by the Kenya Red
Cross as a humanitarian response to the Covid-19 pandemic. This paper presents the results of what
may be the world’s first randomized control trial in this area. Unlike most cash transfer programs,
recipients are sent cryptocurrencies rather than cash or mobile money, enabling an unprecedented
level of impact evaluation. Results show that CIC transfers of $30 are associated with $93.51
increase in beneficiaries’ wallet balance, a $23.17 increase in monthly income, a $16.30 increase in
monthly spending, a $6.31 increase in average trade size and a $28.43 increase in expenditure on
food and water. However, the difference in treatment effects for males versus females suggests
gender imbalances persist. This study serves as an important prototype for cash transfer models that
keep money flowing locally and support bottom-up economic resilience.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="re-articles">
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Red Cross Mukuru Kayaba Rapid Survey Analysis May 2020</p>
<p class="bold-font">CIC: Mukuru Kayaba Rapid Survey Analysis - brief.</p>
<p>Date of analysis:25th to 30th May 2020<br>
Area of survey: Mukuru Kayaba (Pop. 83,000) (Pop of Sarafu users 4000)<br>
Number of respondent: Female 391, Male 228 Total: 619<br>
Goal: To understand the impact of Sarafu and give qualitative understanding of the statistics for
users.</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="" class="click-here">Click here</a>
</div>
<div class="bottom-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Proof of Impact: Blockchain Community Currencies in Action</p>
<p>Galia Benartzi and Rebecca Mqamelo. 2019.</p>
<p> This working paper looks at how the blockchain-based Sarafu Network addresses liquidity problems
commonly associated with community currency systems and provides case studies on how the Sarafu
Network has impacted the lives of participants.</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://1fce7114-8e4a-43c5-bcbd-d2b877364fde.filesusr.com/ugd/2fc0ed_89375097898f445bb976f303f5b8ee01.pdf"
class="click-here">Click here</a>
</div>
<div class="bottom-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">A relational analysis of sarafu network: emergence of a monetary
ecosystem for the prosperity of the communities</p>
<p>Master Course. University of Torino. Sowelu Elios Avanzo</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://1fce7114-8e4a-43c5-bcbd-d2b877364fde.filesusr.com/ugd/ce30dd_779f4c3588ea445e932a29861dff071d.pdf"
class="click-here">Click here</a>
</div>
<div class="bottom-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Economic advantages of community currencies</p>
<p>Seminar Paper. Sarah Zeller</p>
<p> Community currencies are used all over the world, but only sometimes economically ad- vantageous. We
introduce liquidity to the debate as a new explanation of success. After developing a working
hypothesis, we use two case studies to test it. We find community currencies are only economically
advantageous in an environment of insufficient liquidity.</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://1fce7114-8e4a-43c5-bcbd-d2b877364fde.filesusr.com/ugd/ce30dd_ce2893a58e2c45f3b7d0312fa5993bae.pdf"
class="click-here">Click here</a>
</div>
<div class="bottom-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Trade facilitation and community development in the age of blockchain
& DLT</p>
<p> The starting point of this report was a research study on behalf of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH who is a global service provider in the field of
international cooperation for sustainable development. The task was to investigate community
currency projects in low-resource environments.</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://1fce7114-8e4a-43c5-bcbd-d2b877364fde.filesusr.com/ugd/ce30dd_afe4416db6194119b97c8d12131b8e20.pdf"
class="click-here">Click here</a>
</div>
<div class="bottom-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">DANIDA awarded 9 million DKK for research on Community Currencies</p>
<p> DANIDA (Denmark's development cooperation, an area of activity under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
of Denmark) recently awarded 8,9 millions DKK for the project Community Currencies: Grassroots
Financial Innovations for Inclusive Economic Growth to professor <a class="re-link"
href="https://www.cbs.dk/en/research/departments-and-centres/department-of-management-politics-and-philosophy/staff/ebmpp">Ester
Barinaga, MPP and Lund University</a>. During the coming 4 years, the project is to look at the
governance practices, impact
and diffusion strategies of the Kenyan community currencies in Mombasa and Nairobi, as well as to
introduce three community currencies in Kisumu.</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://www.cbs.dk/en/research/departments-and-centres/department-of-management-politics-and-philosophy/news/ester-barinaga-mpp-receives-research-grant-from-danida"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
<div class="bottom-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Voucher Systems for Food Security A Case Study on Kenya’s
Sarafu-Credit</p>
<p> Marion Cauvet. 2018<br>
M.Sc. Agricultural Development, University of Copenhagen</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://1fce7114-8e4a-43c5-bcbd-d2b877364fde.filesusr.com/ugd/ce30dd_ba8967bf866b4504b1f537f8a070369b.pdf"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
<div class="bottom-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Community Currency Programmes as a Tool for the Sustainable
Development of Informal Settlements: The Case of Mombasa and Nairobi County, Kenya</p>
<p> Daan Sillen. 2017<br>
M.Sc. Public Policy and Human Development United Nations University and Maastritcht University.</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://1fce7114-8e4a-43c5-bcbd-d2b877364fde.filesusr.com/ugd/ce30dd_0010d1f00406429e9fb24110676d3270.pdf"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
<div class="bottom-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">The case of Sarafu-credits: Examining how a community currency can
contribute to sustainable livelihood in informal settlements
</p>
<p> Hannes Anagrius. 2017<br>
M.Sc in resilience and sustainability science at Stockholm Resilience Centre in Sweden.</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://1fce7114-8e4a-43c5-bcbd-d2b877364fde.filesusr.com/ugd/ce30dd_1f240a775592407db1ae43a0d19a4a96.pdf"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Community Currencies in a Development Context, The case of the
Sarafu-Credit in Kenya
</p>
<p> Thibaud Dezyn 2017<br>
Masters in Cultural Anthropology, University of Leuven, Belgium.</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://1fce7114-8e4a-43c5-bcbd-d2b877364fde.filesusr.com/ugd/ce30dd_d5211f4f078f4c1d8a76a2ddbf529715.pdf"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
<div class="bottom-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Challenges of Collective Organization and Institution Building around
Community Currencies in Kenyan Slums
</p>
<p> Dissaux, T., Ruddick, W. 2017<br>
Paper prepared for the 4th International Conference on Social and Complementary Currencies in
Barcelona, Spain.</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://1fce7114-8e4a-43c5-bcbd-d2b877364fde.filesusr.com/ugd/ce30dd_587aac7d67c24846a1fe747c036d4db8.pdf"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">The Role of Complementary Currency in Promoting Business Growth in an
Informal Economy: Case of Bangla-Pesa
</p>
<p> Roselyne M. Omanga. 2016<br>
Masters of Executive Business Administration, Strathmore University, Kenya.</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://1fce7114-8e4a-43c5-bcbd-d2b877364fde.filesusr.com/ugd/ce30dd_b5e8f3e229a244f3b349fda962e1f1c7.pdf"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
<div class="bottom-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Relationship between Community Currencies and Nutritional Intake of
Household in Kibera Kenya
</p>
<p> Sharlene Mbula Mule. 2016<br>
Degree of Bachelor in Science in Food Nutrition and Dietetics. University of Nairobi.</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://1fce7114-8e4a-43c5-bcbd-d2b877364fde.filesusr.com/ugd/ce30dd_154ecd3a318e400dbec5a01babb404e6.pdf"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Trust and Spending of Community Currencies in Kenya
</p>
<p> Ruddick, W. 2015<br>
Paper prepared for the 3rd International Conference on Social and Complementary Currencies in
Salvador, Brazil.</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://socialcurrency.sciencesconf.org/conference/socialcurrency/pages/Trust_and_Spending_of_Community_RUDDICK.pdf"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Re-imagining Money to Broaden the Future of Development Finance: What
Kenyan Community Currencies Reveal is Possible for Financing Development
</p>
<p> Bendell, J., Slater, M., Ruddick, W. 2015<br>
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development Working Paper 2015-10.
</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/search/99FCA15CAF8E24F4C1257E7E00501101?OpenDocument"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Complementary Currencies for Sustainable Development in Kenya: the
Case of the Bangla-Pesa
</p>
<p> Ruddick, W., Richards, M., Bendell, J. 2015.<br>
International Journal of Community Currency Research.
</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://ijccr.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/ijccr-2014-ruddick.pdf"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Eco-Pesa: an Evaluation of a Complementary Currency Programme in
Kenya's Informal Settlements
</p>
<p> Ruddick, W., 2011<br>
International Journal of Complementary Currencies.
</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://ijccr.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/ijccr-2011-ruddick.pdf"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Complementary Currencies Strengthening the Social and Solidarity
Economy: Case Studies from Kenya
</p>
<p> Ruddick, W., Mariani, L. 2013<br>
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development Working Paper.
</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/search/E2B1E6C5D3D4127BC1257B60005013CB?OpenDocument"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="article_r">
<p class="re-small-font bold-font">Kenyan Businesswomen Transforming Slum Economies through
Complementary Currencies
</p>
<p> Richards, M., Ruddick, W. 2013<br>
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
</p>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-start pt-3 pb-5">
<a href="https://www.unrisd.org/unrisd/website/newsview.nsf/(httpNews)/B84ECEC19AC54952C1257BB2004"
class="click-here">Read Full Article</a>
</div>
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